Exploring Intelligent Healthcare with Quantum Computing
2: Department of Computer Science, Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, India
3: University of Milan, Italy
4: Lusófona University, Portugal
Classical computers encode information in binary bits that can either be 0s or 1s. In a quantum computer, the basic unit of memory is a quantum bit or qubit. These qubits play a similar role in terms of storing information, but use physical systems, such as the spin of an electron or the orientation of a photon, to do so. In situations where there are a large number of possible feature combinations, quantum computers can consider them simultaneously, speeding up the data processing time.
In healthcare, where there are often large numbers of possible factors to consider, quantum computers can address them simultaneously, thereby allowing doctors to compare much, much more data, and all permutations of that data, in parallel to discover the best patterns that describe it, and therefore predict the best treatment options.
This edited book explores the field of quantum computing and machine learning for medical data processing, and is a useful resource for computer engineers, researchers, healthcare technologists and scientists specialising in quantum computing, quantum AI, data processing, deep learning, machine learning, smart healthcare, and medical data systems.
- Book DOI: 10.1049/PBHE060E
- Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBHE060E
- ISBN: 9781839538094
- e-ISBN: 9781839538100
- Page count: 350
- Format: PDF
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Front Matter
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1 Blockchain in healthcare: revolutionizing security, transparency, and efficiency
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Healthcare assistance is witnessing a transformative journey, scuffling with challenges similar to data security, interoperability, and trust. This research paper examines the intersection of blockchain technology and healthcare, investigating its underlying mechanisms and impact on addressing challenges requiring diligent effort. The literature review examines the exploration of blockchain in healthcare, focusing on its role in enhancing security, sequestration, interoperability, and patient data power. The paper investigates specific operations of blockchain, including electronic health records (EHRs), force chain operations, and clinical trials. Challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of blockchain in healthcare are discussed, along with case studies highlighting successful real-world applications. Ethical and legal considerations regarding patient concurrence, data power, and sequestration are discussed. The paper concludes by proposing unborn exploration directions and recommendations for the relinquishment of blockchain in healthcare, emphasizing its eventuality to revise security, transparency, and effectiveness in assiduity.
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2 Harmony in health: machine learning empowered phonocardiogram analysis for early cardiovascular disease detection
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Cardiovascular conditions (CVDs) remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, challenging innovative approaches for early discovery and intervention. This exploration paper introduces "Harmony in Health," a new framework using machine literacy for enhanced phonocardiogram (PCG) analysis aimed at the early discovery of cardiovascular conditions. The proposed system integrates advanced signal processing methods with state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms to extract precious perceptivity from the PCG, enabling a more nuanced understanding of cardiac health. The study begins by collecting a comprehensive dataset of phonocardiograms, representing a different range of cardiac conditions. Recently, a robust signal processing channel has been employed to preprocess and prize applicable features from the PCG recordings. Machine knowledge models, including deep neural networks and ensemble styles, are also trained on these features to discern subtle patterns reflective of early-stage cardiovascular abnormalities. The "Harmony in Health" framework demonstrates superior performance in detecting cardiac anomalies compared to traditional styles, flaunting high perceptivity and particularity. The model's interpretability is enhanced through attention mechanisms, furnishing clinicians with precious perceptivity into the vital features contributing to the discovery of cardiovascular conditions. Also, the system is designed to continuously learn and acclimatize, ensuring its efficacy across different demographic groups and evolving cardiac conditions. In addition to its individual capabilities, the proposed system integrates seamlessly into telehealth platforms, enabling remote monitoring and early intervention. The implicit impact of Harmony in Health extends beyond opinion, fostering a paradigm shift toward visionary cardiovascular healthcare. The paper concludes by agitating the ethical considerations, implicit challenges, and unborn directions for enforcing machine literacy-enabled PCG analysis in real-world healthcare settings.
