Industrial Power Systems with Distributed and Embedded Generation
Energy for today's complex electrical power systems is increasingly being generated and distributed locally using small-scale, renewable energy sources. The addition of renewables to the grid requires new tools and operation methods, both for suppliers and industrial consumers. This book describes the supporting technologies that can turn conventional passive electricity delivery networks into the active networks of the future, with a focus on electricity utilization in the industrial environment. It examines the integration of the new, dispersed sources with the legacy systems of centralised generation, as well as how the new technologies can operate effectively in isolated systems. Industrial power distribution, lighting, motor control and protection are discussed in detail. The presentation of the details of the enabling technologies makes this book a valuable reference for researchers, students and engineers involved in the planning, design and installation of new systems or the upgrading of existing ones.
Inspec keywords: renewable energy sources; industrial power systems; motor protection; distributed power generation; power system control; power transformers; electric motors
Other keywords: transformers; lighting; power systems; renewable energy systems; motor control; motor protection; embedded generation; load characteristics; industrial power systems; industrial power distribution; distributed generation; engineering students; motors
Subjects: d.c. machines; Power system control; Education and training; General electrical engineering topics; Industrial applications of power; a.c. machines; Transformers and reactors; Distributed power generation
- Book DOI: 10.1049/PBPO096E
- Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBPO096E
- ISBN: 9781785611520
- e-ISBN: 9781785611537
- Page count: 648
- Format: PDF
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Front Matter
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1 Introduction, review of electric circuits
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Power systems are undergoing significant changes in terms of how they are operated, how electricity is generated and transferred to the users, and how the consumers interact and participate with the power systems. The main focus of this book is to provide the engineers, students, or interested readers with the essential knowledge of the power and energy systems, as well as main energy technologies including how they work and operate, and how they are evaluated and selected for specific applications. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the engineers, students, or interested readers to the contemporary energy system issues and challenges, and brief the historical perspective of the power system evolution. The sections of this chapter are giving a quite comprehensive description of electric circuit theorems and solutions methods, direct current (DC) and alternative current (AC) circuits, power in AC circuits, and other important issues, terms, and definitions. The last section of the chapter gives a brief summary of the unit system and measurements. Several examples are included in sections to help in better understanding of the chapter. The reader must be fully aware that good understanding of DC and AC circuit theorems and solving methods, power in AC circuits, and the measurements and units are vital for the understanding of power and energy systems, analysis, design, operation, and management of these systems. These are the chapter objectives, goals, and aims. The chapter may be useful and recommended even for the readers who are fully familiar with the topics of the chapter.
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2 Power system basics
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The generation, transmission, and distribution of the electricity is the business of the large utility companies, being performed through complex networks of interconnected generators, transformers, transmission lines, control, monitoring, measurement, and protection equipment, developed over a century. The chapter starts with a brief power system description and presentation, some details on major power system components, and functions. Various fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear energy, or water power) or energy sources (e.g., wind energy, solar energy, ocean energy, or geothermal energy) are used to generate electricity in modern power systems. Most of the modern power systems are three-phase, as it enabled more efficient and economical energy generation and transmission to the users. Power is changed from three-phase to single-phase only for consumers living very near. However, the power distribution is usually changed from three-phase to single-phase networks near consumers (end-users). In modern power systems, the generator voltages are transformed into high voltages for the efficient and economic transmission at long distances, then the voltages are lowered to the levels required by the consumers near the industrial and residential locations. The chapter also contains a brief introduction on the per-unit system, a very useful tool to simplify calculations and analysis of the power system. A brief discussion of the frequency characteristics and issues is the focus of the last section of the chapter. The chapter topics are the basics to understand the electric motor, transformer, and generator operations and characteristics, so it is vital that the readers must have good understanding of three-phase and per-unit systems and must be able to apply them.
