Advanced technologies such as robotics, 5G mobile communications, IoT, cloud computing and wireless sensor networks have had a huge impact and influence on manufacturing, with an increased collaboration between humans and smart systems. As the manufacturing process becomes more automated using real-time data, communication systems, Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques and robotics feed data back into the manufacturing process. This enables the design of products that are more customized and personal, and leads to a more competitive, efficient and value-added production process by reacting more quickly to technical or human errors to avoid product and system damage while increasing workplace safety, and reducing waste, pollution, and associated costs.
This edited book covers challenges, concepts, systems, architectures, technologies, and design characteristics of human-machine cooperation and interaction systems in smart manufacturing environments using state of the art technologies including AI, 5G, IoTs, Blockchains, CPS, sensing, automation and robotics.
The book is aimed at researchers and engineers working on the applications of robotics and automation, HMI, HCI, CPS, sensing, information and communications technology, data science, ML/DL/AI, AR/VR, cybersecurity and electronics. It is also a useful reference for advanced students and lecturers in these fields, and will appeal to manufacturers and automation system developers.
Inspec keywords: 5G mobile communication; manufacturing systems; augmented reality; artificial intelligence; sustainable development; rapid prototyping (industrial); production engineering computing; Internet of Things; human computer interaction; computer aided instruction
Other keywords: 5G mobile communication; sustainable development; production engineering computing; Internet of Things; augmented reality; computer aided instruction; rapid prototyping; artificial intelligence; manufacturing systems; human computer interaction
Subjects: General topics in manufacturing and production engineering; Education and training; User interfaces; General and management topics; Production engineering computing; Knowledge based systems; Computer-aided instruction; Industrial applications of IT; Computer networks and techniques; Ergonomics; Virtual reality; Other manufacturing processes; Environmental issues; Manufacturing systems
Engineering technology exists in an interconnected world. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a popular movement that connects industrial and consumer goods to the Internet. Human-machine interfaces (HMIs) are becoming classier to operate those devices. HMI technology includes any software or device that takes to interact with the machine. This can be further defined as a component or feature of certain software or device application that makes humans engage and interact with several machines. With an improvement in the implementation of "Industry 4.0" in the factories of today, the concept of HMI has garnered even more importance. Adopting this technology in a factory ensures that production is closely monitored and changing production demands are met. This process ensures that efficiency is improved and the level of downtime reduces. The HMI technology also offers a glimpse into the system's operations and in case of any defect or problem; an alarm is signaled so that the operator can rectify the issue at the earliest without wasting valuable production time.
The HMI is implemented in automobiles too. For instance, initially, only luxury automobiles could afford the innovative technology in their cars but with time, this technology was also incorporated into medium-cost cars. Experts suggest that the HMI in automobiles is expected to witness significant growth in the long term. The number of consumers in HMI using augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are discussed.
Malaysia's manufacturing industry played a significant role in transforming the country into an industrialized nation. The manufacturing sector is constantly evolving from the conventional mass production lines using the intensive labor force to the use of smart manufacturing using human-machine interaction (HMI) technology to increase the productivity. This new phase of evolution of smart manufacturing using HMI technology has called for the need for a National Policy in Malaysia.
While smart manufacturing using HMI technologies has a potentially huge opportunity, there are concerns among many manufacturing companies as to how the HMI technologies would evolve the products and services that are produced and the business models or manufacturing processes that are used to produce them.
In 2018, the Malaysian government took the proactive measure and launched the "Industry4WRD: National Policy on Industry 4.0," with the objective to transform the Malaysian manufacturing sector to be resilient, smart, and systematic.
The global digital economy today is quickly becoming the main driving force of economic growth. The accelerating pace of digital economy requires businesses and organizations to embrace digital transformation. Businesses and organizations that embrace digital solutions have greater resiliency in the face of economic uncertainty, a sudden drop-off in demand, and faster recovery.
