Blockchain for 5G Healthcare Applications: Security and privacy solutions
A secured system for Healthcare 4.0 is vital to all stakeholders, including patients and caregivers. Using the new Blockchain system of trusted ledgers would help guarantee authenticity in the multi-access system that is Healthcare 4.0. This is the first comprehensive book that explores how to achieve secure systems for Healthcare 4.0 using Blockchain, with emphasis on the key challenges of privacy and security. The book is organized into four sections. The first section is focused on 5G healthcare privacy and security concerns. The second section discusses healthcare architecture and emerging technologies. The third section covers the role of artificial intelligence for data security and privacy in 5G healthcare services. Finally, the last section systematically illustrates the adoption of blockchain in various applications of 5G healthcare. The book is essential reading for all involved in setting up, running, and maintaining healthcare information systems. Engineers, scientists, technologists, developers, designers, and researchers in healthcare technologies, health informatics, security, and information technology will find the content particularly useful.
Inspec keywords: data privacy; electronic health records; contracts; blockchains; health care; hospitals
Other keywords: health-care services; blockchain infrastructure; 5G network system; health-care system; smart contracts; electronic health records; e-health-care management; tamper-proof data; Ethereum; blockchain technology; system design; medical system workflows; data privacy
Subjects: Distributed databases; Biology and medical computing; Legal aspects of computing; Data security; Medical administration
- Book DOI: 10.1049/PBHE035E
- Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBHE035E
- ISBN: 9781839533259
- e-ISBN: 9781839533266
- Page count: 582
- Format: PDF
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Front Matter
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1 Security and privacy requirements in 5G healthcare
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Technologies are predominantly meant to give solutions to critical problems related to the well-being of human life. Whenever, a new technology comes into existence, it affects human life, directly or indirectly. Cellular communication technology is one of the most life-changing technologies to have come into existence and has soon got acknowledged worldwide. After the invention of 4G technology, people have started to move into the digital world. The fourth generation of wireless communications is also used in many industrial, business, and personal applications. Many countries are using this technology in health-care services very effectively. But the fourth generation of wireless communications has a major issue, of lagging of high-speed bandwidth Internet connectivity. The health-care sector is very essential and important for each and every country. But due to the nonavailability of health-care resources and low-speed Internet, many countries are finding it difficult or next to impossible to accomplish the smart hospital dream. Even in rural areas, the different health-care systems are using the conventional system, because of which they are facing lots of problems in the monitoring of the health-care system and it is getting more difficult day by day. The fifth-generation mobile network is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. The 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices. As 5G technology provides a very high Internet connection speed and requires less time to receive or send big data, it is largely suitable for the health-care sector. The fifth-generation mobile network provides a very high bandwidth of Internet connectivity access and is very tranquil to maintain. Therefore, it can be used effectively and efficiently to maintain the data of all patients, and the medical team can easily monitor it online 24×7 from any place and there would be no need for them to visit the hospital again and again for routine check-ups. This technology also overcomes the problems associated with voice- and video-calling communications. So it becomes easy for the medical staff to monitor all the systems from one place and this enables them to take action quickly as per the requirement of the patients. In this paper, we emphasize on various future uses of 5G technology and try to compare it with the fourth generation of wireless communications. Second, we also tried to compile the challenges that arise with the use of the 5G network system in the health-care sector. The third section deals with technical challenges associated with the 5G technology itself. Our fourth objective is to explain about the security and privacy in healthcare sector when using 5G technology and the last part, the fifth one aim on to how cover the various application of 5G with Internet of things (IoT) in the health-care sector.
