Integrated Optics Volume 2: Characterization, devices and applications
2: Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, City, Italy
Edited by two recognised experts, this book in two volumes provides a comprehensive overview of integrated optics, from modelling to fabrication, materials to integration platforms, and characterization techniques to applications. The technology is explored in detail, and set in a broad context that addresses a range of current and potential future research and development trends. Volume 1 begins with introductory chapters on the history of integrated optics technology, design tools, and modelling techniques. The next section of the book goes on to discuss the range of materials used for integrated optics, their deposition techniques, and their specific applications, including glasses, plasmonic nanostructures, SOI and SOS, and III-V and II-VI semiconductors. Volume 2 addresses characterization techniques, integrated optical waveguides and devices. A range of applications are also discussed, including devices for sensing, telecommunications, optical amplifiers and lasers, and quantum computing. The introductory chapters are intended to be of use to newcomers to the field, but its depth and breadth of coverage means that this book is also appropriate reading for early-career and senior researchers wishing to refresh their knowledge or keep up to date with recent developments in integrated optics.
Inspec keywords: arrayed waveguide gratings; nanophotonics; micro-optics; optical computing; optical testing; solid lasers; infrared detectors; quantum optics; integrated optics; surface topography measurement; optical waveguides
Other keywords: optical reservoir computer; THz time-domain spectroscopy; long-wavelength infrared detector arrays; electric sensors; integrated quantum photonics; optical microcavities; surface-characterization techniques; plasmonic nanostructures; arrayed waveguide gratings; nonlinear integrated optics; proton-exchanged lithium niobate waveguides; integrated optics; crystalline thin film integrated lasers; magnetic sensors; optical characterization
Subjects: Gratings, echelles; Photodetectors; Detection of radiation (bolometers, photoelectric cells, i.r. and submillimetre waves detection); Nanophotonic devices and technology; Spatial variables measurement; Nanophotonic devices and technology; Optical waveguides and couplers; Optical waveguides; Quantum optics; Textbooks; Optical logic devices and optical computing techniques; Optical testing techniques; Spatial variables measurement; Optical computers, logic elements, and interconnects; Solid lasers; Integrated optics; General electrical engineering topics; Integrated optics; Micro-optical devices and technology; Micro-optical devices and technology; Lasing action in other solids
- Book DOI: 10.1049/PBCS077G
- Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBCS077G
- ISBN: 9781839533433
- e-ISBN: 9781839533440
- Page count: 413
- Format: PDF
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Front Matter
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Part I. Characterization techniques
1 Optical characterization techniques
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In this chapter, different optical characterization techniques have been pre-sented and discussed. Starting from the ellipsometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy to optical waveguide characterization, readers can get some necessary information about the discussed techniques.
2 Structural and surface-characterization techniques
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In this paper, we will give some salient descriptions of the use of X-rays to investigate the properties of optical materials.
3 Integrated spectroscopy using THz time-domain spectroscopy and low-frequency Raman scattering
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Materials are fundamental for the development of photonic devices, and a hot topic is the search for material systems suitable for the fabrication of integrated photonic devices. It is well known that Raman spectroscopy is the most effective spectro-scopic tool to assess the structural properties of a material and, in particular, its nanostructure, including the structural fluctuation at the nanoscale.
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Part II. Integrated optical waveguides, devices, and applications
4 Plasmonic nanostructures and waveguides
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In this chapter, we will introduce the fundamentals and applications of plasmonic nanostructures and waveguides, especially focusing on the recent advances of subwavelength control of photons and electrons. At the end of this chapter, we will prospect the potential directions of plasmonic integrated optics.