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3 Transformers and electrical motors
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Electric motors and transformers can be found in applications from computer disk drives, appliances, cars, power supplies, laptop and cell phone chargers, to industrial process lines, pumping systems, conveyers, escalators, and many more. For example, modern building services are heavily reliant upon electrical motors and drives, found in air conditioning, ventilation, and heating systems, or elevators. All electric motors have a stationary part (component), the stator, a moving part (component), the rotor, and interface with energy supply and eventually control and protection subsystems. Transformers are electric energy convertors, operating on Faraday's law of induction, designed to step up or step down the voltages as required by the loads. Motors and transformers are introducing a great deal of flexibility in power transmission, distribution, and use. The precision of control, introduced by electric motors, through the application of torque, speed, and position control has been critical and central to all aspects of industrial processes, automation, or transportation. This chapter focuses on the analysis and description of electric transformers and main types of electric motors used in commercial and industrial applications. The reader is advised that the chapter content and materials are critical for the understanding of several book topics. Motor and transformer construction, components, characteristics, and performances are included and discussed in details, together with short discussion of the common transformer and motor applications. A short discussion of energy conversion is also included in this chapter. This chapter also discusses on equivalent circuits, power, torque, and losses of transformers, induction and synchronous motors, as well as the most common type of DC motors. Several examples are also included in all chapter sections to facilitate the chapter topics understanding.
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4 Load characteristics, wiring, and power cables
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Electrical distribution networks, transmission lines, electrical service, wiring devices, protection, and equipment are essential building subsystems and components. Power engineers are concerned with every step and aspects in the process of electricity generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization. Adequate electricity amount and its efficient utilization are essential for the growth and development of any country. Past developments of the power distribution often resulted in higher system losses and poor power quality services. Consequently, an efficient and effective power distribution network, building, or industrial electric systems have become important issues. By optimizing the power distribution, reducing the capital cost, power losses, and improving the power quality are critical issues in power system operation and management, resulting in substantial savings of energy. However, the electric load varies with time and place, such as the load variation customer types and the power production and distribution system must respond to the customers' load demand at any time. Therefore, modern electricity distribution utilities need accurate load data for pricing and tariff planning, distribution network planning and operation, power generation planning, load management, customer service and billing, and finally to provide information to customers and public authorities. After completing this chapter, students and readers are able to learn and understand the power distribution network structure, configurations, operation and management, and the impacts on the building electrical, mechanical, thermal, energy and lighting systems, as well as a good understanding of the building electrical system operation, components and equipment, and related issues. They will also learn to estimate and compute the demand load, apply demand factors, determine demand load for motor, equipment and appliances, understand methods to calculate cable and conductor sizing and capacity, voltage drop calculations and service entrance, operation, parameters and characteristics of wiring devices and their applications, and to develop an understanding and appreciation of the importance of codes and standards.
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5 Power distribution, load, and motor centers
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Electric power distribution is the portion of the power delivery infrastructure, taking the electricity from the highly meshed, high-voltage transmission systems and delivers it to customers. Primary distribution lines are medium-voltage circuits, usually in the range of 600 V to 35 kV. Close to the end-users, transformers stepdown the primary distribution voltages to the low-voltage secondary distribution levels, commonly 120/240 V or other utilization voltages used mainly in industrial facilities. From the power distribution transformer, the secondary distribution circuits connect to the end-users, where the connection is made at the service entrance. Distribution infrastructure is extensive and complex, the electricity has to be delivered to customers concentrated in cities, suburbs or rural areas, industrial and commercial facilities, schools, hospitals, military bases, or communication infrastructure. In industrial and large commercial facilities, electricity is provided to the loads from specialized power distribution units and the load centers containing equipment necessary to protect, operate, and control the loads. The terms switchgear and load centers are used to describe combinations of enclosures, busbars, circuit breakers, power contactors, fuses, protective relays, controls, and indicating devices. There are several load center types, with their selection based primarily on the electrical requirements and installation environment. The essential parts of electrical distribution systems are discussed in this chapter, as well as in other sections of the book. After completing this chapter, the readers will have a good understanding and knowledge of several aspects of power distribution networks, load, and motor functionalities and requirements, such as: understanding the role, configurations and topologies of power distribution, ratings and characteristics, the purpose, basic construction, and configurations of load centers, switchgear and motor control centers, purpose, specifications of switchgear and motor control centers, their ratings, structure, and major applications. Readers will also understand the basics of circuit breaker and motor starter operation and applications, as well as protection requirements for switchgear and motor control centers, and learn about the most important provisions of standards and codes used in power distribution networks and load centers.