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2 Ethical and legal aspects of using blockchain technology for 5G-based health-care systems
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The fifth generation of cell-based mobile communication architecture is commonly called 5G. Due to the growing speed of internet services and Device-to-Device communication (D2D), the role of Internet of Things (IoT) has become prominent. IoT on a 5G-enabled environment ensures readiness and round-the-clock availability of essential services such as healthcare. Due to the health-care data's sensitivity, blockchain architecture can be used with 5G to provide secure exchange and interoperability of data. Blockchain keeps the integrity of the health-care data intact, and it prevents unauthorized access using state-of-the-art cryptographic techniques. Keeping multiple copies of the health-care data on various nodes and practical consistency algorithms ensures that if the data at any node are compromised, the network will not allow this change to permeate through it. In this new internet era, healthcare with 5G and blockchain comes up with many new techno-legal challenges that need to be understood well before implementing or investing in this domain. Though 5G with blockchain will bring the ability to set up an environment by keeping patients at the core, accountability in case of medical neglect is hard to establish. Legal frameworks to deal with such IoT and blockchain-based network issues are practically nonexistent. This chapter systematically presents the issues introduced by the use of advanced technologies in health-care systems. The chapter also discusses the possible solutions and their impact on the health-care system in a broader context.
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3 Blockchain-based 5G-enabled health-care system: an analysis of security and privacy issues
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Blockchain offers an imaginative method to manage information, executing trades, setting limits, and setting up trust in an open area. Numerous associations consider blockchain as an advanced forward jump for cryptography and network safety, with use cases from globally used computerized money systems such as Bitcoin, insight contracts, and sharp grids over the Internet of Things. Regardless of the way that blockchain has gotten creating interests in both insightful world and industry starting late, the security and insurance of blockchains continue to be the point of convergence of the conversation while sending blockchain in different applications. This chapter presents an exhaustive outline of the security and protection of blockchain. To encourage the conversation, we initially present the idea of blockchains and their utility with regard to Bitcoin-like applications on the web exchanges. At that point, we also portray the fundamental security properties that are upheld as the basic necessities, building obstructs for Bitcoin-like digital money frameworks, trailed by introducing the extra security, and furthermore, security properties that are required in numerous blockchain applications. Finally, we survey the security and protection procedures for accomplishing these security properties in blockchain-based frameworks, including delegate agreement calculations, hash fastened capacity, blending conventions, unknown marks and non-intelligent zero-information verification. We believe that this study can assist perusers with gaining an inside and out comprehension of the security and protection of blockchain concerning ideas, traits, methods, and systems. This chapter presents the utilizations of blockchain in different fields, methodically dissects the security of each layer of the blockchain and conceivable digital assaults, explains the difficulties brought by the blockchain to organize management, and sums up research progress in the assurance innovation. This chapter is an audit of the current security of the blockchain and will successfully support the turn of events and improvement of security advances of the blockchain.
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4 Enhanced blockchain technology associated with IoT for secure and privacy communications in 5G
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As there is cutting-edge technology in 5G, blockchain gambling is a critical function of human life in the present era. COVID-19 has made many modifications inside the human being, and has also modified the human lifestyle. However, research aspects have created many new possibilities for humans to interact with fast and secure communication. The feasibility can be attained by transformation alternate within the everyday existence of humans via interaction with the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). Providing the requirement of faster and safe conversation methodologies with a verbal exchange of devices is unavoidable in this situation. Here we propose secure communication associated with blockchain technology, which will secure automated communication based on IoT. The 5G networking is a new technology community that can transmit data faster than one gigabit in step with second and decreases latency than the modern-day Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network. In this proposed framework, IoT offers various clever gadgets, ranging from all home equipment and televisions to everyday and even aesthetic items, to connect independently to the network to alternate statistics, updates, and symptoms. Thus, performance analysis shows that the framework with IoT automation requires low latency and excessive speed community, which the 5G community can provide.
