Uncertainty quantification in electromagnetic device, circuit, and system simulation: its importance and value
Numerical simulations, theoretical analyses, and practical experiments are the three different approaches to observe, study, and examine the behaviour of any system. However, with the continuous improvement in computing hardware, falling hard-ware costs, and increasing memory and data processing capabilities in a computer, it is numerical simulations that have emerged as the more suitable approach for system identification and behavioural analysis in the early product design cycles. In this chapter, we will explore the evolution of numerical simulation techniques for electromagnetic devices, circuits, and systems from the classical deterministic approach to the emergent stochastic approaches. In course of this exploration, we will identify the different sources of parametric uncertainty that can arise in a numerical simulation, the different forms these uncertainties can assume, and the various state-of-the-art mathematical and algorithmic techniques to probe these uncertainties in order to gain deeper insights into the behaviour of the device, circuit, or system under test.
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