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Gradient-Based Algorithms

Gradient-Based Algorithms

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Gradient algorithms are popular because they are simple, easy to understand, and solve a large class of problems. The performance and adaptive weights determine the nature of the performance surface. When performance is a quadratic function of the weight settings, then it is a bowl-shaped surface with a minimum at the 'bottom of the bowl.' In this case, local optimization methods, such as gradient methods, can find the bottom. In the event that the performance surface is irregular, having several relative optima or saddle points, then the transient response of the gradient-based minimum-seeking algorithms get stuck in a local minimum. The gradient-based algorithms considered in this chapter are as follows: least mean square (LMS); Howells-Applebaum loop; differential steepest descent (DSD); accelerated gradient (AG); and steepest descent for power minimization.

Chapter Contents:

  • 4.1 Introductory Concepts
  • 4.2 The LMS Algorithm
  • 4.3 The Howells-Applebaum Adaptive Processor
  • 4.4 Introduction of Main Beam Constraints
  • 4.5 Constraint for the Case of Known Desired Signal Power Level
  • 4.6 The DSD Algorithm
  • 4.7 The Accelerated Gradient Approach (AG)
  • 4.8 Gradient Algorithm with Constraints
  • 4.9 Simulation Results
  • 4.10 Phase-Only Adaptive Nulling Using Steepest Descent
  • 4.11 Summary and Conclusions
  • 4.12 Problems
  • 4.13 References

Inspec keywords: antenna theory; adaptive antenna arrays; gradient methods

Other keywords: performance surface; local optimization methods; differential steepest descent; transient response; accelerated gradient; power minimization; adaptive weight; least mean square; gradient based minimum seeking algorithms; bottom of the bowl; adaptive arrays; Howells-Applebaum loop; gradient based algorithms

Subjects: Optimisation techniques; Antenna arrays; Antenna theory

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