5 Crystalline thin films for integrated laser applications
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A review of the main thin film growth or deposition processes and the state of the art on the applications of crystalline dielectric thin films, especially in the laser field, were presented. The LPE growth technique, which has been described in detail, is particularly suitable for the growth of thin films of high optical quality intended for optical applications, which sometimes require thicknesses of up to several hundred microns. The experimental approach describing the growth process of thin films and their preparation was presented in a simple manner, based on concrete examples, such as the growth of well-known fluoride or oxide films. The fields of application of thin films and in particular thin crystalline dielectric films intended for optics are various, from fundamental research (metrology, quantum optics ...), to devices (lab on chip, microlaser ...), to biopho-tonics, to high-resolution 3D-imaging or the next generation of optical sensors for environment's control. Some of these applications already show the major role that thin-film materials will play in the development of new compact, integrated and even more efficient photonic devices. The next generation of regenerative laser amplifiers, very compact ultrafast pulse lasers, optical devices for quantum com-munications, high-performance scintillators or original magneto-optical devices are some examples of possible concrete developments that would be based on crys-talline dielectric thin films in the next few years
6 Integration of optical microcavities
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In this chapter, we limit our consideration to integration of open-ring micro-cavities that are characterized with the highest achievable Q-factors among the variety of the optical microcavities. These microcavities lend themselves to the planar integration. The resonant PIC were improved tremendously during last few years. On the one hand, the Q-factors of the integrated microcavities were improved beyond 107. On the other hand, planar couplers were demonstrated for bulk resonators characterized with Q-factors exceeding 109. In this chapter, we review recent developments in the field that can be divided into two categories: (i) improvement of the quality of the planar microcavities integrated on a chip (Si [51], Si3N4 [52-63], SiO2 [64], LiNbO3 [65-70]) as well as the waveguide couplers for the planar microcavities [55,71] and (ii) integration of ultra-high-Q bulk resonators with planar waveguides to make practical PIC systems involving ultra-high-Q microcavities [72-75]. Either better manufacturing procedures or new materials were utilized to improve the microcavities. Optimally engineered waveguides were designed for bulk microcavities to enable their PIC integration. This task is espe-cially intricate for the integration of microcavities made out of low refractive index materials. The chapter is organized as follows. In Section 6.2, we present the basic terms for the description of the coupling efficiency for optical microresonators and describe the major types of the bulk evanescent field couplers. In Section 6.3, we discuss recent progress in the development of high-Q (>107) planar resonators integrated in PICs. In Section 6.4, we highlight recent results on integration of bulk microcavities with Q> 109. Section 6.5 concludes the chapter.
7 Electric and magnetic sensors based on whispering gallery mode spherical resonators
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The study reported here shows that PDMS polymer resonators can be tuned using an external electric field. The studies also show the potential for high-resolution electric field sensors and non-contact displacement sensors. The sensitivity of the microsphere to an applied external electric field can be improved if the microsphere is poled in an external electric field. In addition, if the polymer microsphere is doped with magnetic polarizable particle, it can be tuned using an external magnetic field, and could potentially be used as a magnetic field sensor. The data reported here show a sensor resolution of the order of mT using a microresonator with optical quality factor of 107. This resolution could be improved using softer polymers and magnetic polarizable particles with larger magnetic permeability.
8 Nonlinear integrated optics in proton-exchanged lithium niobate waveguides and applications to classical and quantum optics
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In this paper, we will see in more detail how the modal dispersion present in any waveguide can replace or be combined with the birefringence to fulfil the phase-matching condition.
9 Next-generation long-wavelength infrared detector arrays: competing technologies and modeling challenges
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In this paper, Sb-based superlattice fabrication processing is based on standard III-V technology, implying lower costs of mass production and constituting a relatively new alternative for an IR material system in LWIR and VLWIR bands.
10 Arrayed waveguide gratings for telecom and spectroscopic applications
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In this book chapter, the performance parameters deteriorate significantly with the increasing number of output waveguides (transmitting channels) and therefore it was necessary to develop new AWG design procedures.
11 Integrated quantum photonics
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This chapter will only be concerned with quantum photonics: systems where the photons themselves act as carriers of quantum information.
12 The optical reservoir computer: a new approach to a programmable integrated optics system based on an artificial neural network
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In this chapter, we briefly reviewed some developments in the field of integrated optics since Miller first introduced this concept, noting some approaches to optimise structures based on functional performance criteria.
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Back Matter
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