High Voltage Power Network Construction
High Voltage Power Network Construction examines the key requirements, considerations, complexities and constraints relevant to the task of high voltage power network construction - from design, finance, contracts and project management to installation and commissioning - with the aim of providing an overview of the holistic end to end construction task in a single volume. It specifically targets the 400, 275,132 and 33 kV networks, presenting best and common practice. The book is organised around the implementation of three complementary deliverables: a technical solution that results in the required power system performance characteristics; appropriate quality management arrangements; and the set of competencies all duty holders should demonstrate. Although written primarily from a UK electrical power industry perspective, the book recognises that much is already harmonised with the rest of Europe and increasingly so the rest of the world. This comprehensive reference is a must-read for engineers and researchers with high voltage network construction related responsibilities, especially those engineers that are newly qualified, as well as further reading for advanced students in related subjects.
Other keywords: substation HV equipment design; construction QMS procedure; civil engineering design; substation earthing design; auxiliary cable design; high voltage cable design; data management; building engineering design; legal standard; project stage-by-stage procedure; structural engineering design; power system fault analysis; HV network design; overhead line design; construction execution model; scheme investment procedure; manufacture procedure; equipment commissioning procedure; project management procedure; protection design; site installation procedure; control system design; power system design; high voltage power network construction; construction health management; national-international standard; safety management
- Book DOI: 10.1049/PBPO110E
- Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBPO110E
- ISBN: 9781785614231
- e-ISBN: 9781785614248
- Page count: 766
- Format: PDF
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Front Matter
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1 Construction execution model
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The term 'power network construction' encompasses the end-to-end activities required to bring into existence the extension, reinforcement, modification or replacement of an existing operational power network. With reference to this text, the term high voltage (HV) power network is primarily considered to include the main UK transmission and distribution voltages of 400, 275, 132 and 33 kV (and 66 kV where it remains). Although the 11 kV network is also an HV network (and the 22, 20, 6.6 and 3.3 kV networks where they remain), the construction activities are of a different scale/magnitude - and therefore not fully considered - although many of the same principles apply.
2 Legal and national/international standards
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Power network construction is undertaken in accordance with a wide range of legal and national/international standards requirements. The volume of documentation and the number of publishing organisations is extensive, and as such the requirement for adherence, and indeed which standards to use, may often be confusing. This chapter will identify some of the key documentation and explain its purpose and relevance.The main documentation categories are as follows:1. Legal 2.National/international technical standards 3.International organisation for standardisation (ISO) standards 4.Publically available specifications (PAS) 5. Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 6.Organisation-specific technical standards.
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Part 1 - Technology
Part 1 - Technology overview
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This part of the book will examine the technology-related aspects of power network construction. The content will be broadly aligned to both the 'construction design specification' and the 'technology stages'.
3 Power system design fundamentals
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This chapter will examine fundamental aspects of electrical power system theory that form the basis of power system design and operation, and which in turn are essential to the preparation of a construction design specification. It will also briefly examine the fundamentals of the wider power system such as generator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) theory and operation. Although various parts of this chapter can be obtained from a wide range of contemporary technical publications, it is collated here to provide a concise and relevant reference source in a single publication for ease of assimilation. The following will be examined: 1.Basic power system relationships 2. Power system current flow analysis 3. Transformer fundamentals 4. Per cent impedance and fault level analysis 4. Synchronous generator fundamentals 5.Wind generation 6. Power system transients 7.HVDC transmission.
4 Power system fault analysis
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Power system fault calculations are invariably undertaken using the mathematical technique termed `symmetrical components' analysis (alternatively termed `phase-sequence components' analysis). A wealth of literature exists on this subject and therefore the purpose of this text is to provide an abbreviated, concise and relevant explanation focusing on fundamental concepts and practical requirements relevant to power network construction. There are numerous computer-based systems available for undertaking power system fault calculations, but instances arise in practice of where it is much quicker and convenient to undertake hand calculations (with the aid of a calculator), or even to carry out hand calculations as a rough check to provide assurance that a computer calculation is correct (since computer output depends on correct data input). Furthermore, the ability to undertake hand calculations most importantly requires a mastery of the principles and concepts involved. This in turn leads to an in-built understanding of comparative equipment impedances and the typical current flows that arise on the power system, i.e. an appreciation of numbers, scale and size. Suffice it to say that where an analysis of an extensive or complex part of the power system is concerned - then in those instances recourse to a computer-based solution is invariably essential.
