The generation, transmission, and distribution of the electricity is the business of the large utility companies, being performed through complex networks of interconnected generators, transformers, transmission lines, control, monitoring, measurement, and protection equipment, developed over a century. The chapter starts with a brief power system description and presentation, some details on major power system components, and functions. Various fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear energy, or water power) or energy sources (e.g., wind energy, solar energy, ocean energy, or geothermal energy) are used to generate electricity in modern power systems. Most of the modern power systems are three-phase, as it enabled more efficient and economical energy generation and transmission to the users. Power is changed from three-phase to single-phase only for consumers living very near. However, the power distribution is usually changed from three-phase to single-phase networks near consumers (end-users). In modern power systems, the generator voltages are transformed into high voltages for the efficient and economic transmission at long distances, then the voltages are lowered to the levels required by the consumers near the industrial and residential locations. The chapter also contains a brief introduction on the per-unit system, a very useful tool to simplify calculations and analysis of the power system. A brief discussion of the frequency characteristics and issues is the focus of the last section of the chapter. The chapter topics are the basics to understand the electric motor, transformer, and generator operations and characteristics, so it is vital that the readers must have good understanding of three-phase and per-unit systems and must be able to apply them.

Electrical distribution networks, transmission lines, electrical service, wiring devices, protection, and equipment are essential building subsystems and components. Power engineers are concerned with every step and aspects in the process of electricity generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization. Adequate electricity amount and its efficient utilization are essential for the growth and development of any country. Past developments of the power distribution often resulted in higher system losses and poor power quality services. Consequently, an efficient and effective power distribution network, building, or industrial electric systems have become important issues. By optimizing the power distribution, reducing the capital cost, power losses, and improving the power quality are critical issues in power system operation and management, resulting in substantial savings of energy. However, the electric load varies with time and place, such as the load variation customer types and the power production and distribution system must respond to the customers' load demand at any time. Therefore, modern electricity distribution utilities need accurate load data for pricing and tariff planning, distribution network planning and operation, power generation planning, load management, customer service and billing, and finally to provide information to customers and public authorities. After completing this chapter, students and readers are able to learn and understand the power distribution network structure, configurations, operation and management, and the impacts on the building electrical, mechanical, thermal, energy and lighting systems, as well as a good understanding of the building electrical system operation, components and equipment, and related issues. They will also learn to estimate and compute the demand load, apply demand factors, determine demand load for motor, equipment and appliances, understand methods to calculate cable and conductor sizing and capacity, voltage drop calculations and service entrance, operation, parameters and characteristics of wiring devices and their applications, and to develop an understanding and appreciation of the importance of codes and standards.

The utilization of energy resources is considered one of the most challenging tasks, while finding the most optimal, proper, and efficient ways to effectively use these important resources is an essential ingredient of sustainable development. In any electrical system, power must be transferred from the service equipment to the lights, machines, electrical motors, equipment, appliances, and electrical outlets. Regardless of the wiring methods used, the electricity carrying conductors and cables fall into one of two categories: feeders or branch-circuit conductors. Important aspects of the electrical system design involve building electrical service, service entrance, branch circuits, feeders, panel-boards, switchboards, switchgears, and load centers, and the calculations and sizing of their associate equipment and devices, as well as the protection devices and conductors. Panel-boards, switchboards, feeders and branch circuits, and associated fittings and devices are important components of the power distribution inside the buildings, industrial, and commercial facilities. Cables are usually contained in raceways, conduits, ducts, or cable trays, protecting them from mechanical damage and influences of other cables. In addition to structural requirements, when designing cable tray systems, the electrical requirements must also be carefully considered, as well as to be complaint to the specifications and requirements of the codes and standards. Often the design information is presented in the form of cabling diagrams, an important communication tool between designer, engineers, and technicians. In order to properly develop cabling diagrams requires in-depth understanding of the NEC, codes and standards regarding branch circuits, feeders, loading receptacles and outlets, switching requirements, and specifications, etc. This chapter is exploring the characteristics of electrical service, feeders, and branch circuits. It introduces the design elements, code and standard requirements, and specifications for service entrance, and inside the utility metering practices. An important aspect of the electrical and industrial power system design involve the calculation and design of branch circuits and feeders to supply various loads in a given occupancy and facility. The general purpose of a conduit, duct, or a raceway is to provide a clear and protected pathway for a cable, or for smaller conduits (inner ducts). Advances in cable technologies, costs of repairing sensitive cable materials or to replace the cables as needed have driven preferences for protective conduits over direct cable burial into the ground or walls. In industrial facilities, the electricity is supplied to the loads from the load centers, containing the equipment necessary to protect and control the power flow and the loads. There exist different load center types, with their selection based primarily on the electrical requirements and installation environment. Load centers are housed in metal enclosures to protect enclosed equipment, nearby objects and personnel in the event of equipment malfunctions. Load centers supplying large motors and smaller load centers are referred to as switchgears, while smaller load centers specialized to supply small to midsize electrical motors are called motor control centers (MCCs). Load centers incorporate switches, circuit breakers, fuses, and disconnect devices to route power and in the event of faults, to isolate electric circuit sections. Switchgears have three basic functions: (a) protection and safety, (b) electrical isolation to permit work and testing, and (c) local or remote circuit switching. Developments in switchgear design have led to the introduction of network support for monitoring, control, and advanced diagnostic capabilities, loading and a host of other operational parameters. This chapter will introduce the most common and important aspects associated with panel-boards, switchboards, service, feeders, branch circuits, raceways, and cable trays. After completing this chapter, the readers are able to identify the feeder and branch circuit sections of power distribution, describe the branch circuits, feeders, and their characteristics and functions, conduits, and raceways are able to calculate them using requirements and appropriate specifications of codes and standards, size branch circuits and feeders in accordance with such specifications and requirements, and finally use the codes to size feeder conductors and cables.