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3 Quantum artificial intelligence for healthcare, supply chain and smart city applications
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The fantastical world where the seemingly insurmountable barriers of complex problems dissolve instantaneously and the formidable calculations that once demanded the processing power of supercomputers are effortlessly conquered in the blink of an eye. This marks the advent of an unprecedented era, a quantum leap into a realm of human innovation that transcends the boundaries of our conventional understanding. This chapter embarks on a nuanced comparison between the quantum and classical realms of computation, envisioning yourself within the confines of a grand music hall. The evolution of quantum artificial intelligence, which collaborates with quantum computing and artificial intelligence. The further strata revolve around quantum machine learning. This meticulous evolution leads to varied applications, which are of great value to society. A few mentions found in the chapter are quantum artificial intelligence in healthcare applications, supply chain applications, and smart city applications. This may seem like a limitation in this chapter, whereas real usability breaks the boundaries enormously.
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4 Image segmentation algorithms for healthcare applications: enhancing precision in diagnostics and treatment
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The application of image segmentation algorithms in healthcare has experienced a substantial increase in recent years due to their ability to improve accuracy in diagnostics and treatment across several medical fields. This chapter seeks to comprehensively examine the significance of image segmentation algorithms in healthcare applications, particularly their ability to enhance precision and effectiveness in medical treatments. The chapter commences by providing an outline of image segmentation techniques, clarifying the essential principles and approaches used to divide medical images into significant sections. Following that, the chapter explores the particular healthcare fields in which image segmentation algorithms have a crucial impact. These categories encompass several medical imaging modalities, including but not limited to MRI, CT scans, ultrasound, and X-ray imaging. Moreover, this study extensively examines the utilization of segmentation algorithms in several domains, such as tumor detection, organ segmentation, lesion identification, and the delineation of anatomical structures. Furthermore, the chapter explains the importance of image segmentation in directing clinical decision-making processes, aiding in treatment planning, and enabling precise treatments. Segmentation algorithms enhance the accuracy of diagnosis, effectiveness of treatment, and overall patient outcomes by precisely outlining anatomical structures and diseased areas. Moreover, the chapter examines the obstacles and prospective paths in the advancement and implementation of image segmentation algorithms in the healthcare sector. The paper discusses various challenges in the field, including noise, fluctuation in image quality, computational complexity, and the necessity for strong validation methodologies. It also explores potential solutions and developments in algorithmic approaches.
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5 Deep learning for medical image processing: a comprehensive exploration of applications and challenges
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The introduction of deep learning algorithms has brought about a significant change in the field of medical imaging. The objective of this proposed chapter is to explore the significant impact of deep learning on the field of medical image processing. The use of neural networks with medical imaging data has significantly transformed healthcare practices, enabling advancements in early disease detection and treatment planning. This chapter will present a comprehensive examination of different deep learning structures, their uses, and the difficulties linked to implementing these models in medical image analysis. The chapter also discusses the unique obstacles associated with implementing deep learning in medical imaging, including interpretability, limited data availability, and ethical implications. It explores many approaches to address these difficulties, such as employing explainable AI methods and incorporating multi-modal input for reliable analysis. In addition, the exploration encompasses new trends and future directions in the sector, revealing the promise of technologies such as federated learning and advanced architectures. This chapter serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and technologists seeking a comprehensive understanding of the applications and challenges associated with leveraging deep learning in the realm of medical image processing.
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6 Blockchain in healthcare: a comprehensive exploration of security, interoperability, and data integrity
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Through cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology has demonstrated that it is a safe platform capable of meeting the needs of diverse participants in a variety of industries. Owing to its innovative methodology, blockchain technology has been the focus of numerous digital healthcare sector studies by academia and commercial researchers. The original goal of blockchain applications for electronic health records was to develop new use cases for data management. The diversity of these eHealth incidents has not yet had a noticeable effect on the eHealth sector. Instead, blockchain data management solutions are becoming more prevalent to address data silos' integration. Despite numerous well-established eHealth integration systems, hospitals still segregate medical record data. In this work, the significance and timely importance of every person's healthcare data are thus summarized in a decentralized blockchain model. In summary, the study covers topics ranging from Bitcoin transaction verification and scalability challenges to access control models in healthcare and security issues in blockchain integration with IoT. It emphasizes the importance of addressing scalability concerns and implementing robust security measures in healthcare using blockchain systems.