5 HV network design
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This chapter will commence by examining the project-generic design requirements concerned with HV network design (with the requirements for HV equipment design covered in Chapters 6-8). The HV network design requirements examined may be categorised into: HV network planning standards. HV network design standards - requiring power system studies. HV network design standards - with fixed design parameters. The chapter will then go on to examine project-specific design, at the HV network design level (and the interaction with project-generic design) and conclude with future challenges facing the design of power networks.
6 Overhead line design
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Overhead lines (OHLs) comprise one of the major power engineering technologies, and although the basic principles of OHL design were mostly established at the dawn of electrical power systems, it is a technology that is subject to ongoing development and change. Within this context, the construction of a new OHL remains both complex and challenging. This chapter will examine and summarise salient requirements of OHL design covering the following: 1. OHL design over-view 2. Tower, pole and foundation design 3. Conductor system design 4. insulators and OHL fittings design 5. Tower earth-wires and earth resistance 6. Conductor tension and sag 7. Tower height and spacing 8. OHL design philosophy 9. Routing and siting design 10. OHL asset replacement.
7 High voltage and auxiliary cable design
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This chapter will examine characteristics of three types of electrical interconnection mediums that fall under the umbrella of cable design, which are as follows: 1. HV cable design This comprises the main interconnecting AC cables for power transmission and distribution, broadly covering the network voltages of 33 up to 400 kV - although 11 kV cables will be discussed where relevant. 2. Gas insulated transmission lines (GILs) Gas insulated transmission line (GIL) is included as part of this chapter since when installed, it generally serves as a replacement for HV cables. 3. Auxiliary cables Auxiliary cables refer to LV (i.e. low voltage) cables for interconnecting protection, control and telecommunications equipment and will include the following: (i) Multi-core cables (ii) Multi-pair cables (iii) Fibre optic cables.
8 Substation design
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Substation design is one of the major tasks in power network construction requiring a solution which balances operational performance against cost - taking into account land space, location and aesthetic considerations, etc. From a technical perspective, substations may be categorised in a variety of ways but generally fall under the following type of headings: 1. Distribution voltage metalclad 2. Air-insulated switchgear (AIS) 3. Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS).
9 Substation HV equipment design
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Substation HV equipment comprises a wide variety of power network assets that are connected together, usually by busbars, to form the types of substation layouts described in Chapter 8. This chapter will examine underpinning design principles and performance characteristics of the main items of substation equipment, which are as follows: Circuit breakers (CBs), Earth switches, Disconnectors, Interlocking, Power transformers, Reactors, Quadrature boosters (QBs), Manually switched capacitors (MSCs), Static VAr compensators (SVCs), Voltage transformers (VTs), Current transformers (CTs).
10 Protection and control systems design
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This chapter will summarise the fundamentals of protection and control systems design and consider the practical application with reference to the requirements of power network construction.Protection systems automatically detect and remove faults from the power system. Equally important are control systems which provide operational information and enable the manual and automatic operation and reconfiguration of the power system.
11 Impressed voltage
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Impressed voltage (IV) is an umbrella term used by many in the electrical power industry to encompass the following: 1. Capacitive coupling (arising from the electric field and voltage source) 2.Inductive coupling (arising from the magnetic field and current source) 3.Conductive coupling (arising from current flow through a connection with earth) 4. Trapped charge (arising from residual charge left on the capacitance of an item of equipment). The term IV relates to the existence of a voltage on an item of equipment, or metallic object, which is not directly connected to the energised power system, but which has arisen as a result of either an electrical coupling mechanism, or a residual charge at the time of circuit de-energisation. Such voltages can be dangerously high and a source of danger and therefore must be eliminated before contact is made with the equipment/metallic object. IV is a significant safety hazard to be managed and controlled on any electrical construction site.
12 Substation earthing design
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Substation earthing is critical both to the operational performance of the power system, and the provision of a safe working environment. It is a salient area of design when either constructing a new substation or extending or modifying an existing substation. Substation earthing is a highly specialist subject in its own right, and therefore this chapter will provide an overview of the basic theory and key requirements, relevant to power network construction, as summarised below: Objectives and regulations, Resistivity, Earth electrode systems, Earthing conductors and earth mats, Earthing system and earth fault current, Voltage limits, Practical considerations, Earthing design considerations.