Today, we find most of the robots in industries, factories, warehouses and laboratories working for people. There are many ways robots are helpful. It boosts the economy, for example, because businesses need to be efficient to keep up with competition from the industry. Having robots therefore helps business owners to be competitive, since robots can do jobs better and faster than humans can do in places where a human would be rendered redundant by his slower capabilities, like assembling a car. However, robots are incapable in jobs that are not repetitive, like where human beings must use their judgement and exercise choice, and so robots today support science and industry only. Finally, as the technology advances, new ways of using robots will arise which will offer new hopes and new opportunities.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an arm of modern science that has spread its use in our daily lives and academia rapidly in recent years, reaching many industry domains and fields of study, driven by robots and intelligent services for governments and businesses. That is, by the automated behavioral characteristics we interact with we mean those faculties of human beings on which various computer programs depend, and that is consistent with human mental capabilities in different works. The machine's ability to teach itself new knowledge and adjust to new situations by making the right decision is among the most important of those capabilities. This kind of modern system has the capabilities to accurately differentiate between the many cases to choose from and do accordingly.
AI can interpret and, thus, make correct decisions based on analysis taking into account all the possibilities and by understanding their outcomes, and only then choosing the right options that lead to the desired outcomes. It can also find out mistakes from human errors and correct those fast and, thus, enable future developments to take place. AI aims at designing a machine capable of achieving a specific goal in a manner similar to (or exceeding) human capacity. They are often algorithms (specific software) that run on a computer or a group of computers (like the one in the picture). It is not an alternative electrical device (a misconception by some) for the human being.
As we know, every day the world gets further into technology. We're trying to improve our lives and make them easier and better. As we know, every day the world gets further into technology. We are trying to improve our lives and make them easier and better. One of the best ways to improve our communication with the world is via 5G as the next wireless network. It is safe and secure for the public, who needs the solutions. Wired society today goes wireless and if it has difficulty, 5G is surely the solution. 5G technology will offer computers and laptops competition though. With more reliability than previous mobiles, it will be available in the 2020 market at an affordable cost. In conclusion, 5G will lead the greatest technological transition of our lives, with infinite possibilities.
This report presented a bold new 6G network vision outlining developments, threats and related studies on drones. And while other concerns will emerge as part of a normal 5G operation, new study avenues such as Large Intelligent Surface (LIS) communications, 3CLS, holographic radio and the others will create a powerful research program for the next decade. The drones have a special place in the repertoire of research to be taken up in future, and the 6G promises a dazzling and impressive future. Scientists are experimenting to bring out something supernatural and it will definitely change the world. On the other hand, the drone technology will change the whole world and, in the future, we can hope to see what will be a new idea of how we use technology.
The historical backdrop of Internet telephones and VoIP goes back farther than you most likely know, and moves quicker than basically any correspondence innovation, aside from possibly cell phones. VoIP has a rich history, with acclaimed names, government offices, and instructive foundations all creating their imprint on this brilliant innovation. After over too many years of hypothetical research, logical papers, and so forth, the administration organization Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) constructs the primary bundle exchanged system. Parcel exchanging works by gathering information into datagrams and sending them freely, as opposed to having a devoted circuit that must consistently be associated start to finish. The ARPANET worked by having little PCs interconnected by modems. Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn are credited with making the conventions that would make the Internet. From 1G to 5G, going through Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) advancements, every age of portable innovation has been intended to address the issues of system administrators and last purchasers. 5G, specifically, is making a huge advance toward building up a low idleness material access organize, by giving new extra remote nerve tracts, i.e., information pipes. However, these days social orders are turning out to be perpetually information-driven, information needy, and robotized and will present progressively increasingly tough prerequisites (as far as ultra-high unwavering quality, limit, vitality productivity, and low dormancy) which may immerse the limit of customary advances for remote frameworks. We present the defense that 6th era (6G) frameworks will add to filling this hole specifically.