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6 Building electrical systems and industrial power distribution
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The utilization of energy resources is considered one of the most challenging tasks, while finding the most optimal, proper, and efficient ways to effectively use these important resources is an essential ingredient of sustainable development. In any electrical system, power must be transferred from the service equipment to the lights, machines, electrical motors, equipment, appliances, and electrical outlets. Regardless of the wiring methods used, the electricity carrying conductors and cables fall into one of two categories: feeders or branch-circuit conductors. Important aspects of the electrical system design involve building electrical service, service entrance, branch circuits, feeders, panel-boards, switchboards, switchgears, and load centers, and the calculations and sizing of their associate equipment and devices, as well as the protection devices and conductors. Panel-boards, switchboards, feeders and branch circuits, and associated fittings and devices are important components of the power distribution inside the buildings, industrial, and commercial facilities. Cables are usually contained in raceways, conduits, ducts, or cable trays, protecting them from mechanical damage and influences of other cables. In addition to structural requirements, when designing cable tray systems, the electrical requirements must also be carefully considered, as well as to be complaint to the specifications and requirements of the codes and standards. Often the design information is presented in the form of cabling diagrams, an important communication tool between designer, engineers, and technicians. In order to properly develop cabling diagrams requires in-depth understanding of the NEC, codes and standards regarding branch circuits, feeders, loading receptacles and outlets, switching requirements, and specifications, etc. This chapter is exploring the characteristics of electrical service, feeders, and branch circuits. It introduces the design elements, code and standard requirements, and specifications for service entrance, and inside the utility metering practices. An important aspect of the electrical and industrial power system design involve the calculation and design of branch circuits and feeders to supply various loads in a given occupancy and facility. The general purpose of a conduit, duct, or a raceway is to provide a clear and protected pathway for a cable, or for smaller conduits (inner ducts). Advances in cable technologies, costs of repairing sensitive cable materials or to replace the cables as needed have driven preferences for protective conduits over direct cable burial into the ground or walls. In industrial facilities, the electricity is supplied to the loads from the load centers, containing the equipment necessary to protect and control the power flow and the loads. There exist different load center types, with their selection based primarily on the electrical requirements and installation environment. Load centers are housed in metal enclosures to protect enclosed equipment, nearby objects and personnel in the event of equipment malfunctions. Load centers supplying large motors and smaller load centers are referred to as switchgears, while smaller load centers specialized to supply small to midsize electrical motors are called motor control centers (MCCs). Load centers incorporate switches, circuit breakers, fuses, and disconnect devices to route power and in the event of faults, to isolate electric circuit sections. Switchgears have three basic functions: (a) protection and safety, (b) electrical isolation to permit work and testing, and (c) local or remote circuit switching. Developments in switchgear design have led to the introduction of network support for monitoring, control, and advanced diagnostic capabilities, loading and a host of other operational parameters. This chapter will introduce the most common and important aspects associated with panel-boards, switchboards, service, feeders, branch circuits, raceways, and cable trays. After completing this chapter, the readers are able to identify the feeder and branch circuit sections of power distribution, describe the branch circuits, feeders, and their characteristics and functions, conduits, and raceways are able to calculate them using requirements and appropriate specifications of codes and standards, size branch circuits and feeders in accordance with such specifications and requirements, and finally use the codes to size feeder conductors and cables.