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5 5G-driven radio framework for proficient smart health-care institutions
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A smart hospital is seen as one of the most important requirements in the present scenario. The use of technologies for health monitoring in remote areas will change the life and standard of people. The smart remote care is experiencing a fast change from customary medical clinic and the authority centered way to deal with a dispersed patient-driven methodology. During recent years, the 4G radio system is playing a substantial role in smart health-care. However, its contribution was not effective in smart health care due to several constraints such as poor network connectivity, low data-rate, ineffective utilization of bandwidth, high detection delay, and so on. Currently, the implementation of fifth era (5G) and blockchain is taking place all around the world, and it is expected that the 5G radio system will fulfill all the demands of smart health care. High bandwidth utilization, high data rate, excellent network coverage, and low latency are the requirements of digital hospitals. The choice of an efficient waveform will be critical for the standardization of smart health care with 5G. Hence, it has become necessary to investigate advance waveform schemes for the 5G network. In this correspondence, we have expansively analyzed and compared the advanced waveforms such as filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), universal filter multi-carrier (UFMC) with respect to current waveform scheme known as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Further, the requirements of the smart hospital are comprehensively studied. Additionally, the detection methods are analyzed. The simulation outcomes of the study reveal that the throughput, spectral efficiency, and data rate of the advanced waveform are better than the OFDM system and beam-forming (BF) technique is suitable for advanced form.
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6 Traditional vs. the blockchain-based architecture of 5G healthcare
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The development of information technology contributes to creating more innovative technologies that can change the face of any industry. Thus, the introduction and application of emerging technologies elevate the healthcare system to a new stage of development called Healthcare 4.0. The capabilities of 5G technologies and its applications, such as Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, Millimeter Waves (mmWaves) communication, Software-Defined Network (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), and Edge computing, have made it possible to improve the quality of the existing ones and offer new services, such as telemedicine, remote monitoring, and diagnostics. On the other hand, blockchain technologies open up new opportunities to improve the quality and security of medical data management services. However, the integration of these technologies to eliminate the shortcomings of the individual is poorly studied. We aim to research traditional and blockchain-based architectures of 5G healthcare to identify the disadvantages of the individual and the merits of their integrations. In this chapter, we have studied the blockchain-based architecture of 5G healthcare and have identified critical advantages with traditional architecture and their future applications.
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7 Integrating blockchain technology in 5G-enabled smart healthcare: a SWOT analysis
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Healthcare is undergoing a dramatic transition to a dispersed patient-centered approach from a conventional hospital to a physician-based process. Advances in many developments are enabling this accelerated development of the vertical healthcare sector. Communication innovations have made it possible for diverse innovations to provide customized and remote healthcare facilities. Healthcare has now made a vast use of the current 4G network and other connectivity systems for innovative healthcare applications. It is continuously evolving to address the demands of emerging intelligent healthcare applications. As the intelligent healthcare business distributor increases network-connected applications, the generated data will differ in size and format. It would put dynamic demands on the network concerning bandwidth, data rate, network transmission, and latency. The emergence of 5G technology will be expected to enable ultra-reliable connectivity with less energy consumption. However, healthcare applications would have a chance to expose privacy and security problems. It imposes demands of characteristics, such as immutability, trustworthiness, and distributed framework for exchanging healthcare/medicare data. These paucities will be achieved with the advent of blockchain technologies. The chapter's objective is to provide a newfangled review and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis of combining 5G and blockchain technology to exemplify the building of a secured and proficient healthcare application platform.
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8 Architectural framework of 5G-based smart healthcare system using blockchain technology
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Today's healthcare industry uses various technologies such as internet of things (IoT), blockchain and machine learning (ML) for its efficient and secure operation. With the advancements and increased research in IoT, many wearable devices (WD) are being used by the people to track the health issues. Large amount of data is collected by these devices and there has to be a suitable technology to securely store this information. Blockchain is an emerging technology that can be used for secured storage of healthcare records. Many features of blockchain such as immutability, distributed nature and integrity make it appropriate for healthcare industry. Blockchain can be applied in various grounds of healthcare industry such as remote patient monitoring, tele-surgeries, maintaining electronic health records (EHRs), clinical trials and medical research and pharmaceutical supply chain management. Privacy and security of data are assured when blockchain is integrated with healthcare system. When the number of users using smart devices expands, the network must be capable to handle huge amount of data in various types and sizes. The prevailing communication technologies fail to fulfil the intricate and dynamic needs of smart healthcare system (SHS). On the mission of developing communication technologies, 5G is expected to cater the needs of smart healthcare applications with its broad set of salient features and advanced design. The future smart healthcare systems are expected to be a mixture of the 5G, smart IoT devices and blockchain technology.
