Integrated Optics Volume 1: Modeling, material platforms and fabrication techniques
2: Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, City, Italy
Edited by two recognised experts, this book in two volumes provides a comprehensive overview of integrated optics, from modelling to fabrication, materials to integration platforms, and characterization techniques to applications. The technology is explored in detail, and set in a broad context that addresses a range of current and potential future research and development trends. Volume 1 begins with introductory chapters on the history of integrated optics technology, design tools, and modelling techniques. The next section of the book goes on to discuss the range of materials used for integrated optics, their deposition techniques, and their specific applications, including glasses, plasmonic nanostructures, SOI and SOS, and III-V and II-VI semiconductors. Volume 2 addresses characterization techniques, integrated optical waveguides and devices. A range of applications are also discussed, including devices for sensing, telecommunications, optical amplifiers and lasers, and quantum computing. The introductory chapters are intended to be of use to newcomers to the field, but its depth and breadth of coverage means that this book is also appropriate reading for early-career and senior researchers wishing to refresh their knowledge or keep up to date with recent developments in integrated optics.
Inspec keywords: optical metamaterials; nanophotonics; integrated optics; optical fabrication; optical waveguides; photorefractive materials; ion beam assisted deposition; laser materials processing; optical resonators; liquid crystal devices
Other keywords: integrated optical circuit design; ion beam produced integrated optics; nanophotonic nonlinear metasurfaces; femtosecond laser written glass integrated optics; fabrication techniques; active integrated resonators; silicon nitride integrated optics; photorefractive waveguides; thin film deposition techniques; rare earth doped integrated optics; material platforms
Subjects: Optical waveguides; Optical materials; Laser materials processing; Textbooks; General electrical engineering topics; Ion plating and other vapour deposition; Optical metamaterials; Light-sensitive materials; Integrated optics; Liquid crystal devices; Integrated optics; Laser materials processing; Nanophotonic devices and technology; Optical waveguides and couplers; Other thin film deposition techniques; Nanophotonic devices and technology
- Book DOI: 10.1049/PBCS077F
- Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBCS077F
- ISBN: 9781839533419
- e-ISBN: 9781839533426
- Page count: 461
- Format: PDF
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Front Matter
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1 1969–2019: 50 years of integrated optics
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The other chapters in this book are providing a detailed presentation of the fundamental principles and the recent advances in fabrication techniques, optical materials and devices, besides illustrating some of the many applications. The present chapter, therefore, does not aim at recalling the continuous progress occurred in the field of integrated optics in the past 50 years but focuses on the beginning and the (current) end of the journey, namely on the early times of optical waveguides and on some appealing novelties of the last years.
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Part I. Modelling of waveguides and devices
2 Numerical tools for integrated optical circuits design
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Several commercial computer codes which strongly help the design of integrated optical devices are available on market: they are very versatile and powerful tools. However, the modelling via home-made computer can be advantageously employed in many niche investigations, to reduce the computation cost in the design of particularly complex structures. A hybrid approach is often the best trade-off solution. Here, as examples, the application of FEM/CMT methods has been illustrated with reference to SH generation and to evanescent field sensors but also to simulate rare-earth-doped micro-disks.
3 Analytical modelling of active integrated resonators
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In this paper, we will focus on investigations on steady-state behaviour in the spectral domain.
4 Modelling of nanophotonic non-linear metasurfaces
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In this paper, we will discuss an advanced application of metasurfaces, the generation, enhancement, and control of nonlinear signal via nonlinear metasurfaces. We will introduce the computational methods for nanophotonic metasurfaces, focusing in particular on the approaches for the simulation of nonlinear processes.
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Part II. Material platforms and fabrication techniques
5 Rare-earth-doped glasses and glass ceramics for integrated optics
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we focus the attention of the reader on their important optical, structural, and spectroscopic properties. Of particular interest is the role of tin-dioxide-based glass ceramics as effective sensitizers of the RE ions luminescence. Novel spectroscopic results regarding the Er-activated SiO2-SnO2 system are also presented with a discussion about the different possible structures of integrated optics. The differences between the top-down and bottom-up fabrication techniques are presented, as well as some well-consolidated results about the transparent glass ceramics doped with RE ions. In this regard, it is worthy to note the results obtained in a hybrid glass-ceramic fabricated employing an amorphous matrix SiO2-HfO2 loaded by nanoparticles of lithium lanthanum tetraphosphates doped with different concentration of Eu3+ ions. Finally, we conclude the chapter with the perspectives of glass materials for integrated optics.