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7 Big data security and privacy in health care
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Due to the increasing costs of healthcare and the rising premiums for health insurance, there is an urgent need for proactive measures to promote health and well-being. Furthermore, the healthcare sector has undergone a substantial revolution with the introduction of digital medical records. As a result, the healthcare industry is facing an increase in the volume of data, which is becoming more complex, diverse, and time-sensitive. Healthcare professionals are continually pursuing strategies to decrease expenses and improve the efficiency, provision, and administration of healthcare. The utilization of big data has emerged as a feasible approach with the capacity to fundamentally transform the healthcare industry. Shifting from a responsive to a proactive approach in healthcare can result in decreased healthcare costs and ultimately contribute to economic growth. The healthcare industry is currently employing big data; however, it is encountering substantial obstacles in terms of security and privacy as a result of the growing multitude of possible threats and weaknesses. This article examines the existing security and privacy issues in big data, specifically in the context of the healthcare industry.
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8 Neural rhythms: unveiling pathways to early detection in neurological disorders through wearable EEG analysis
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In the intricate geography of neuroscience, this exploration explores the promising crossroads of wearable EEG technology and early discovery in neurological diseases. The "Neural Measures Unveiling Pathways to Early Discovery in Neurological Diseases through Wearable EEG Analysis," study delves into the eventuality of neural measures as gateways to timely intervention. Wearable EEG devices, with their burgeoning capabilities, offer a non-invasive and continuous monitoring result, conforming seamlessly to real-life scripts. Motivated by the critical need for timely intervention in neurological conditions, this paper navigates the nuanced realm of neural measures, aiming to decipher subtle nuances that may serve as precursors to the underpinning conditions. Drawing on the literature, specific neural measures are linked as implicit early pointers, promising substantiated and timely interventions. The methodology is rigorously designed, encompassing ethical considerations and robust data collection and analysis. Through detailed EEG data analysis, the correlation between specific neural patterns and early signs of neurological conditions is illuminated. This disquisition is not just a scientific shot, it is a trip into implicit clinical operations that could revise neurological healthcare. Seeing a future where wearable EEG analysis becomes integral to early discovery strategies, seamlessly integrated into clinical settings, this study contributes to the evolving field of neurology. The community of neuroscience and technology, embodied in the study of neural measures, beckons toward a future where early discovery is not just a possibility but a palpable reality with transformative changes to patient issues.
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9 Quantum computing applications in healthcare: revolutionizing diagnosis, treatment, and data security
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Quantum computing presents a paradigm shift in computational capabilities, offering unknown possibilities for revolutionizing healthcare operations. This exploration paper aims to explore the impact of quantum computing on healthcare, focusing on its essential elements, understanding the fundamentals, examining its algorithms applicable to healthcare, and assessing their practical operations in the field. The methodology involves a comprehensive review of the literature, including quantum computing principles, machine learning algorithms, and healthcare use cases. Findings indicate that quantum algorithms have the potential to significantly accelerate drug discovery, enable personalized medications, and improve individual imaging. However, challenges such as error rates and scalability issues need to be addressed. The counterarguments to this exploration encompass ethical considerations surrounding data security, privacy, and responsible quantum computing practices in healthcare. As quantum computing advances, this paper suggests a transformative future for healthcare, where quantum technologies play a vital part in optimizing treatments, perfecting patient issues, and advancing medical exploration.
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10 Quantum computing in healthcare: exploring applications for drug discovery and precision medicine
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Quantum computing represents a promising frontier in healthcare, offering unparalleled computational power to tackle complex challenges in drug discovery and precision drugs. This paper explores the potential applications and use cases of quantum computing in healthcare. We discuss how quantum algorithms can revolutionize molecular modeling, accelerating the identification of new drug candidates and predicting their interactions with biological targets with unprecedented accuracy. Likewise, we explore how quantum computing can optimize treatment plans in precision medicine by analyzing vast datasets to tailor therapies to individual patient's genetic makeup and medical histories. Additionally, we examine the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating quantum computing into healthcare systems, including considerations around scalability, algorithm development, and data security. By harnessing the transformative capabilities of quantum computing, we envision a future where healthcare delivery is enhanced, personalized, and optimized to improve patient outcomes and advance medical science.