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9 Application of millimeter wave (mm-Wave)-based device-to-device (D2D) communication in 5G healthcare
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According to the recent statistics provided by Global Health Observatory (GHO), approximately 40% member states of WHO have ten or less doctors available per 10 000 persons in a population, statistics depict uneven distribution of health workers across the globe. On the world map, African region faces 22% of the global disease hit but has access to only 3% of health workers. Indian economic survey 2018-19 reveals that health facilities are still inaccessible in rural areas of India. The digital healthcare system can bridge this gap between health-care services and consumers, but it has its own limitations in terms of connectivity of infrastructure. To enhance reachability and to virtualize the health-care system, industries across the globe are heading towards the deployment of 5G. The 5G facilitates the exchange of highly secure data in real-time required for health services and to support decision-making. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is one of the key technologies that enhances the 5G performance. D2D often refers to the technology that allows User Equipment (UE) to communicate with or without network infrastructures, such as an access point or base stations. The direct communication mode requires half of the resources compared to the cellular communication mode, thus offering double spectral efficiency per connection. To enhance the network performance and meet the bandwidth requirements, D2D can be integrated with millimeter wave (mmWave) technology. mmWave provides high throughput and allows the efficient use of spectrum as frequencies can be reused over relatively small distances. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is emerging as a rapidly growing wireless technology. The role of WBANs in digital healthcare and telemedicine is highly crucial and sensitive. Thus, it requires to ensure high data speed and uninterrupted communication. The chapter proposes mmWave-based D2D communication for the implementation of an efficient and secure WBAN.
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10 Security and privacy in health data storage and its analytics
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The 5th generation (5G) wireless network has enabled various features, such as low-latency, high bandwidth, and mobile edge computing, which help to ensure fast data communication. Data analytic tools play an essential role in healthcare. This includes analyzing data and integrating big volumes of semi-structured, structured, and unstructured essential data produced by the various hospitals and clinics. The 5G wireless networks will connect billions of devices to billions of people. It will lead to new security threats and more focus on the privacy of users. The transformation of healthcare technology from offline to online method and more capacity of healthcare data create many privacy and security issues. These issues include authentication, authorization, inference control, data confidentiality, access control, integrity, and abusive use of cloud-based healthcare data, making the data more vulnerable. The healthcare industry cannot take full advantage of its current resources due to these security and privacy issues. In this chapter, we aim to develop an understanding of various data analytic tools. We discuss the various storage methods of healthcare data, new technologies used for healthcare data security, and different privacy-preserving healthcare data methods.
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11 Artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques for diabetes health-care
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In today's world, an endocrine disease diabetes mellitus, which is also known as diabetes, is influencing our lives considerably. We need a viable model that can precisely anticipate diabetes and its types in the beginning phase. To improve the precision and effectiveness, machine learning model (MLM) has been proposed. This can diagnose diabetes and its types as type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes that the patient is experiencing. The proposed MLM can determine diabetes precisely compared with other existing methodologies. During data collection, the researchers observed that diabetes is a disease that affects the eyes. Moreover, the majority of diabetic patients have been found to have an eye complication called diabetic retinopathy. This research aims to model a convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict diabetic retinopathy using deep learning techniques. These have been tested with data samples. The CNN model classifies the dataset of diabetic retinopathy. Also, it helps in combining the command of AI with the ML platform. Health-care 4.0 application has a huge impact on patients and caregivers where machine learning and deep learning technologies change the forecasting accuracy in health-care. However, the necessity for enhancements, multi-disciplinary research, strong protocols, inventories related to the impact of novel methods in health-care, and the level of automating majority health-care are indubitable.