Electric motors are used in a vast range of applications, types, shapes, sizes, or constructions. In our power systems, the generators in power plants are connected to a three-phase network while most of the industrial equipment and largeor medium-size electric motors, pumps in heating, water and air conditioning systems, refrigerator, dryers, vacuum cleaner or most of the appliances are connected to a single phase AC, switched on or off by simple contactors. In cars, a DC battery is providing power to the starter motor, windshield wiper motors, and other car subsystems. The DC car motors are usually activated by a relay switch without any control. However, many of other electric motor applications often require advanced control, depending on the application and the load requirements. Motor protection and control are essential functions for proper operation and safeguard electric motors and their connection cables from the effects and/or damages caused by overheating or improper motor operation. For example, overload, stalling, and single-phasing result in overheating, and the motor protection must detect these conditions and prevent their effects. Electric motors are the major prime-mover in industrial and commercial facilities and in building electrical, mechanical, and thermal systems. Most of the electric losses occur in the end user, and electric machines and drives are a large contributor. Electric motors and drives are important electrical system components, being the interface between the electrical and mechanical systems in an industrial process, a building, industrial, or commercial facility. These are creating unique challenges for motor control and protection which, in turn, led to the solutions that are critical in all electrical motor applications. By completing this chapter, the readers must have a good understanding of the electric motor control, starting, stopping, speed changes, breaking, and motor protection methods. It is very important to understand motor characteristics, in order to choose the right one for the application requirements. The learning objectives for this chapter include understanding the basic principles of operation of AC and DC motors, understand their operation and basic characteristics, control and protection methods and schemes, compute their electrical and mechanical parameters using the equivalent circuit, and to be able to select the most appropriate electric motor for a specific application. Readers must also understand and learn the structure, configurations, characteristics, and the operation of electric drives and their major applications. The chapter also includes appropriate references to the electric motor specifications of the codes and standards.

This chapter is focusing on geothermal energy, small hydro-power systems, and a very brief description of biomass suitable for power generation or in industrial processes, building, and other large commercial and applications. Geothermal energy sources are providing thermal energy to the industrial processes, buildings and eventually used to generate electricity, having a significant potential to contribute substantially to the world energy demands. Water energy originates from sources, such as the oceans, seas, rivers, and waterfalls. From water systems, the mechanical energy can be harvested either in kinetic or potential energy from waterfalls, rivers, currents, tides, or waves that eventually is used for power generation. The thermal energy from the temperature differences between ocean's warm and cold deeper layers can also be used for electricity generation having a huge potential and availability. However, ocean thermal energy is not discussed in this chapter, being beyond the scope of this book. Hydropower, the most and the largest renewable energy source for electricity generation, is derived from the energy of moving water from higher to lower elevations or from water kinetic energy. Hydropower systems require relatively high initial investment, but have the advantage of very low operation and maintenance costs and a long lifespan. Hydropower technology is the most advanced and mature renewable energy technology and provides an important portion of the electricity generation in many countries. Small- and mini-hydropower systems mean, the systems that can be applied to the sites ranging from a tiny scheme to electrify a single home, to a few hundred kilowatts or even few megawatts for selling it to the grid. Small-scale hydropower is one of the most cost-effective and reliable energy technologies to be considered for providing clean electricity. Hydroelectric power plants use minimal resources to generate electricity, nor do they pollute the air, land, or water, as other types of power plants may. A reference to the resource estimates and analysis are also included here. Characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of these renewable energy sources, their operation and characteristics, as well as their major applications are presented in this chapter and discussed in details.