13 Civil, structural and building engineering design
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Power network construction may be thought of as being predominately concerned with the design, installation and commissioning of power network assets (e.g. circuit breakers, protection systems, OHL, HV cables, etc.). However, a fully operational power network can only be achieved with the supporting infrastructure of what may be termed `civil, structural and building engineering' (CSBE) - that is the civil engineering oriented assets concerned with groundworks, roadways, support structures, buildings, etc. Such assets may typically comprise of the order of 45% of a major power network construction project and are therefore a significant consideration - and some projects are of course almost entirely civil engineering orientated. An aspect of CSBE worthy of note is that it usually involves significantly more temporary works than those concerned with power engineering assets. Within this context, the following salient CSBE design tasks will be reviewed:1, Earthworks, drainage, trenches and landscaping 2.Structural engineering 3.Substation infrastructure 4.Environmental works 4.OHL and cable civil design 5. Civil engineering work standards 6.Substation LV AC supplies.
14 Detail design, manufacture and site installation
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The three project stages of detail design, manufacture (including procurement) and site installation are primarily in the domain of the contractor. The earlier stages of detail design and manufacture are concerned with the detailed engineering requirements of the project in which every nut, bolt and wire, etc., is identified. In contrast, the later stage of site installation is concerned with the erection of the manufactured equipment (and construction of the associated site infrastructure) - in accordance with the requirements of the detail design (i.e. drawings and schedules). This chapter will examine the technical considerations and requirements relating to these three key stages.
15 Equipment commissioning — technical
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Commissioning is not only the final technical stage in power network construction but also one of the most critical. As one highly experienced commissioning engineer once put it, `commissioning is the bucket and shovel stage of a project'. By this, the engineer meant that commissioning cleans up any errors or omissions that have taken place earlier in the project. Perhaps a slight overstatement, but commissioning is certainly that last point at which corrections may be made, thereby ensuring the equipment enters commercial service as a fully compliant design. This chapter will provide a broad overview of commissioning requirements and techniques, covering the most commonly installed types of equipment.
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Part 2 - Construction QMS procedures
Part 2 - Construction QMS procedures — overview
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The procedures examined will mainly be those relevant to a power network company, since it is the power network companies that are involved in the complete end-to-end construction task. However, reference will also be made to the contractor's procedures which, in many instances, will be similar to, and must dovetail with, those of the power network company. In practice, the number of procedures produced and the title and the content may differ from company to company - but will broadly follow those described in the following chapters. Thus, both the range of procedures discussed, and the procedural content, may be taken as being 'typical' and one 'best practice' way of doing it.
16 Construction delivery models and contracts
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This chapter will examine construction delivery models and contract arrangements that have relevance to power network construction. The chosen delivery models and contracts must be incorporated into the QMS procedures of each of the parties involved with the construction work. In summary, this chapter will encompass the following:1. Construction delivery risk considerations 2.Construction delivery models 3.Contract price options 4.Contract process and terms and conditions.
17 Scheme investment procedure
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This chapter has examined the scheme investment procedure, which is the tier 1 and highest level (umbrella) document in a power network construction QMS suite of procedures. The objective of the procedure is to obtain an optimum design and cost effective solution that satisfies the need case. This in turn requires a relatively complex process that must take into account a very significant number of considerations. Those who lead, and have responsibilities within, this process must be well versed and competent in the requirements, since the decisions made have a profound impact on the integrity of the power system and the financial wellbeing of the companies involved.
18 Construction health and safety management
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A safety management system (SMS) is an integral part of a quality management system (QMS), although it may also considered as being separate and sitting along-side the QMS. A SMS is a structured approach to health and safety (H&S) management. It is not however a legal requirement but is recommended by the HSE as an appropriate means for ensuring satisfactory management of H&S. In essence, an SMS defines the organisation's structure (from CEO down), responsibilities, procedural arrangements and competency arrangements for controlling H&S risk and improving H&S performance. The procedural arrangements must specify how the HASWA and supporting regulations are enacted. All parties contributing to power network construction, i.e. power network companies' consultants, contractors and manufacturers, should have their own SMS. The paper provides an overview of a typical SMS and how the construction design and management (CDM) regulations in particular are incorporated within it.