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12 Analytics for data security and privacy in 5G health-care services
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The modern technological, global wearable computing devices have witnessed a selection of electronic advances, communication paradigms, and micro-controllers, including sensors and intelligent societal demand. It's providing technology progress in the digital health-care system. Nowadays, the improved variety of connected health-related units continuously gathers information. Businesses inhibit keeping medical, and compliance means adhering to the requirements for authorized people to enter. Cloud information storage space provides scalable and flexible surroundings less expensive than on-premise deployments, attractive to discussed entities. Companies checking out data analytics expect their storage space specifications to be continuously boosted when the Internet of mobile devices and Things accumulate information that has to be kept. Smart Healthcare 1.0 to 4.0 has essentially transformed how groups deal with, analyze, and influence data. Health-care information has many opportunities to enhance diligent results, anticipate outbreaks of epidemics, gain valuable insights, stay away from avoidable illnesses, cut down on the price of health-care shipping and delivery, and enhance the caliber of a living whole. Big data analytics could be utilized within large-scale gene scientific studies, public health, fitness, personalized and accurate medication, brand new medication advancement, and so on. Nevertheless, choosing the allowable information applications while protecting protection and a person's directly to secrecy. Several obstacles can found associated with privacy and security. Smart health-care devices have particular needs when handling privacy and security problems. We explored recreation concerning authentication, access control, and de-identification through a conceptual viewpoint and concentrated primarily on essential features and features driven in electric-powered health-related methods.
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13 Contactless attendance system: a health-care approach to prevent spreading of Covid-19
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The Covid-19 pandemic is an unparalleled threat in today's environment of quick development, and we face it as a global community. Like climate change, it is challenging our resilience from environmental health, social security, and government to knowledge exchange and economic policy in all sectors of the economy and growth fields. So much as climate change, this too would require everybody to come together and take an appropriate initiative. The coronavirus outbreak has highlighted our strengths and vulnerabilities that it has influenced and enabled us to benefit from each other's accomplishments and shortcomings. The entire globe might appear small amid this state of disaster and global travel bans. However, it is a period when the concept of teamwork and looking forward were never more relevant. In the wake of Covid-19, all contact-based biometric attendance systems have been rendered practically useless. Thus, a contactless biometric attendance system is the need of the hour to prevent the spreading of Covid-19. The present-day attendance systems are quite difficult to manage and maintain record. The attendance in classes or industries is mostly done manually, and logbooks are used to maintain records. This can be a cumbersome process as sometimes humans can make a mistake which might lead to inconsistency. This chapter proposes a completely automatic attendance system that uses contactless biometric as a health-care major in the Covid-19 pandemic. In a system using facial recognition, there are lots of challenges involved most of the time. These may include low intensity of light or face that is occluded. The You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm for facial detection has been used in this chapter to overcome this issue.
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14 Blockchain-based smart contracts for e-health-care management 4.0
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Secure and reliable exchange of data in the fields of finance, supply chain management, agriculture, and health care, and so on became easier with the advancements in blockchain technology. Modern health-care systems are complex and costly and moreover, data privacy is a key issue. Blockchain technology tries to improve this aspect by reforming the existing health-care systems by providing quick access to patient records with correct prescriptions, device tracking, and hospital assets, including the complete life cycle of a device within the blockchain infrastructure. This chapter discusses medical system workflows, calculating latency throughput, performance, and average execution time for surgical and clinical studies conducted on Apache JMeter by providing policies improving accessibility through solidity-based electronic health records (EHR). This chapter also tries to provide an overview of the 5G network system for Ethereum to provide tamper-proof data. Further, this chapter explores the applications of blockchain technology in health-care sectors supported by a case study that would facilitate the stakeholders involved in the health-care system to understand the system design of Ethereum for providing better health-care services to the patients. The abbreviations used in this chapter are given in Table 14.1.
