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## Power-demand management in a smart grid using electric vehicles

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The proliferation of intermittent renewable-energy-based power systems and the emergence of new types of loads are likely to introduce new powe-quality and power-demand management challenges in a smart grid. An additional level of complication gets added when the system deals with a mass penetration of uncontrolled mobile energy sources and loads, that is, electric vehicles (EVs), to the grid. However, the use of an advanced EV management technique can overcome the challenges through an intelligent bidirectional energy transfer process. This chapter highlights various control and optimization techniques to manage the power demand of both single and multiple customers in a smart grid using EVs. The techniques cover both the energy resource and load-management approaches. Energy-resource management technique for single customer coordinates between EV, photovoltaics (PV) and battery storages based on the peak and off-peak load conditions, to minimize the peak load and electricity cost with an increased efficiency. Likewise, the energy-resource management for multiple customers, controls the aggregated PVs, battery storage and aggregated EVs in a parking lot to flatten the energy demand curve, and reduce the peak load energy costs. In this process, a controller reads the real-time household power consumption data through smart meter, PV power generation under real environment, the state of-charge (SOC) for both EVs and battery storage, and the EV availability, to intelligently control the power flow from/to the energy sources to reduce the grid load demand. Additionally, an advanced charge management technique for both aggregated EVs and single EV is developed. On the contrary, the load management technique models a load-scheduling technique for a demand response (DR)-based home energy management systems (HEMS) that minimizes the electricity cost for the consumer and incorporates operational constraints for individual loads and energy sources. A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP)-based optimization model is formulated to determine the optimal scheduling of operation for residential loads and DERs according to a day-ahead time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariff. Peak load constraint is also incorporated into the optimization model to address grid reliability issues such as demand peaks, rebound peaks and congestion in the grid. The fmdings in this chapter suggest that an intelligent management technique can substantially reduce the power demand of the grid using EVs and reduce the impact of intermittent sources and thus improve the load factor.

Chapter Contents:

• List of abbreviations
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Power-demand management for single customer: Energy-resource-management technique
• 5.2.1 Load-management algorithm
• 5.2.2 EV charge management
• 5.2.3 Case studies
• 5.2.3.1 Case study 1
• 5.2.3.2 Case study 2
• 5.2.4 Comparison with an artificial neural network technique
• 5.3 Power-demand management for single customer: Load-management technique
• 5.3.1 HEMS model
• 5.3.2 Scheduling model
• 5.3.2.1 Optimization variables
• 5.3.2.2 Objective function
• 5.3.2.3 Constraints
• 5.3.3 Case study
• 5.3.3.1 Description of the case study
• 5.3.3.2 Simulation setup
• 5.3.3.3 Results and discussion
• 5.4 Power-demand management for multiple customers
• 5.4.1 General overview
• 5.4.2 Aggregated EV and power-demand management algorithm
• 5.4.3 Case studies
• 5.5 Conclusion
• References

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