This chapter discussed on the IoT. We conclude that the IoT will be the future for the next-generation technology. All cities will be smart cities with smart parking systems, better waste management and traffic management systems, even as our rural countryside will have accurate weather reports on their smartphones and will be able to monitor their health problems by using smart devices connected to the best health consulting agency or hospitals. IoT will help to shape the future and make cities and villages a better place to live. There will be billions of devices and IoT developers will make applications to connect people worldwide using these applications. The IoT industry will look completely different in future than it is today. However, one of the major challenges in the future of IoT is 'Hacking'. As a whole, IoT is a future for the smart world and smart devices with improvement in privacy and security.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the key pillars of the fourth industrial revolution. AM technology is developing rapidly in the industry for manufacturing custom industry, functional or finished machined parts. Printed parts, either semifinished or finished, are widely used in the medical, automotive, and aerospace industries. AM technology has more competitive advantages than subtractive processes. The advantages include the capability of producing small and complex parts. Among the available AM technologies, powder bed fusion is promising for metal parts production. This chapter presents an overview of the four metal powder bed fusion processes, namely, direct metal laser sintering, selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, and electron beam melting. Metal materials commonly used and the key challenges of these processes are presented with the size of the global market.
The process of converting raw materials or parts into a usable or consumable products through tools, labor, machinery, chemical processing is called as Manufacturing. There are three major stages in manufacturing. They are the following: pre-production, production, and post-production. Pre-production is a preparatory stage which includes planning, scripting, designing, storing raw materials, and prototype development. Production is the actual manufacturing stage which includes process like molding, cutting, casting, machining, joining, shearing, and forming. Post-production is the stage which is in between production and dispatch. It includes assembling, inspecting, and packing. Manufacturing does indeed have a rich history, and we have transitioned from man-made to man and machine made. At times, the man-made products and goods were produced through conventional manufacturing process.
AR technology helps a human to see a computer-generated virtual reality combined with the physical world, or even feel it. The "real world" is the place an observer perceives with his senses, that is, speak, hear, taste, smell or feel. The "virtual world" is a real-world phenomenon generated by a computer, and created and stored on a storage medium or virtually experienced using computers, software, and telecommunication protocols to seamlessly allow the communication between hardwares to happen. In the AR application, a tracking program tracks the virtual reality with the physical world to combine simulated and actual information in a way that the user can understand.
Due to the characteristics of VR technology itself, it is very convenient, fast, and true to engage in the simulation of the above-mentioned related work. VR technology has been recognized by more and more people. Users can experience the most real feelings in the VR world. The authenticity of its simulated environment and the real world are difficult to distinguish between true and false, making people feel immersive.
At the same time, VR has all the perceptive functions possessed by human beings, such as hearing, vision, touch, taste, smell, and other perception systems. Finally, it has a super simulation system that truly realizes human-computer interaction and makes people operate in the process. In particular, you can operate the VR at any places and get the most realistic feedback from the environment. Its existence, multi-perception, interactivity, and other characteristics of VR technology that make it popular with more and more people.
In the few last decades, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have been built and implemented to enhance transport protection and accessibility, rising transport network environmental effects of road accidents on road safety, encourage sustainable transport growth and increase productivity. ITS blends high-tech and upgraded computer networks, communications, sensors, controls and sophisticated mathematical methods with the modern transport network environment. As an interdisciplinary study area, it is challenging to provide a good view of the whole program for an inexperienced researcher.
Optical fibre is an elastic clear fibre made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a breadth marginally thicker than a human hair. Optical fibre normally contains a centre encompassed by a straightforward cladding substance. It works on the principle of total internal reflection. When light ray strikes at the internal surface of optical fibre cable called such the incidence angle is greater than the critical angle, then incident light ray reflects in the same medium, and this phenomenon repeats. The illumination is preserved in the centre by using the phenomenon of all-out inside reversal. The innovation of fibre optic in the present day is transmission media, such as twisted-pair copper and wireless technology. An optical transmitter changes an electrical sign into an optical sign and sends it through the optical fibre line, which is a cable packed with various optical filaments and then steered through underground canals and structures, and used to send information transmitted regularly as advanced content created by PCs, phone industries and satellite TV corporations. In 1990, Bell Labs transmitted a 2.5 Gb per second signal over 7,500 km with no regeneration, where the system utilised a laser and an erbium fibre speaker, known as the Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA), that permitted the illumination wave to keep up its formation and thickness. Today Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) (thick frequency division doubling) innovation has paved the way for information transmission capacity increments. Narinder Singh Kapany who is an Indian physicist, is broadly recognized as the father of fibre optics.