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11 An intelligent skin cancer disease identification strategy using Style-GAN algorithm
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Skin cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in humans, which is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of skin cells. This health condition is often induced by direct exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It is broadly categorized into melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. However, analyzing images for skin cancer identification encounters challenges in classifying levels due to redundant information within the collected dataset. This research introduces a pioneering Style-GAN framework designed to classify skin cancer in patients utilizing a dataset of normal images. The approach involves several stages, including pre-processing, extracting features, selecting relevant features, and applying classification techniques. This developed technique addresses dataset noise and errors during pre-processing. Feature extraction is employed to identify crucial features based on band power, correlation dimension, and other relevant factors. Additionally, feature selection enhances classification accuracy performance by refining the fitness function in the classification layer. Initially, a standardized dataset is collected from online sources and implemented in the MATLAB® tool. Ultimately, the performance metrics of the suggested Style-GAN technique are juxtaposed with those of established methods, assessing accuracy, sensitivity, precision, and F-measure. The outcomes affirm that the devised framework excels in effectively classifying different levels of skin cancer.
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12 Importance and need of IoMT and big data to revolutionizing healthcare industry
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Digital technology is changing rapidly in the 21st century and all of us are witnessing the swift advancement of digital technology. The stakeholders of the healthcare industry are now advocating the implementation and deployment of digital technology in the healthcare sector. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) and big data technology integrating with the cloud or fog computing bring significant revolutions in the healthcare sector for mankind; starting from telemedicine, and cost-efficient healthcare service at remote monitoring to remote surgery. This sector needs a digital technology-enabled multi-facility healthcare center to revolutionize the healthcare industry. Therefore, leveraging IoMT with big data and cloud technology is an ideal solution for effectively revolutionizing the healthcare industry. Even digital technology, IoMT, and cloud/fog technology fulfill the horizons of medical healthcare needs, quite a few important hurdles including the size of the data, variety of data format, noisy data with poor quality, variety of sources of healthcare segmented or warehouse data, processing and analyzing semi-structured and unstructured data, processing and analyzing moving data, data security and privacy, data ownership and governance that need to be addressed before harmonious, secure, acceptable, and malleable solutions are presented to address the healthcare demands. This chapter shows the importance and needs of IoMT and emerging digital technology with big data to revolutionize the healthcare industry. This chapter also focuses on the challenges faced by the healthcare industry in revolutionizing, transforming big data, and adopting IoMT.
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13 Quantum blockchain-oriented data integrity scheme for validating clinical datasets
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Data integrity is critical in a research study, but it is too difficult to use the current data management approach. Clinical studies are likely to take a long time and are likely to be falsified due to misconduct of equipment and clinical processes. Examples of falsification include manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results. This would lead to wrong diagnostic or treatment models. The technology of blockchain can tackle such falsification activities. The focus of the research was to achieve data integrity through blockchain technology in a medical trial. The overall purpose of this proposed work is to provide data integrity from the validation of the clinical dataset. Blockchain technology is used to perform the validation process of the clinical data as it holds the data in the form of data chains. For medical studies, the system has been designed and evaluated through a Brain Tumors clinical study with a blockchain-based database. With the aid of quantum blockchain, the benefits of quantum computing, such as the speed at which patients can be located and tracked, may be fully utilized. Another tool that can be employed to protect the availability, accuracy, and integrity of stored data is quantum blockchain. Processing medical data more quickly and securely may be possible when blockchain technology and quantum computing are combined. The authors of this work investigate how blockchain and quantum technology might be applied in the healthcare sector. This research used the Ganache tool for data collection with the blockchain-based data management system to showcase safe clinical information management. In clinical trials, data were checked and validated using protocol validation, and their susceptibility to data manipulation was examined. The results show that patient data were securely exchanged, and the strength of its system has also been demonstrated through survival of minimum latency during clinical data records outage. Blockchain technology assures that transaction histories are safe and tamper-proof, such that a Ganache network offers data-saving integrity and transparency in processes. This research paper shows that our approach can improve clinical data management, promote confidence in clinical research, and reduce the regulatory burden. By optimizing the cost of clinical trials, the proposed research will assist in the durability of health services.