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15 An amalgamation of blockchain, Internet of Medical Things and 5G technologies for the Healthcare 4.0 ecosystem
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The term Healthcare 4.0 is derived from Industry 4.0 for the health-care industry. The philosophy of Healthcare 4.0 is to deliver patient-oriented quality services at the doorsteps of the patients. Healthcare 4.0 services are implemented by integrating disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT) and data science into existing health-care systems. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a derived version of IoT technology for the health-care industry. IoMT systems integrate smart wearable medical devices into health-care information systems using high-speed fifth-generation (5G)-enabled networks. Patient data are very sensitive and valuable hence data are often stolen, misused, and sold. Providing security and integrity to this sensitive patient data is the basic ethical and statutory requirement of every health-care service provider. Blockchain technology was successfully implemented to ensure the security of data in the cryptocurrency and finance industries, so it can also be applied in the health-care industry. The authors have carried out an extensive study of literature on the applications of IoMT, 5G, and blockchain technologies in the health-care industry. The highlights and concepts from each research paper are presented in this chapter. A pie chart shows the technology-wise number of papers reviewed. A comparative analysis with specific parameters from curated papers is presented. The research issues, implementation challenges, and future directions are also illustrated. A case study on the implementation of advanced health-care solutions has been discussed. This chapter presents a holistic view of Healthcare 4.0 solutions.
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16 Detection of COVID-19 and its symptoms using chest X-rays for healthcare
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In this chapter, an application of computer vision and deep learning approach for detecting an outbreak of the influenza virus 2019-nCov caused by the novel coronavirus has been discussed. The deadly and fatal virus that originated in November 2019 has been adversely felt worldwide and declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 is increasing rapidly across the world, and as of November 12, 2020, India has reported more than 86.8 lakh cases, and around the globe, the number has crossed 524 lakh cases in the absence of any effective vaccine for it. Due to the limited number of rapid test kits and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) labs, more and more people are getting infected by COVID-19 with each passing day. Therefore, the chest X-ray modality has been investigated to detect COVID-19 infected person(s) and understand its impact on a human chest and respiratory system. Further, the convolutional neural network (CNN), a deep learning technique has been used to comprehend the correlation of coronavirus on the human respiratory system using the chest X-ray data of patients. The proposed model has reported a COVID-19 detection accuracy of 99.59% with attention and 99.92% without attention.
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17 Security and privacy control in 5G-enabled healthcare using blockchain
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Smart healthcare (SH) is growing with the support of various technologies to offer a wide range of remote health-care services such as remote tele surgeries and diagnosis, a special type of diagnosis, remote consultation, and intrahospital monitoring. SH connects billions of sensors and smart devices through different communication technologies which generates and exchanges data on a regular basis. The evolution of the fifth-generation (5G) networks with the Internet of Things (IoT) for healthcare will meet the current demand in SH in terms of faster file download capacity, faster data transmission, remote monitoring of smart devices, resource utilization, quality of service (QoS), energy efficiency, mobility, reliability, and so on. Security and privacy of sensitive data are still an open issue which needs to be focused as it is a legal requirement to protect a patient's medical data from unauthorized access. It is challenging to integrate complex security solutions with resource-constrained IoT devices, but blockchain fulfills the requirement of 5G and SH in terms of decentralization, data sharing, data access, authentication, immutability, and so on. This chapter focuses on the issues and challenges of 5G-enabled SH. Also, the security and privacy concerns of 5G-enabled SH are analyzed. Moreover, comparative analysis with various blockchain-enabled health-care solutions with 5G is covered along with open challenges and issues.
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18 M2M for healthcare with blockchain security aspects
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The e-healthcare management system is currently the most vulnerable system due to a variety of security threats associated with it. Such systems demand huge bandwidth and secure and reliable internet connections all the time. Machine-to-machine (M2M), Internet of Things, and 5G wireless networks are few examples of the recent telecommunication technologies that have the potential to connect multiple heterogeneous computing devices and facilitate interaction and knowledge sharing in a wireless mode. These networks are reliable and fast and have good coverage with enhanced security features. More specifically, the 5G wireless networks are designed for high data rates with the ability to scale up to thousands of subscribers, improved coverage area, and low latency due to the efficient use of signal processing. In this chapter, an overview of 5G-based M2M communication technology and its use in the health-care industry with the amalgamation of other fast-growing technologies like the blockchain is presented.
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Back Matter
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