Electromagnetic waves have long been used in medical settings for diagnostic purposes, such as for the detection of cancerous tissues, stroke events or cardiovascular risk, as the behaviour of the waves upon meeting their target gives pertinent information for diagnostic and imaging purposes. This edited book presents advances in the use of electromagnetic waves and antennas in healthcare settings, both as diagnostic tools (such as radar-based imaging, holographic microwave imaging, thermoacoustic imaging systems), and therapeutic interventions (such as microwave ablation therapies for cancer). Written by an international team of biomedical engineering researchers, it discusses all aspects related to the design and modelling of electromagnetic imaging techniques, electromagnetic devices, wireless implants, wearable systems and wireless sensor networks and in vitro and in vivo testing. Design issues for wearable antennas, wearable sensors, magnetic coils and coil array issues are explored and biomedical applications such as cancer detection, stoke event detection, GI diagnostics, and cardiovascular risk prediction are discussed. The book also explores scattering problems of electromagnetic waves between different tissues, and how these complex scattering problems can be resolved. This book will be of interest to researchers and engineers in the electromagnetic wave community, those in antenna research, biomedical engineering and related fields.
Inspec keywords: body sensor networks; diseases; patient monitoring; cancer; tumours
Other keywords: electromagnetic wave scattering; diseases; integral equations; tumours; body sensor networks; cancer; pneumodynamics; patient monitoring; lung; medical image processing
Subjects: Textbooks; Microwaves and other electromagnetic waves (biomedical imaging/measurement); Optical, image and video signal processing; General and management topics; Monographs, and collections; Patient diagnostic methods and instrumentation; Biology and medical computing; Computer vision and image processing techniques; Handbooks and dictionaries; Education and training; General electrical engineering topics
This chapter is an attempt to explain, categorize, compare, and contrast real-time microwave and millimeter-wave (MMW) reconstruction methods within a common mathematical framework, thus making this interdisciplinary subject more comprehensible and accessible to the wider research community. The discussion is supported by many examples aiding, understanding, and highlighting important performance metrics such as spatial resolution and computational efficiency. The examples are based on two distinctly different real-time quantitative reconstruction methods: quantitative microwave holography (QMH) and scattered-power mapping (SPM).
In this chapter, we considered the first two physical constitutive parameters that were usually embedded within the complex permittivity in time-harmonic modeling.
Application of THz radiation is attractive and promising in biology and medicine, in particular, in order to remove ionizing X-rays in imaging test and to enhance the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal. At present the problem of lack of powerful and compact-style sources of THz radiation in the frequency range from 300 GHz to 1 THz still exists. Especially for high sensitive and high-resolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR spectroscopy, the increase of the operating frequency and output power of THz sources is a key issue. In this chapter, we will analyse the physical principles of classical electromagnetic (EM) sources of THz radiation those are widely applied in THz imaging systems and in DNP-enhanced NMR Spectroscopy. The advantages of solid-state oscillators (Gunn, impact ionization avalanche transit-time (IMPATT) and TUNNET diodes together with multipliers), vacuum electron devices (VEDs) (backward wave oscillators (BWOs), clinotrons, diffraction radiation oscillators (DROs), orotrons, extended interaction klystrons and oscillators (EIKs and EIOs), gyrotrons), and combined systems for different THz applications have been discussed. State-of-the-art of compact frequency-tunable sources and up-to-date research and development activities on high-frequency medium power VEDs have been presented. Special attention is paid to THz-imaging and spectroscopy schemes and modules based on existing sources. The examples of THz-image processing of the biological objects and its application in medical diagnostics are presented.
The introduction of the ultra-wideband (UWB) technology opened new horizons into wireless communications as it offered high data rates that were achieved by the transmission over a wide spectrum at a very low-power spectral density. One of the most important parts of the UWB systems is the antenna which is at the forefront of the system. Thus, the UWB antenna is required to have an acceptable gain and radiation pattern across the whole UWB frequency range. This, in turn, means that the input impedance of the UWB antenna must be almost constant within the UWB frequency range to minimize reflections from the antenna that reduces the delivered power. Although the UWB antenna can be realized in either planar or nonplanar structures, the planar design is preferable due to its small size, mechanical rigidity, and easier integration. Therefore, this chapter considers planar UWB antennas that were proposed to serve many applications, including UWB imaging.
In this chapter, we developed wireless sensor networks and wireless communications facilitated the design of lightweight, tiny, intelligent, and low-cost medical sensor nodes that can be placed strategically on the human body to create a wireless body area network (WBAN). WBAN helps in monitoring various physiological parameters of the body and provides real-time feedback to the patient.
With the proliferation of different cancerous diseases in the world and the limitations of the conventional methods for their early detection, radio-frequency medical imaging (RFMI) has emerged as a promising technique with attractive properties to overcome the detection challenges. Antennas play an essential role in RFMI as they directly impact the system detection efficiency. The parameters that need to be considered while designing the antenna for RFMI include operating bandwidth, directionality, gain, design complexity, and the cost of fabrication. This chapter reviews different practical antennas proposed in the literature for RFMI in microwave and millimetre-wave (mm-wave) regimes for the detection of breast cancer, lung cancer, lung fluid accumulation, skin cancer, brain tumour, and brain stroke.
Long-term conditions (LTCs) such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-LTCs such as prediabetes have been rising rapidly worldwide. It is evident that to prevent and/or minimize these complications, it is important to manage and maintain an active and healthy lifestyle. We aim to early detect prediabetes using integrated wearable body sensors and Internet-of-things (IoT) applications. We co-designed and developed an early detection model for prediabetes based on the individual's ranges and baseline. The study collected activity data (such as steps), vital signs (such as heart rate, breathing rate) and demographic data (e.g., age, gender, height, weight) for the prediction. The prediabetes detection was based on the best practice clinical knowledge, individualized baseline data and localized fuzzy rules. The proposed model was tested and validated using Kappa analysis and achieved an overall agreement of 91%. Moreover, we discussed the key challenges and barriers for wider adoption of wearable sensor (WS)/IoT in healthcare settings. We observed the good improvement in health outcomes for participants using mHealth, WSs and IoT applications when compared with the traditional or routine practice.
In this chapter, we focused on different concentrations and surface properties. This chapter provides a brief overview of the recent studies conducted in this area.
Compared to traditional imaging methods (chest radiographs (CXRs), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET)), noble gas imaging has opened the new field of direct imaging of pulmonary ventilation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It has great potential in the early diagnosis of lung cancer. The use of hyperpolarized (HP) 3He gas for MRI of the lung has been pioneered by a number of groups worldwide. Due to the enormous progress in the fields of hyperpolarization technology, administration of HP 3He, MR hardware, and MR pulse sequences, significant progress has been made and the translation into the clinical arena has been accomplished. This chapter gives an overview of the technical methods for HP 3He MRI for human lung imaging, which consists of three parts: focusing on gas polarization physical methods-spin-exchanged optical pumping (SEOP), MRI considerations; how 3He noble gas images can be used to probe lung function; clinical applications that can be carried out such as HP 3He gas MRI studies for pulmonary disease, radiation-induced lung injury (RILI), and radiomics in lung cancer.
Imaging has an important place in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Biomedical imaging technologies have been developed to scan inside the body with noninvasive methods. Within the scope of this chapter, currently used advanced biomedical imaging technologies; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound(US) imaging, and US treatment methods have been studied.