This chapter presents the operation and performance analysis of nanogrid and picogrid systems. At first, different control methods for nanogrids and picogrids have been described. Then some case studies on their operations have been presented. Then performance analysis has been carried out followed by a summary.

Chapter Contents:

• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Operation
• 4.2.1 Open-loop operation
• 4.2.2 Closed-loop operation
• 4.3 Classification of NPG control
• 4.3.1 Supply-side management (SSM)
• 4.3.2 Demand-side management (DSM)
• 4.4 MPPT in PV control system for NPG
• 4.4.1 Difficulties of using solar PV generation efficiently
• 4.4.2 Importance of MPPT
• 4.4.3 Components of MPPT-based control system
• 4.4.4 Maximum power point tracker
• 4.4.5 Controller for PWM-based pulse generation
• 4.4.6 PWM pulse generator or power driver
• 4.5 MPPT solar charge controller
• 4.5.1 MPPT controller
• 4.5.2 Main features of MPPT controller
• 4.5.3 MPPT with other controllers
• 4.5.4 Incremental conductance-based MPPT controller
• 4.5.5 Proportional-integration (PI) controller and proportional-integration-differentiation (PID) controller
• 4.5.6 Fuzzy-based controller (FC) and genetic algorithm-based controller (GAC)
• 4.5.7 Voltage droop controller (VDC)
• 4.6 Droop control
• 4.6.1 Voltage droop
• 4.6.2 Droop control in AC network
• 4.6.3 Traditional droop control in AC network
• 4.6.4 Droop control in DC network
• 4.6.5 Main features of droop control
• 4.7 Virtual synchronous machine (VSM)-based control
• 4.8 Selection of boost or buck converter
• 4.9 Optimization for pulse width modulation (PWM)
• 4.10 Grid power flow direction control
• 4.10.1 Power flow direction and control
• 4.10.2 Factors of grid power flow control
• 4.10.3 Common practice
• 4.10.4 Control equipment
• 4.11 Clarke and Park transformations in NPG power flow control
• 4.12 Solar-wind NPG model
• 4.13 Case studies
• 4.13.1 Case study with a 20 kW nanogrid system
• 4.13.2 Case study with solar-PV fed DC-AC single-stage power converter connected with the utility grid
• 4.13.3 Case study with step up flyback converter
• 4.13.4 Case study with DC-DC buck-boost IGBT/diode converter
• 4.13.5 Case study with DC-AC 2 and 4-pulse single-phase PWM inverter
• 4.14 Summary
• Further reading

Inspec keywords: battery storage plants; building management systems; power generation scheduling; dynamic programming

Other keywords: picogrid systems; picogrids; nanogrid systems; nanogrids; performance analysis

Subjects: Power system management, operation and economics; Optimisation techniques; Other power stations and plants; Optimisation techniques