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## Peer-to-peer energy market between electric vehicles

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are a major component of future electric grids, both for the increase in electricity demand and the flexibility they can add to the grid. Vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-building pilots have been tested and some have been approved by grid operators, but the EVs' possibilities shall be further enhanced. In previous works, the authors proposed a peer-to-peer energy market between EVs that largely reduced the expenses of their costly day-charging. This chapter further expands the model by taking into account the long-term effects of the market, which reduce the impact of the electric grid prices forecast on the market. The ratio between EVs that offer energy and those that demand energy is shown to be a good indicator for the market price forecast. Almost all energy demand occurs in pairs zone-time in which the number of offering EVs is more than five times the number of demanding EVs, for which the market price is very close to the electricity price at night.

Chapter Contents:

• List of abbreviations
• List of parameters and variables
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Activity-based model
• 7.3 Consumption model and drivers classification
• 7.3.1 Consumption model
• 7.3.2 Drivers classification
• 7.4 Intermediate charging process optimization
• 7.5.1 Determining the final price for the P2P trading system each TAZ and each time period
• 7.5.3 Proposed algorithm for solving the P2P market trading
• 7.6 Results of the P2P energy market
• 7.6.1 Individual analysis of vehicles from sets A and B
• 7.6.2 Electricity price analysis at TAZ level
• 7.7 Long-term peer-to-peer energy market
• 7.8 Conclusions
• References

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