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## Radar Targets, Clutter, and Detection

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This chapter includes discussions on the average radar cross section (RCS) of targets and clutter, their fluctuation properties, and the detection of targets in the presence of noise and clutter. It specifically addresses, when possible, the causes for variation in the RCS of targets and clutter, and the statistical principles used in radar echo analysis. Example RCS values applicable to AEW are given for targets and clutter. Statistical target and clutter models that have proved useful for radar system analyses are also discussed. Finally, basic background material and sample problems are included on the detection of targets in the presence of noise and clutter.

Chapter Contents:

• 5.1 RCS of Targets
• 5.1.1 RCS Defined
• 5.1.2 RCS of Common Objects
• 5.1.3 Effects of Multipath on Target RCS
• 5.2 RCS of Land and Sea
• 5.2.1 General Features of Surface Clutter
• 5.2.2 Ground Clutter
• 5.2.3 Sea Clutter
• 5.2.4 E-2 and E-3 Models
• 5.3 Volume Clutter
• 5.4 Target Fluctuations
• 5.4.1 Two-Scatterer Model
• 5.4.2 Changes in Target Orientation and Radar Frequency
• 5.4.3 Complex Targets
• 5.5 Statistical Target Models
• 5.6 Clutter Fluctuations
• 5.7 Clutter Statistics
• 5.7.1 Statistical Clutter Models
• 5.7.2 Comparisons of Averages, Medians, and 0.9 Probability Values
• 5.7.3 Spatial and Temporal Clutter Statistics
• 5.8 Target Detection in the Presence of Noise and Clutter
• 5.8.1 Introduction
• 5.8.2 Target Detection in Noise
• 5.8.3 Target Detection in Clutter
• 5.8.4 Detection by Integrating Target Echoes
• 5.8.5 Sample Clutter and Noise Calculations

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