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7 Lighting systems
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Illuminating the work or living spaces, both interior and exterior, is a fundamental engineering function and requirement. In order to perform it properly, light knowledge and lighting equipment characteristics and behavior, and a complete understanding of the space use are necessary. Various activities that are taking place within the space have different illumination requirements and specifications. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) and other regulatory bodies have established criteria for lighting applications, and some of them are discussed in this chapter. Light is not only needed in visual task areas but also for the perception in the designated space. Rooms and designated spaces should be illuminated properly and in agreement with codes and standards. An extensive range of light sources and luminaires are available to provide adequate lighting. Significant lighting technical progresses have expanded its scopes, which in turn led to the development of specialized and efficient lighting systems and equipment. Lightning principles, concepts, parameters, lighting design process and methods, lighting equipment and systems, characteristics, and performances are discussed in this chapter. The factors involved in determining illumination requirements are analyzed in relation to the lighting levels for various tasks and the possible use of daylight. Lighting system design considerations related to luminaires are also addressed here. The purpose of a luminaire is 2-fold, i.e., to hold, protect, and connect a lamp(s) to the electrical system, and to control the light output. The needs for trade-offs and qualitative decisions when selecting luminaires for a particular space are emphasized. Standards, codes, and specifications for lighting systems are also included and discussed. Examples of lightning calculations, applications are also included. These examples demonstrate how the modern and advanced lighting technologies can be integrated, eventually with the daylight to ensure very efficient and high quality lightning applications and environment. After completing this chapter, the readers must have an understanding of the fundamentals of lighting system design, particularly for indoor areas, the lighting technologies available for commercial and industrial applications, their advantages and disadvantages, and how they work. However, this chapter does not intend to compete with the existing comprehensive lighting engineering textbooks and lightning manuals, or to be added to the limited number of beautifully illustrated volumes containing finished projects. On the other hand, an understanding of lighting fundamentals, equipment, codes, and standards are essential for engineers and decision-makers, evaluating lighting upgrades, improvement or changes. After completing this chapter, the readers must have good understanding of the lighting system types, operation, characteristics and design, fundamental lighting terms, units, and definitions and to be able to apply photometric data, to analyze, compute, and design lighting systems, to select the proper lighting system components in order to provide the most adequate lighting levels and the most efficient and cost-effective lighting. The readers also have a basic understanding of the lighting system control, the importance of lighting system in the building energy system and to apply the lighting system retrofits to improve energy efficiency, as well as the requirements of the lighting standards and codes.
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8 Motor control and protection, drives, and applications
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Electric motors are used in a vast range of applications, types, shapes, sizes, or constructions. In our power systems, the generators in power plants are connected to a three-phase network while most of the industrial equipment and largeor medium-size electric motors, pumps in heating, water and air conditioning systems, refrigerator, dryers, vacuum cleaner or most of the appliances are connected to a single phase AC, switched on or off by simple contactors. In cars, a DC battery is providing power to the starter motor, windshield wiper motors, and other car subsystems. The DC car motors are usually activated by a relay switch without any control. However, many of other electric motor applications often require advanced control, depending on the application and the load requirements. Motor protection and control are essential functions for proper operation and safeguard electric motors and their connection cables from the effects and/or damages caused by overheating or improper motor operation. For example, overload, stalling, and single-phasing result in overheating, and the motor protection must detect these conditions and prevent their effects. Electric motors are the major prime-mover in industrial and commercial facilities and in building electrical, mechanical, and thermal systems. Most of the electric losses occur in the end user, and electric machines and drives are a large contributor. Electric motors and drives are important electrical system components, being the interface between the electrical and mechanical systems in an industrial process, a building, industrial, or commercial facility. These are creating unique challenges for motor control and protection which, in turn, led to the solutions that are critical in all electrical motor applications. By completing this chapter, the readers must have a good understanding of the electric motor control, starting, stopping, speed changes, breaking, and motor protection methods. It is very important to understand motor characteristics, in order to choose the right one for the application requirements. The learning objectives for this chapter include understanding the basic principles of operation of AC and DC motors, understand their operation and basic characteristics, control and protection methods and schemes, compute their electrical and mechanical parameters using the equivalent circuit, and to be able to select the most appropriate electric motor for a specific application. Readers must also understand and learn the structure, configurations, characteristics, and the operation of electric drives and their major applications. The chapter also includes appropriate references to the electric motor specifications of the codes and standards.