19 Project management procedures
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Project management is the overarching task in the delivery of a project. Many authoritative texts have been written about the theory and practice of project management, and therefore, this text will focus narrowly on the requirements of power network construction. This chapter will focus on both the role of the project manager (PM) and the key tasks that comprise project management. In summary, the following will be examined: the role of the PM (power network company PM and contractor PM); project programme; resource management; outage management; risk management; financial management; contract management; consents and wayleaves; project filing and project audit; project quality management; outstanding works and post-project review.
20 Scheme design procedures
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This chapter will examine both the key scheme design management procedure and a number of other major design-related procedures. The scheme design management procedure will apply to virtually all schemes, where as many of the others will only be used as and when the scheme requires. In summary, the procedures examined will comprise the following (NB: The titles used are typical but may vary from company to company): 1. Design management 2. Protection and control settings management 3.Thermal rating schedules 4.Protection and automatic reclose/switching schedules 5.Equipment nomenclature 6.Operation diagrams 7.SCADA systems management 8.Drawings management.
21 Manufacture procedure
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This chapter will examine the procedural arrangements associated with the `manufacture' stage of the scheme process. This would usually involve QMS procedures from each of the manufacturers involved with the project, the contractor who places the contract/orders with the manufacturers and the power network company that places the contract with the contractor. This chapter will not examine the QMS procedures of the manufacturers, since they would be concerned with detailed factory processes, but will examine the procedural arrangements that would usually be required by the power network company or contractor at the interface with manufacturers. In brief, the following will be examined: manufacturing assurance and equipment testing.
22 Site installation procedure
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This chapter will examine the procedural requirements relevant to the site installation stage of a project, as depicted in Figure 1.4. The term `site installation' as used in this text is a blanket term covering all project work, except commissioning, that is undertaken on site. The site may be a green field site or an operational site. Civil engineers may prefer the term `site construction' to site installation since much of the civil work involves constructing buildings, roads, structures, temporary works, etc., whereas many items of power equipment arrive on site as complete (i.e. factory assembled). Within this context, the terms site installation or site construction are reasonably interchangeable. Site installation essentially comprises the physical installation (or construction) of the power network equipment and associated infrastructure, on site. It also involves the establishment of the site facilities, and the site management arrangements.
23 Equipment commissioning procedure
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Commissioning is the final stage in a scheme/project prior to closure. It is a critical and important stage since it is the final opportunity to correct any errors/omissions which thus far have not been detected. In summary, the commissioning process takes the assets that have been assembled/constructed during the site installation stage and subjects them to tests and inspections to verify that they are acceptable for commercial service.This chapter will examine requirements which should be included in a commissioning procedure.
24 Project stage-by-stage procedure
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The term `project stage by stage' refers to the stage-by-stage high-level sequence of work activities relevant to the site installation and commissioning of HV equipment, specifically including the status of the equipment with reference to the power network company safety rules. Figure 24.1 illustrates the interaction between a project stage-by-stage document and the key scheme/project stages as shown in Figure 1.4. During the scheme development stage, an outline stage-by-stage document would usually be prepared to determine the optimum sequence of work stages by which the equipment is to be installed and commissioned. Following contract release, the project stage-by-stage document would be prepared in detail and subsequently implemented during site installation and commissioning.
25 Data management
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The term `data' has a variety of meanings but in the context of this publication, it is simply information that an organisation, either has to, or wants to retain. Power network companies in particular maintain extensive databases of information, which are essential for the running of the company. Much of this information is originated during the construction process, and much is additionally held by contractors and manufacturers, for their own purposes. This chapter will review salient items of data which arise during power network construction, with a view to examining: 1.The purpose of data management 2.The range of data retained 3.Reasons for retaining the data 4. Data management procedural requirements. As such, both an absence of data or incorrect data can be a significant risk both to the well-being of the company, and the security of electricity supply.
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Part 3 - Engineering competency
26 Engineering competency
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The opening paragraph of this chapter gave three significant reasons why those discharging power network construction must be competent for the work undertaken. Within this context, power networks differ from most other activities that underpin modern society - in as much as the impact of any loss of electricity supply, particularly on a large scale, risks an inability of society to function. As such, society has an understandable expectation that those who have responsibility for power networks, including all those concerned with construction, are both competent in discharging the work they undertake and able to show how that competency was achieved. This is one further and salient reason why engineering competency is the vital and essential third pillar, in addition to technology and QMS procedures, in the definition of a construction execution model.
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References and bibliography
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Back Matter
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Supplementary material
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Errata chapter 11
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