Energy sustainability is the cornerstone to the health and competitiveness of the industries in our global economy. It is more than being environmentally responsible, means the ability to utilize and optimize multiple sources of secure and affordable energy for the enterprises, and then continuously improve the utilization through systems analysis, energy diversification, conservation, and intelligent use of these resources. Distributed energy resources (DER) and dispersed generation systems are becoming more important in the future electricity generation. A description of distributed energy resource and types, characteristics, performances, is the subject of this chapter. Brief presentations of the power system interfaces, power electronics, and control of distributed generation systems are also included. The chapter presents an overview of the key issues concerning the integration of distributed and dispersed generation systems, the role of thermal energy storage (TES) systems and the main applications. A synopsis of the main challenges and issues that must be overcome in the process of DG and DER applications and integration are presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the need to move away from the fit and forget approach of connecting DG to electric power systems to a policy of integrating DG into power system planning and operation through active management of distribution networks and application of other novel concepts. Several distributed energy systems, together with energy storage capabilities, expected to have a significant impact on the energy market are presented and discussed. Microgrid is a new approach of power generation and delivery system that considers DG, DER, and loads, often controllable loads is set as a small controllable subsystem of a power distribution network. The microgrid subsystem has characteristics, such as the ability to operate in parallel or in isolation from the electrical grid, having the capabilities and functionalities to improve service and power quality, reliability, and operational optimality. Microgrids may also be described as a self-contained subset of indigenous generation, distribution system assets, protection and control capabilities, and end user loads that may be operated in either a utility connected mode or in an isolated from the utility mode. In addition to providing reliable electric power supply, microgrids are also capable of providing a wide array of ancillary services, such as voltage support, frequency regulation, harmonic cancellation, power factor correction, spinning, and nonspinning reserves. A microgrid may be intrinsically distributive in nature including several DGs-both renewable and conventional sourced energy storage elements, protection systems, end user loads, and other elements. In order to achieve a coordinated performance of a microgrid (or several microgrids) within the scope of a distribution company, it is required to perform distributed or cooperative control. This harvested energy through such applications can be released onto the grid, when needed, to eliminate the need for high-cost peak generators or can be used local for heat and hot water or other industrial process applications. Microcombined heat and power (CHP) systems powering up to about 10 kWe are considered as a future key technology for the building or facility energy supplies from the viewpoints of heating system users, manufacturers, and energy suppliers. CHP plants can be based on conventional diesel, gas or biomass engines, gas turbines, Stirling engines, or fuel cells. Energy storage systems are an important component of the renewable energy technology applications. Among the storage technologies, the TES, a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium and use the stored energy at a later time for heating, cooling and power generation. TES systems are used particularly in buildings and in industrial processes, while the main advantages of using TES in an energy system, building or industrial process include an increase in overall efficiency and better reliability, leading to the reductions in investment and running costs, and less environmental pollution of the environment. Energy storage inclusion into distributed generation systems provides the user dispatchability of DER, while improving the overall system performances and capabilities. All of the DER and DG technologies require specific power electronics and control schemes to convert the generated power into useful power that can be directly interconnected with the grid or that can be used for specific applications. This chapter presents convenient resources to understand the current state-of-the art power electronic interfaces for DER and DG applications. In this chapter, a description of TES systems and microCHP generation systems is presented with references to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. A discussion on the major components of such systems, load analysis and methods for improving the energy efficiency of existing systems are also included in this chapter. After completing this chapter, the readers are able to understand the importance and role of the thermal energy systems and storage, energy conservation and efficiency in building electrical and mechanical systems, and in industrial energy systems and equipment. A special attention is given to the understanding and learning about micro-CHP generation systems, components and configurations of such systems, their operation, functions, and capabilities.

The book is covering three major disciples: basic and fundamental knowledge in power systems, such as power engineering basic and foundations, motors and transformers, power distribution basic, second the building and industrial power distribution, such as load characteristics and calculations, load and motor centers, building electrical systems and lighting, and motor protection and control, and the third fundamentals of the major renewable energy sources and energy storage, such as solar and wind energy, photovoltaics, geothermal energy and small hydro-power systems, major energy storage technologies, and a brief description of microgrids, distributed generation issues and energy management. Due to the fast pace of changes into the energy sectors and uses, more and more professional and the fresh graduates in the industrial and engineering fields, and not only are required to have better understanding of the energy industries, energy supply issues, energy conservation, alternative energy sources, or sustainability.

This book chapter appendix presents information on design parameters, values, and data for industrial power systems with distributed and embedded generation.