Energy Storage at Different Voltage Levels: Technology, integration, and market aspects
2: Federal University of Itajuba, Itajuba, Brazil
3: Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks, Portsmouth, UK
4: Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
In an era of increasing contributions from intermittent renewable resources, energy storage is becoming more important to ensure a resilient and reliable electricity supply. Energy Storage at Different Voltage Levels presents the technology, integration and market aspects of energy storage in the various generation, transmission, distribution, and customer levels of the grid. Starting with a comprehensive overview of energy storage technologies and their emerging codes and standards, the book discusses energy storage capacity requirements in electricity mix scenarios at different levels; energy storage in microgrids; energy storage in electricity markets; the role of storage in transmission investment deferral and management of future planning uncertainty; sizing of battery energy storage for end user application under time of use pricing; evaluation of multiple storage benefits and optimization of energy storage operations in distribution networks; use and role of flywheel energy storage systems; forecasting and optimization for multi-purpose application of energy storage systems to deliver grid services (a case study of the smarter network storage project); and optimal coordination between generation and storage under uncertainties. Also included are country-specific case studies from Romania, Italy and Turkey.
Inspec keywords: power markets; distributed power generation; power system interconnection; power system economics; flywheels; power system planning; energy storage; power system management; battery storage plants
Other keywords: Italy; planning uncertainty; grid services; energy storage technologies; microgrid; distribution networks; time of use pricing; transmission investment deferral; flywheel energy storage systems; forecasting; smarter network storage project; generation; electricity markets; optimisation; end-user applications; Romania; USA; battery energy storage
Subjects: Energy storage; Other power stations and plants; Power system planning and layout; Distributed power generation; Energy and environmental policy, economics and legislation; Monographs, and collections; Other energy storage; General electrical engineering topics; Power system management, operation and economics
- Book DOI: 10.1049/PBPO111E
- Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBPO111E
- ISBN: 9781785613494
- e-ISBN: 9781785613500
- Page count: 352
- Format: PDF
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Front Matter
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1 Overview of energy storage technologies
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Electric power systems are gradually maturing in the operational and management architecture. The eventual goal of the system operators is to provide more reliable and high-quality energy services in a cost-effective and environmental framework. To that end, new applications and technologies should be innovated and integrated into the system infrastructure sustainably. Energy storage system (ESS) is an essential part of the power system. Various types of ESS technologies, the associated characteristics and benefits are overviewed in this section.
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2 Energy storage systems: technology, integration and market
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A comprehensive perspective of the adequate position of storage technologies regarding different applications and discharge times is given. In this chapter, storage applications are primarily focused on the transmission and distribution (T&D) systems by considering the significant increase in renewable sources insertion.
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3 Energy storages in microgrids
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Energy storage systems are considered as a solution to improve the power quality, dynamic stability, reliability, and controllability, of microgrids in the presence of renewable energy resources (RES). The energy storage can act as an energy buffer to compensate renewable intermittency and load uncertainties. It enhances the stability of the microgrid by providing the virtual inertia for the system. Energy storage systems can also enhance the microgrids' efficiency by managing the power flow and reducing operational loss. They benefit electricity customers by maximizing renewable energy utilization and minimizing electricity bills through optimal energy management. This chapter discusses microgrid challenges, energy storage technologies, and applications of energy storage within a microgrid.
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4 Energy storage in electricity markets
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Unlike in vertically integrated power systems, where energy storage is coordinated with the rest of the system to minimize the overall generation cost [1], operations of energy storage in systems with electricity markets are driven by preferences of their owners [2]. The owners are typically profit-seeking entities that aim to collect the maximum profit possible for given system conditions. These preferences of the storage owners do not necessarily lead to the minimization of the overall generation cost in the system. Generally, merchant storage devices will provide services that can be monetized and that are most profitable. These include energy arbitrage, frequency regulation, reserve provision, voltage support, etc. [3, 4]. On the other hand, energy storage may be beneficial to the system in terms of deferred investment in transmission lines or generating units, reduced cycling of thermal units, reduced curtailment of renewable generation, etc. [5]. However, since energy storage does not always receive a payment for providing these services, they are merely consequences of an energy storage providing services for which it receives remuneration.