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9 Wind and solar energy
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In this chapter, we are focusing on the understanding of the basic characteristics of the Sun and the solar radiation, solar energy conversion, wind velocity, wind power, and wind energy conversion systems, the methods to estimate, analyze, and assess the solar or wind energy resource potential. The solar radiation has directional characteristics that are defined by a set of angles that determine the angle of incidence of the radiation on a surface. After completing this chapter, the readers are able to compute these angles and to estimate the available solar radiation incident on horizontal and tilted surfaces. Wind regime and wind characteristics are influenced by synoptic circulation, mesoscale dynamics, being strongly shaped by the local circulation, topography, and conditions. The most important characteristics of wind are its variability and intermittency on a broad range of spatiotemporal scales. The assessment of wind energy potential, design, or operation of wind energy conversion systems requires in-depth knowledge of wind regime and characteristics. In this chapter, we have also included those topics that are based on the extraterrestrial radiation and the geometry of the Earth and Sun. Knowledge about the effects of the atmosphere on the solar radiation, measurement techniques, direct, diffuse, and global radiation are also presented and discussed. Similar topics, such as wind velocity statistics, wind velocity measurements are included and discussed in this chapter. After successfully completing this chapter, the readers or students have a good understating, and become familiar with solar and wind energy system parameters, characteristics, principles of operation, performances, and estimation methods. They also are able to analyze and perform basic calculations and design of wind energy and/or solar energy conversion systems, estimates and assess wind or solar energy potential, select appropriate systems and/or components for a specific application.
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10 Geothermal energy, small hydropower, and bioenergy
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This chapter is focusing on geothermal energy, small hydro-power systems, and a very brief description of biomass suitable for power generation or in industrial processes, building, and other large commercial and applications. Geothermal energy sources are providing thermal energy to the industrial processes, buildings and eventually used to generate electricity, having a significant potential to contribute substantially to the world energy demands. Water energy originates from sources, such as the oceans, seas, rivers, and waterfalls. From water systems, the mechanical energy can be harvested either in kinetic or potential energy from waterfalls, rivers, currents, tides, or waves that eventually is used for power generation. The thermal energy from the temperature differences between ocean's warm and cold deeper layers can also be used for electricity generation having a huge potential and availability. However, ocean thermal energy is not discussed in this chapter, being beyond the scope of this book. Hydropower, the most and the largest renewable energy source for electricity generation, is derived from the energy of moving water from higher to lower elevations or from water kinetic energy. Hydropower systems require relatively high initial investment, but have the advantage of very low operation and maintenance costs and a long lifespan. Hydropower technology is the most advanced and mature renewable energy technology and provides an important portion of the electricity generation in many countries. Small- and mini-hydropower systems mean, the systems that can be applied to the sites ranging from a tiny scheme to electrify a single home, to a few hundred kilowatts or even few megawatts for selling it to the grid. Small-scale hydropower is one of the most cost-effective and reliable energy technologies to be considered for providing clean electricity. Hydroelectric power plants use minimal resources to generate electricity, nor do they pollute the air, land, or water, as other types of power plants may. A reference to the resource estimates and analysis are also included here. Characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of these renewable energy sources, their operation and characteristics, as well as their major applications are presented in this chapter and discussed in details.
