We provide a review of the various methods for the control of active prosthetic hands. We introduce various conventional and contemporary approaches and lay the foundation of more advanced techniques that could achieve the holy grail of prosthesis control, that is, the continuous control of individual digits and wrist joints. Topics discussed include clinical aspects; bespoke sockets and clinical outcome measures; methods that enable interfacing directly with the nerves and muscles; surgical techniques; artificial intelligence and machine learning; user-prosthesis co-adaptation; children prosthetics; and 3D-printed prosthesis.

Chapter Contents:

• 1.1 Prosthesis control types
• 1.1.1 Body powered
• 1.1.2 Muscle control
• 1.2 Neurophysiology of movement
• 1.3 EMG signal processing
• 1.4 Myoelectric control algorithms
• 1.4.1 Basic concepts
• 1.4.2 Classical extensions to multiple degrees of freedom
• 1.4.3 Targeted muscle re-innervation
• 1.4.4 Other control approaches using two EMG channels
• 1.4.5 Machine learning
• 1.4.6 Human learning
• References

Inspec keywords: surgery; medical control systems; paediatrics; learning (artificial intelligence); prosthetics; three-dimensional printing; intelligent control

Other keywords: clinical outcome measures; continuous wrist joint control; artificial intelligence; continuous individual digit control; 3D printed prosthesis; surgical techniques; user-prosthesis co-adaptation; machine learning; active prosthetic hand control; child prosthetics; bespoke sockets

Subjects: Knowledge engineering techniques; Prosthetics and other practical applications; Prosthetic and orthotic control systems; Prosthetics and orthotics; Control engineering computing