The impact of technology on healthcare has been pervasive and relentless. Despite the tremendous benefits to outcomes, experiences and efficiency, it has also produced sufficient challenges and concerns for society. The complex nature of the healthcare system and processes requires a transdisciplinary approach to generate innovation and solutions to enhance further the impact of healthcare on the individual and the community. The current status of healthcare provides an excellent opportunity for the engineering, manufacturing, computing and information technology industry to work with the main stakeholders in healthcare to learn from each other and explore options for transformative ways to add value to society.
Accidents due to undetected fires have caused huge losses in various contexts in the world, such as in offices, manufacturing workplaces, residential areas, even in forest areas. The evacuation process in the firefighting system requires an effective and fast response. The source of fire must be found quickly to prevent it from spreading. Image processing based on an object detection system, it is believed, can circumvent this problem. The method for detecting objects is performed by the You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm in real-time. The most suitable YOLO model for the system is the Tiny YOLO VOC model which was built with the Darkflow framework. Besides detecting the fires, the robot can be used to ease the search process and firefighting efforts. However, it needs planning to fit the robots with the system optimized to do the best in the minimum time possible. In robotics, finding the fastest path can be solved by embedding the A* algorithm in the robot. A* algorithm is one of the artificial intelligence methods for finding the fastest path. Not many studies have applied this algorithm to the wheel robots to find the shortest path. Therefore, this A* method will be used for finding the fastest path to find the fire with accuracy by finding the best distance and route with the coordinate system. In this study, the wheel robots had three missions, finding the fire, extinguishing the fire, and returning to the starting points. The system accuracy for those missions was 100%, 83.33%, and 50%, respectively.
Blockchain is a system of recording information in a way that makes it difficult or impossible to change, hack, or cheat the system. Blockchain technology stores value-based records called the block, of the activities carried out by human and stored in distributed databases, with blocks linked into the "chain" in a system made up of shared hubs. Incidentally, this stockpiling of blocks is alluded to as a computerized record.
Each transaction in this record is approved by the advanced approval of the proprietor, which verifies the transaction and protects it from alterations. Consequently, the data making up the computerized record is inherently secure. Blockchain technology is shown in Figure 18.1.
Simply put, the computerized record resembles a Google spreadsheet shared among various PCs in a system, in which the value-based records are dependent on real buys. The interesting point is that anyone can see the information; however, they cannot spoil it.
This chapter of the book presents an overview of the cyber physical systems (CPSs) of reducing waste and pollution in the manufacturing process. The conceptual model of a CPS is elaborated in detail for the concept model of CPS in the manufacturing process. The role of CPSs is introduced along with manufacturing applications. It is worth mentioning that the major concern of cyber security issues of the CPS, however, was not discussed in this paper. The authors mentioned an overview and elements for the manufacturing process such as new evolving technology. Today, new business models are emerging that will alter how goods are created, moved, and consumed. The system-on-chip (SoC), Internet of things (IoT), and cloud computing platforms are the enabling computer technologies for such change (CCPs). Now, sensors, actuators, and SoCs with WiFi and/or Ethernet are integrated at the production line's edge. The SoC, Internet of things (IoT), and cloud computing platforms are the enabling computer technologies for such change (CCPs).
The modern era than any other time known has involved more human-computer interaction technologies including virtual reality, augmented reality (AR), and/or mixed reality (MR) to bring better safety measures to handling the dangerous task, for instance, sending material to melt in a hot furnace or other such risky tasks to be completed with this technology. The subject matter of this chapter is focused on three types of virtual world technologies, and their respective applications, from the past, present, and future. This chapter aims to highlight the technology's use to enhance the safety of the smart manufacturing system.