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11 Energy storage systems
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Over the last few decades several innovative ideas have been explored in the energy storage areas, ranging in size, capacity, design complexity, and targeted applications. Some of them are designed for large scale power system applications, others for smallor medium-scale renewable energy or hybrid power systems, while the others are designed to perform short-term energy storage ride through for critical infrastructure (communication systems, hospitals, military facilities, etc.). Energy storage has become an enabling technology for renewable energy applications, grid integration and enhancing power quality and stability in the power transmission and distribution, having a great potential to improve power grid quality and stability and to provide an alternative to fossil fuel-based energy generation. The major constraints for renewable energy penetration are the availability, intermittency, and variability, which can be addressed through energy storage. The energy storage choice depends on specific usage requirements, often incorporating several energy storage systems in order to increase system reliability, capacity, and supply security. In the electric power system, the renewable energy promise lies in its potential to increase grid efficiency, reliability, or in optimizing power flows and supporting variable power supplies. The parameters used in comparisons of various energy storage technologies include efficiency, energy capacity and density, run time, costs, system's response time, lifetime in years and cycles, self-discharge, and maturity of each energy storage technology. The most common energy storage technologies include compressed air, pumped hydro, batteries, fuel cells, flywheels, and super-capacitors. The last four are suitable for the medium scale applications. The chapter discussed energy storage technologies and gives an up to date comparative summary of their performances. After completing this chapter, the readers are able to understand the role, importance, configurations and topologies of energy storage systems, operation principles, characteristics, performances, and operation of major energy storage systems used in power systems, buildings, and industrial facilities. Another benefit is that readers are able to understand the critical role and necessity of energy storage systems in power and renewable energy systems, the differences between large-, mediumand small-scale energy storage systems, and how a system is selected on specific applications based on system characteristics and performances. Major energy storage technologies discussed in this chapter are compressed air energy storage, pumped hydropower storage systems, batteries, flywheels, hydrogen energy storage, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and superconducting energy storage systems. Thermal energy storage systems are covered in detail in the next chapter. This chapter provides comprehensive reviews of the energy storage technologies and gives an up to date comparative summary of their performances, characteristics, and applications.
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12 Distributed generation, microgrids, thermal energy storage, and micro-combine heat and power generation
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Energy sustainability is the cornerstone to the health and competitiveness of the industries in our global economy. It is more than being environmentally responsible, means the ability to utilize and optimize multiple sources of secure and affordable energy for the enterprises, and then continuously improve the utilization through systems analysis, energy diversification, conservation, and intelligent use of these resources. Distributed energy resources (DER) and dispersed generation systems are becoming more important in the future electricity generation. A description of distributed energy resource and types, characteristics, performances, is the subject of this chapter. Brief presentations of the power system interfaces, power electronics, and control of distributed generation systems are also included. The chapter presents an overview of the key issues concerning the integration of distributed and dispersed generation systems, the role of thermal energy storage (TES) systems and the main applications. A synopsis of the main challenges and issues that must be overcome in the process of DG and DER applications and integration are presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the need to move away from the fit and forget approach of connecting DG to electric power systems to a policy of integrating DG into power system planning and operation through active management of distribution networks and application of other novel concepts. Several distributed energy systems, together with energy storage capabilities, expected to have a significant impact on the energy market are presented and discussed. Microgrid is a new approach of power generation and delivery system that considers DG, DER, and loads, often controllable loads is set as a small controllable subsystem of a power distribution network. The microgrid subsystem has characteristics, such as the ability to operate in parallel or in isolation from the electrical grid, having the capabilities and functionalities to improve service and power quality, reliability, and operational optimality. Microgrids may also be described as a self-contained subset of indigenous generation, distribution system assets, protection and control capabilities, and end user loads that may be operated in either a utility connected mode or in an isolated from the utility mode. In addition to providing reliable electric power supply, microgrids are also capable of providing a wide array of ancillary services, such as voltage support, frequency regulation, harmonic cancellation, power factor correction, spinning, and nonspinning reserves. A microgrid may be intrinsically distributive in nature including several DGs-both renewable and conventional sourced energy storage elements, protection systems, end user loads, and other elements. In order to achieve a coordinated performance of a microgrid (or several microgrids) within the scope of a distribution company, it is required to perform distributed or cooperative control. This harvested energy through such applications can be released onto the grid, when needed, to eliminate the need for high-cost peak generators or can be used local for heat and hot water or other industrial process applications. Microcombined heat and power (CHP) systems powering up to about 10 kWe are considered as a future key technology for the building or facility energy supplies from the viewpoints of heating system users, manufacturers, and energy suppliers. CHP plants can be based on conventional diesel, gas or biomass engines, gas turbines, Stirling engines, or fuel cells. Energy storage systems are an important component of the renewable energy technology applications. Among the storage technologies, the TES, a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium and use the stored energy at a later time for heating, cooling and power generation. TES systems are used particularly in buildings and in industrial processes, while the main advantages of using TES in an energy system, building or industrial process include an increase in overall efficiency and better reliability, leading to the reductions in investment and running costs, and less environmental pollution of the environment. Energy storage inclusion into distributed generation systems provides the user dispatchability of DER, while improving the overall system performances and capabilities. All of the DER and DG technologies require specific power electronics and control schemes to convert the generated power into useful power that can be directly interconnected with the grid or that can be used for specific applications. This chapter presents convenient resources to understand the current state-of-the art power electronic interfaces for DER and DG applications. In this chapter, a description of TES systems and microCHP generation systems is presented with references to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. A discussion on the major components of such systems, load analysis and methods for improving the energy efficiency of existing systems are also included in this chapter. After completing this chapter, the readers are able to understand the importance and role of the thermal energy systems and storage, energy conservation and efficiency in building electrical and mechanical systems, and in industrial energy systems and equipment. A special attention is given to the understanding and learning about micro-CHP generation systems, components and configurations of such systems, their operation, functions, and capabilities.
