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Numerical and experimental analyses of wearable antennas, including novel fabrication and metrology techniques

Numerical and experimental analyses of wearable antennas, including novel fabrication and metrology techniques

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Most fifth-generation (5G) mobile network applications require wearable antennas to be unobtrusive, low-profile, low-power and electrically small. Such antennas are a crucial element in wearable body-centric wireless system designs for delivering 5G user's experience. Wearable antennas can be employed in a wide range of applications from communicating, harvesting energy to sensing capabilities. For this purpose, fabrics and novel materials such as graphene have been explored in order to cope with the wearable device demands in terms of flexibility, conformability and lightweight. Similarly, novel fabrication techniques for wearable antenna prototyping such as screen printing, inkjet printing, embroidery and cutters have been investigated to exploit the unique characteristics of various materials. These innovative fabrication methods allow a high degree of fabrication precision enabling their uptake for 5G applications. Due to power absorption by lossy human body tissues, a distorted radiation pattern and lower radiation efficiency are envisaged when they are worn on and at proximity to the body. Furthermore, when designing the antenna, the body proximity effects must be considered to prevent significant antenna detuning and the consequent mismatch. Numerical and experimental human body phantoms are used with a view to simulate its impact. This chapter presents an analysis of novel fabrication methods for wearable antennas, methodologies and measurement techniques to characterise their performance in a dynamic body-worn communication environment. This chapter delivers a review of different novel fabrication techniques for wearable antennas such as various printing processes, machine embroidery and laser methods. Follow by a metrology section, where numerical and experimental human phantoms are explained and durability tests described. Three examples of 5G wearable antennas for different frequencies and their on-body performance characterisation are provided. Finally, it is closed with a summary of the outcomes achieved in this chapter and future prospects of the research.

Chapter Contents:

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Advanced fabrication techniques for wearable antennas
  • 8.2.1 Screen printing
  • 8.2.2 Inkjet printing
  • 8.2.3 Embroidery with conductive yarns
  • 8.2.4 Woven and non-woven antennas
  • 8.2.5 Vinyl cutters and plotters
  • 8.2.6 Automated laser prototyping on flexible substrates
  • 8.3 Metrology techniques for wearable antennas
  • 8.3.1 Phantom numerical and experimental evaluation
  • 8.3.2 Mechanical durability of wearable devices
  • 8.3.3 Specific absorption rate
  • 8.3.4 Durability and washing tests
  • 8.3.5 Environmental factors (humidity and thermal tests)
  • 8.4 Wearable antennas for 5G and beyond
  • 8.4.1 Ultra-wideband frequency-reconfigurable antenna
  • 8.4.2 Millimetre-wave flexible antenna design and metrology
  • 8.4.3 On-body measurements on wearable antennas
  • 8.5 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References

Inspec keywords: durability; biological tissues; antenna radiation patterns; numerical analysis; phantoms; wearable antennas; antenna testing; 5G mobile communication; mobile antennas; UHF antennas

Other keywords: body proximity effects; 5G mobile network applications; experimental analysis; on-body performance characterisation; numerical analysis; distorted radiation pattern; measurement techniques; lossy human body tissues; fabrication techniques; wearable antenna prototyping; antenna detuning; fifth-generation mobile network applications; wearable body-centric wireless system designs; energy harvesting; metrology techniques; 5G wearable antennas; innovative fabrication methods; wearable device; power absorption; experimental human phantoms; durability tests

Subjects: Production facilities and engineering; Mobile radio systems; Single antennas

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