This chapter presents a discussion on the morphology of the ionosphere. It begins with the analysis of synoptic variations in the ionosphere together with the spatiotemporal variations of the critical frequency of its individual layers. Models for the ionospheric layers are also dealt with including the D region and the sporadic E and spread F layers. Finally, electron and ion temperature structures of the ionosphere are discussed.

Inspec keywords: sporadic-E layer; ionospheric disturbances; F-region; ionospheric electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation; E-region; D-region

Other keywords: ionospheric ion temperature; D region; ionospheric electron temperature; sporadic E layer; spread F layer; ionosphere morphology; ionospheric synoptic variations; ionospheric layer models; ionospheric layer critical frequency spatiotemporal variations

Subjects: Ionospheric structure