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5 The role of storage in transmission investment deferral and management of future planning uncertainty
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Electricity systems are facing great challenges across the world to achieve the climate change mitigation targets set by governments. The transition to a decarbonized economy will entail unprecedented amounts of transmission investment due to the fact that low-carbon energy sources are usually located far from the load centres, rendering the transmission investment framework of primary importance. Another big challenge to cost-efficient decarbonization will be the greater requirement for operational flexibility to deal with large and rapid changes in demand and supply. It is critical to highlight that the long lead times that characterize conventional transmission projects render them more prone to these adverse effects. In contrast, projects aimed at improving the use of the existing assets and infrastructure, such as energy storage (ES) and FACTS, have been shown to assist with interim uncertainty management and embed strategic flexibility within an investment plan. The above points indicate that the ongoing decarbonization effort is altering fundamental aspects of the transmission planning process. The objective is to identify strategies that include an optimal mix of (i) flexibility-driven elements for interim network management (ii) large-scale commitments characterized by economies of scale, which can be deployed once uncertainty has been resolved.
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6 Sizing of battery energy storage for end-user applications under time of use pricing
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This chapter focuses on the optimal sizing of BESSs in end-user applications in the frame of time-varying energy pricing structures by adopting a probabilistic approach. More in detail, the proposed procedure focuses on one of the most used time-varying tariff structures (i.e. the ToU tariff) but it can be easily extended to other structures. In this chapter, starting from the procedure proposed, the probabilistic optimal sizing is performed applying the point estimate method (PEM), an algorithm that guarantees accuracy of the results with computational effort significantly lower than that implied by the Monte Carlo procedure.
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7 Assessment and optimization of energy storage benefits in distribution networks
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This chapter focuses on the analysis and assessment of multiple technical benefits of BESS in improving daily network operations of distribution systems. While this kind of analysis needs to be based on modelling and simulation of distribution networks including BESS, the time-series power flow (TSPF) simulations are also required at first in the development of dispatch schedule for BESS and at later stages to assess the efficacy of the scheduling algorithm over longer periods including different case scenarios. Moving up from requirements of modelling to multi-objective optimization.
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8 Case studies from selected countries – Romania and Italy
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The analysis of various storage systems case studies in Italy and Romania was conducted. In Italy, the results from collaboration with Enel Distribution for black start function with a storage system with lithium batteries were presented. In this way, in case of a black-out, the energizing of an area of the medium-voltage power system can be achieved in an islanding operation way. A dynamic model for presenting the entire system was elaborated and through RTDS simulations considering the protection and control systems was achieved.
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9 Case studies from selected countries – the USA
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To establish a sustainable energy system and overcome energy and environmental crisis caused by the use of fossil fuels, a new energy revolution is taking shape with electricity energy. It is characterized by the development and large-scale use of renewable energy. With the energy prospect, government investment and policy support, development of microgrids is gradually emerging storage applications [1-5]. The improvement and mercantile of energy storage systems will have a prominent effect in smart grid applications in terms of future power system models which is illustrated in Figure 9.1 [6].
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10 The use and role of flywheel energy storage systems
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Flywheels, in short, are machines that store kinetic energy in a rotating mass. The flywheel operates via a “flywheel effect”whereby its rotation is maintained via its own inertia [1]. Although ancient science did not understand the mechanics of flywheels, ancient engineers were able to develop spindle whorls (by 6000 BC) and potter's wheels (by 3000 BC) which both used their own inertia to maintain motion [1]. Work on flywheels gradually expanded until the industrial revolution, whereby they were incorporated into engine design to smooth rotations and damp vibrations [1-3]. Early uses of flywheels in electrical systems included regulation of power generation systems [4] and damping vibrations [2, 3]; roles they continue in today [5]. However, flywheels have seen additional use as a form of battery and interest is increasing in this use as material developments are made.
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11 Forecasting and optimisation for multi-purpose application of energy storage systems to deliver grid services: case study of the smarter network storage project
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The recent advent of grid-scale energy storage systems (ESS) has been the result of both technology and market advancements. To reach the current levels of confidence in the coming wide-scale adoption of energy storage, the real-world operation of large-scale ESS has been needed to prove that effective operation can be achieved. This was the purpose of the Smarter Network Storage (SNS) project delivered by UK Power Networks from 2013 to 2016. This chapter draws heavily on the development, implementation and operation of the systems required to support the technical and commercial management of the SNS project.
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12 Optimal coordination between generation and storage under uncertainties
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This chapter aims at providing some ideas on how to fit energy storage devices into the constantly evolving grid environment with more and more renewable generation. The core idea of this chapter is to assign tasks according to the capabilities of the resource assets. In the context of real-power balancing, this capability-based task assignment is exactly the so-called time-scale-matching principle. The proposed twolevel optimal control approach makes full use of the fast response capability of energy storage to tackle the real-power-balancing problem under the new environment. With the coordinated control of energy storage, better performance in frequency control is seen from the simulation results even that the conventional generators become less responsive to high-frequency portions in the spectrum of external power variations.
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Back Matter
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