As the global attention gears towards the fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0), there is increasing awareness of siloed educational settings giving the push to revise curriculum focusing on Education 4.0 as a desired pedagogical approach that is aligned with IR4.0. Among the initiatives taken are the emphasis on the teaching of computational thinking (CT) skills, development as well as wise use of Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics (STEAM)-based projects and artificial intelligence (AI) age visualization tools for monitoring and evaluating activities. This chapter discusses the importance of raising awareness of conservation and wise use of resources (Conservation and Wise Use of Resources (ConWUR)) in the educational and industrial settings in achieving 'United Nation Sustainable Development Goals' (UN SDGs). It outlines exemplary practices in Japanese and Malaysian educational institutions that promote the wise use of resources by educational stakeholders and computational thinking skills in students aiming at bridging the education-industrial gap to make students future-ready in facing the increasingly challenging world. In this chapter, the exemplary Southeast Asia Minister of Education Organisation (SEAMEO) Learning Science and Mathematics Together (LeSMaT) Education 4.0 project initiative is elaborated. This chapter also discusses the development and evaluation for the future Human-Machine Interface (HMI) educational system promoting computational thinking (CT). In this chapter, the Scratchtopia Challenge as an exemplary initiative to promote CT at the elementary level will be deliberated on. The challenging Internet of Things (IoT) with Arduino for data processing from the sensor as well as how IoT can be used for Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) and reduction of waste are also illustrated in this chapter. The discussion on future directions to incorporate the use of AI age tools for monitoring and evaluation activities ends this chapter, where the development of apps, use of digital tools as well as illustration of exemplary modules that are part of the initiatives of the author(s) towards sustainable living through ConWUR and waste reduction are some of the future efforts or conservation activities to promote sustainable living through LeSMaT Education 4.0 project initiative.
Promoting sustainable living through conservation, health education, as well as preventive healthcare, is the aspiration of all academics and industrialists. This chapter will discuss various issues and challenges related to this aspiration, especially focusing on the importance of conserving cultural heritage, monitoring health and safety in work, study, recreation and living environments in line with sustainable development goals (SDGs). An example of how occupational health and safety in the small and medium industrial (SMI) manufacturing sector could be promoted will illustrate an initiative of the first author in developing a module for the same in Malacca, Malaysia. The discussion will continue on enhancing awareness towards environmental as well as preventive healthcare through recreational activities and sports science through technological tools. Subsequently, the conservation of cultural heritage through the Minecraft digital tool will be deliberated upon. This chapter will conclude with lessons learnt from the development of digital platforms in managing sustainable ecotourism programmes with suggestions as to the way forward.
The global landscape is changing rapidly in the fourth industrial revolution (IR4.0). The sustainability of a country's economy is closely linked to its successful strategies to develop existing and future human resources to embrace unprecedented technological advancement in various disciplines, especially ICT-based industries and smart manufacturing. This chapter focuses on the enculturation of lifelong learning to constantly reskill, upskill and cross-skill human resources to surf the waves of technological change. The strategies launched by the government of Malaysia to foster lifelong learning have also been scrutinised in this chapter to ensure there is no gap between stated objectives of the need to produce competent and versatile human resources and actual results. Lifelong learning plays a pivotal role in empowering individuals to keep abreast of the technological shift in smart manufacturing. To develop a relational understanding of geometry concepts required in smart manufacturing, the discussion about designing Techno-based Mathematical Tasks (TbMT) using Cabri 3.3 is included in this chapter. To design TbMT provides opportunities for exploration and construction of tasks independently which help enhance and extend the understanding of geometry concepts. This chapter concludes with the insights gleaned from the competition of building young minds through Minecraft digital tool to embrace innovation and transformation in smart manufacturing. As Minecraft is a 'sandbox game', there is no exact objective or end goal. This seemingly endless creative freedom inculcates creativity and innovation among children since young by using the 1x1 coloured blocks to manipulate the imaginative world. Conclusions are derived and recommendations are made for future work on rethinking and redesigning strategic implementation to bridge the gap of human resource development in ICT-based industries and smart manufacturing.
Advanced technologies such as robotics, 5G mobile communications, IoT, cloud computing, and wireless sensor networks have had a huge impact and influence on manufacturing with increased collaboration between humans and smart systems. As the manufacturing process gets more automated, it's becoming more error-free by using real-time data, even as the communication systems, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, and robotics are feeding data back into the manufacturing process putting in place an ever accurate system. This will enable products that are more customized and personal, and lead to a more competitive, efficient, and value-added production process by reacting quicker to technical or human errors to avoid product and system damage, on one hand; while increasing workplace safety and risk assessment, and reducing waste, pollution, and associated costs, on the other.