CMOS-based sensors offer significant advantages to life science applications, such as non-invasive long-term recordings, fast responses and label-free processes. They have been widely applied in many biological and medical fields for the study of living cell samples such as neural cell recording and stimulation, monitoring metabolic activity, cell manipulation, and extracellular pH monitoring. Compared to other sensing techniques, capacitive sensors are low-complexity, high-precision, label-free sensing methods for monitoring cellular activities such as cell viability, proliferation and morphology. The development of capacitive sensors for use in life sciences requires thorough knowledge of both the intended biological applications and CMOS circuitry. This book addresses the principles, design, implementation and testing, and packaging of CMOS circuits for these applications. Existing applications, markets, and potential future developments are also covered, plus the relevant biological protocols. Emerging CMOS Capacitive Sensors for Biomedical Applications provides information and guidance for researchers and advanced students in the field of microelectronics who are looking to specialise in biological applications. It is also relevant to academic and industrial researchers already working in the biosensors field, who wish to expand their knowledge and keep abreast of new developments.
Inspec keywords: voltammetry (chemical analysis); prosthetics; microelectrodes; neurophysiology; biomedical electrodes; capacitive sensors; cellular biophysics; electrochemical electrodes; brain
Other keywords: prosthetics; brain; microfabrication; cellular biophysics; neurophysiology; microelectrodes; electrochemical electrodes; biomedical electrodes; CMOS capacitive sensors; voltammetry (chemical analysis); bioelectric phenomena
Subjects: Electrochemical analytical methods; Electrodiagnostics and other electrical measurement techniques; Cellular biophysics; Prosthetics and orthotics; Prosthetics and other practical applications; Electrochemistry and electrophoresis; General electrical engineering topics; Micromechanical and nanomechanical devices and systems; Biomedical materials; Handbooks and dictionaries; Chemical sensors; Biosensors; Sensing and detecting devices; Monographs, and collections; Biomedical measurement and imaging; Microsensors and nanosensors; Textbooks
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based capacitive biosensors are among the most widespread types of CMOS sensors that have been developed for various biosensing applications. Charge-based capacitance measurement (CBCM) as a highly accurate and scalable capacitive sensing technique has attracted much attention in the field of life sciences. This book gives an overview of different parts of capacitive biosensors, notably core-CBCM ones, as well as their applications.
The main goal of this book is to provide the reader with the required skills and knowledge to design and implement a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS) capacitive biosensing system. The main parts of this system including CMOS chip, microfluidics, biological recognition element (BRE), and data acquisition (DAQ). As seen, the biological orchemical partials or related reactions (so-called biological/chemical phenomenon(BCP)) are transduced into electrical signals (ESs) such as a dielectric change. A high-precision interface circuitry is used to detect minute changes of these ESs and convert them to digital for monitoring and further signal processing in the computer. Before discussing the design strategies for the development of such asystem, let us briefly discuss the design metrics. This section will be continued with the methods.
Since the electrodes used in biochemical sensors are in contact with the liquid analyte, first we describe the related principles of such capacitive transducers in this chapter. Then, after the introduction of different configurations of these electrodes, various techniques reported for their fabrication in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology will be reviewed.
After a brief review of different types of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS) capacitive interface circuits in this chapter, the principle of charge-based capacitance measurement (CBCM) will be introduced and the development process of this kind of capacitive biosensors for life science applications will be outlined.
This chapter is dedicated to the microfluidic packaging techniques which are compatible with integrated circuit (IC) technology as well as the aqueous environment. Although all of these techniques are not only for capacitive biosensors, they might be suitable candidates for the packaging of this kind of biosensor.
This chapter gives an overview of the applications of both CMOS and non-CMOS capacitive sensors for life science applications including chemical sensing (like gas sensors), cell monitoring and toxicity test (like bacteria growth monitoring and drug tests), and selective sensing based on various biological recognition elements (BREs) such as nucleic acids (like ssDNA), antibodies, and other BREs (like artificial proteins and aptamers).
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a well-established approach is the most conventional technique used for capacitive measurement of sensing electrodes. An array of sensing electrodes is connected to such a measurement device. In handheld EIS systems, an array of sensing sites can be employed for several point-of-care applications like bacteria detection or blood analysis. However, such portable systems are undergoing a revolution and there is a widespread interest to embed the whole system in a single chip. In this regard, a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based capacitive sensing laboratory-on-chip (LoC) is a candidate that can be implemented in a syringe style washable package to direct the analyte toward the sensing sites.