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14 Quantifying the performance of quantum machine learning algorithms for heart valve detection using H-Bert classifier
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This chapter reveals the strategy to determine the effectiveness of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) algorithms to work in the healthcare field, specifically when it comes to finding problems with heart valves. Mostly, many organizations are using the major advanced features of quantum computing technologies and hence there is some need in analyzing the features and implication strategies of Quantum computing. In this chapter, an advanced version of the H-Bert Classifier is applied to the Quantum framework for finding the various problems related to the heart. Normally 14 important variables are used from the dataset for determining the heart valves. H-Bert classifier is used here for improving the accuracy rate of classification. To maintain maximum accuracy some of the quantum computing algorithms like Quantum Logistic Regression (QLR), Quantum Nearest Neighbor (QKNN), and Quantum Linear Discriminant Analysis (QLDA) are used. The most complicated patterns in the dataset are determined effectively by using the Quantum computation mechanism with the H-Bert classifier. To normalize the obtained values while processing some advanced methods like principal component analysis (PCA), min-max scaling, and standard scalar methods, are used. H-Bert combines BERT classifier in addition to Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks (BiLSTM). Then for making the detection process very accurate and sensitive minor details of the heart valve are to be picked out. The H-Bert Classifier with Quantum ensemble will do the process effectively and accurately. The entire implementation process is a sequential, step-by-step procedure. This pipeline process will make the scheme more efficient and performance-driven. Compared to the traditional machine learning algorithms the detection of heart valves is done most effectively by using this quantum algorithm. The improvement in the accuracy is guaranteed by the quantum algorithms in the determination of heart health diagnostics. Another advantage of using this hybrid methodology is its effectiveness in handling the computational cost. Especially in dealing with real-time parameters, it took very less time during execution. The study sheds light on the best ways to use quantum algorithms in healthcare and gives useful insights into the quantifiable benefits of using quantum machine learning for detecting heart valves. A major step forward in the efficient and accurate diagnosis of cardiac abnormalities has been the introduction of the H-Bert classifier in quantum machine learning. Both medical research and patient care stand to benefit substantially from this new development.
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15 Quantum-informed AI: precision caloric assessment for optimal health through advanced nutrition analysis in lifestyle management
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A significant portion of contemporary society, particularly the youth, is oblivious to the detrimental effects that their eating habits have on their overall health. This results in a lack of adequate knowledge regarding numerous health issues, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and stroke. This chapter discusses novel artificial intelligence (AI) tools that utilize quantum-based methods to analyze and assess diets. The purpose of these tools is to assist individuals in grasping the nutritional value of the food they consume and in determining the optimal daily eating regimen. These sophisticated AI tools generate a nutrition plan model that promotes a healthy, well-balanced diet through the use of quantum computing. Consisting of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, skim milk or low-fat dairy products, beans, lean meats, poultry, tuna, and poultry should comprise your daily diet. In addition to resolving chemical composition issues, the quantum-informed AI model provides critical analytical data required for processing, quality control, and identifying potentially contaminated food. The model, constructed utilizing the convolutional neural network (CNN) technique, is critical for classifying and speculating on food attributes such as texture, color, and shape. Users are provided with the capability to capture images of various foods, fruit included, which are then input into the model that has been trained to enhance the user experience. The AI algorithm calculates the caloric content of the food and provides accurate nutritional details. This novel approach surpasses the mere estimation of calorie content by considering nutritional components such as fiber, protein, sugar, and the overall calorie count. The implementation of quantum-based computing principles enables the execution of these analyses.
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Back Matter
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