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## Fundamentals of distribution system analysis

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Distribution automation requires a deep knowledge of the system to where it is applied. For this, a proper handling of analysis techniques is very important. Distribution system analysis is a part of a broader concept referred to as power system analysis. In distribution system analysis only some fields of the overall picture are studied, and, of course, those referring mainly to feeders and radial systems. The main topics to be analyzed correspond to the modeling of the elements, the analysis of load flows for ring and radial systems, and short circuit conditions. Load flows are applied for different applications involving not only the analysis of power flows and voltage regulation but also feeder reconfiguration and loss reduction. Short circuit as always is essential in sizing equipment and protective relay setting. Studies of transient and small signal stability are not usually conducted at distribution levels and therefore will not be considered in this book.

Chapter Contents:

• 3.1 Electrical circuit laws
• 3.1.1 Ohm's law
• 3.1.2 Kirchhoff's voltage law
• 3.1.3 Kirchhoff's current law
• 3.2 Circuit theorems
• 3.2.1 Thévenin's theorem
• 3.2.2 Star/delta transform
• 3.2.3 Superposition theorem
• 3.3 Power AC circuits
• 3.4 PU normalization
• 3.5.1 Formulation of the load flow problem
• 3.5.2 Newton-Raphson method
• 3.5.3 Type of buses
• 3.5.4 Application of the Newton-Raphson method to solve load flows
• 3.5.5 Decoupling method
• 3.6.1 Theoretical background
• 3.6.2 Distribution network models
• 3.6.3 Nodes and branches identification
• 3.6.4 Illustration of nodes and branches identification
• Proposed exercise

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