6 Lithium niobate integrated optics
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The main driving force behind lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN)-integrated optics (IO) was surely coming from the domain of the optical communications (OCs) and the pushing demand of greater bandwidth as well as the ability to route signals without complicated electronic interfaces.
7 Thin-film deposition: physical techniques
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The quality and the characteristics of the fabricated films are governed in PVD by numerous parameters, such as the deposition rate, substrate temperature, sub-strate materials and deposition atmosphere. In this chapter, we will first give a quick hint on the main PVD techniques and, then, a more detailed vision of the sputtering process without losing the generality of the presentation.
8 Thin-film deposition: chemical techniques
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In this paper, the controlled synthesis of materials in the form of thin films is a fundamental step in many applications, including optical integrated circuits was discussed.
9 Photorefractive waveguides
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In integrated optics, optical waveguides are fundamental elements for the development of integrated devices, including light sources, modulators, detectors, optical pathways, receivers and switches. For the fabrication of optical integrated waveguide components, grating couplers or other complex integrated structures realized on planar optical waveguides, materials with high photorefractivity are surely of great interest since they allow applying photorefractive direct-laser-writing techniques which are of lower cost and less time-consuming than conventional photolithography and etching processes. This chapter provides an overview of classes of photorefractive materials such as photorefractive glasses, glass-ceramics, crystals and polymers, which are promising candidates for integrated optics. Different aspects, including material preparation, photorefractivity investigation and the fabrication of photorefractive direct-laser-written micro/nano-optical structures such as channel waveguides and gratings in each type of photorefractive materials, are also discussed.
10 Integrated optics using liquid crystals
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This chapter shows how liquid crystals (LC) and their optical properties can be used to make reconfigurable optical waveguides, electro-optical and all-optical devices integrated on various substrate materials such as silicon, silicon nitride, polymers and glass.
11 Silicon nitride integrated optics
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Silicon nitride has emerged as a highly versatile integrated optics material. Its ultra-low losses and mature processing methods provide advantages for passive, active and non-linear optical devices and microsystems operating in the visible, near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength ranges. This chapter reviews progress in silicon nitride waveguide technology, devices and photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and recent efforts to build novel materials and devices onto silicon nitride platforms.
12 Femtosecond laser writing of integrated optical structures in glasses
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In this paper, we describe how among the many variables in fs laser waveguide writing, the repetition rate has the most important role as it influences the heat accumulation between laser pulses, which determines the regime of modification and the resulting morphological change.
13 Optical waveguides produced by ion beams
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Ions of selected elements are accelerated and implanted into solids, which thereby modifies the related properties of the targets. This process is normally called `ion implantation' or `ion irradiation'. By using these energetic ion beams, the physical, chemical, electrical, and optical properties of the target materials could be changed to a certain extent; therefore, new applications correlated to these material modifications would be expected towards diverse purposes [1,2]. In the areas of optics, the implantation of metallic ions (e.g., Au or Ag) into dielectrics may be used to synthesize embedded nanoparticles to realize plasmonic effects due to the localized interaction of light fields with the external medium [3]. In integrated optics, ion beams with diverse parameters (i.e., ion species, fluences, energies, and beam scales) could be utilized to fabricate optical waveguides with tailored geometries in a broad variety of optical materials, including glass, crystals, ceramics, and polymers [4]. There have been several books and review articles demonstrating the research progress in this topic [4-7]. Although some physical mechanisms require further investigation for detailed understanding, ion beam technology as a technique for waveguide fabrication seems to be somehow mature to the scientific community. In this chapter, the ion beam techniques for waveguide fabrication will be overviewed in Section 13.1. In Section 13.2, the typical refractive index profiles of the ion-beam-produced waveguides will be introduced briefly. Section 13.3 demonstrates the fabrication for two dimensionally confined waveguides, i.e., channel waveguides, by using diverse ion beam solutions. Finally, the selected applications of ion-beam-produced waveguides will be highlighted in Section 13.4.
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Back Matter
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