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13 Energy management, RES, and distributed generation economics
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Sustainable energy management, a paradigm and theory, having concepts, principles, and methods that are only recently fully accepted and employed is an important and comprehensive framework, part of the sustainable development, attempting to plan the energy use on the past experience and future needs. The energy management fundamental goals are to produce goods and to provide services with the minimum energy use and environmental impacts. The term energy management has different meaning to different people and in different areas. The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurements and uses, throughout the organization and to minimize energy costs and energy waste without affecting production levels and quality, while minimizing the environmental energy use effects. This rather broad definition covers many operations from the services, product, and equipment design through the product shipment and delivery. Waste minimization and disposal, important aspects of an energy management plan are also presenting several and important energy management opportunities and solutions. Energy savings and waste reductions constitute primary measures for the protection of the environment and, in addition, for the reduction of exchange effluxes, which are used to purchase the polluting fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas. Noticing that in most process industries, energy costs are second only to raw materials. Very often entire department is devoted to optimizing raw material choices and product slates, by using planning models, energy management, supply strategies, and optimization approaches. This chapter provides guidelines and information how to set up an energy management program. Energy efficiency is about getting the same or better services using less energy. This energy management aspect is in contrast to the energy conservation, which involves doing less with less. The critical issues for energy efficiency and energy management are to identify the services that are needed and make sure that these are being provided cost-effectively, with minimum energy use with the least environmental impacts. Irrespective of the energy cost size, the continuous process nature or the types of equipment employed, energy efficiency is a must. Understandably, though, management gives the greatest amount of attention to the largest costs. The basic principles of energy management and energy efficiency are universal but different types of facilities require different types of energy management programs. Energy management is a long-term commitment, not just something that is conducted once and then is forgotten. The term energy audit, an important tool of energy management is widely used and may have different meaning depending on the energy service companies. Energy auditing of buildings can range from a short walk-through of the facility to a detailed analysis with hourly computer simulation.
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14 Post-face and pedagogical suggestions
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The book is covering three major disciples: basic and fundamental knowledge in power systems, such as power engineering basic and foundations, motors and transformers, power distribution basic, second the building and industrial power distribution, such as load characteristics and calculations, load and motor centers, building electrical systems and lighting, and motor protection and control, and the third fundamentals of the major renewable energy sources and energy storage, such as solar and wind energy, photovoltaics, geothermal energy and small hydro-power systems, major energy storage technologies, and a brief description of microgrids, distributed generation issues and energy management. Due to the fast pace of changes into the energy sectors and uses, more and more professional and the fresh graduates in the industrial and engineering fields, and not only are required to have better understanding of the energy industries, energy supply issues, energy conservation, alternative energy sources, or sustainability.
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Appendix A: Common parameters, units, and conversion factors
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The book chapter appendix presents common parameters, units, and conversion factors related to industrial power systems with distributed and embedded generation.
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Appendix B: Design parameters, values, and data
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This book chapter appendix presents information on design parameters, values, and data for industrial power systems with distributed and embedded generation.
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Appendix C: Design parameters, conversion factors, and data for renewable energy conversion systems
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The book chapter appendix presents information on the design parameters, conversion factors, and data for renewable energy conversion systems related to industrial power systems with distributed and embedded generation.
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Back Matter
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