In this chapter, a TLS is introduced as a typical TOF LiDAR sensor, including sections on TLS systems, error analysis and applications.

Chapter Contents:

• List of abbreviations
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 TLS system
• 6.2.1 Laser emitter
• 6.2.2 Scanning unit
• 6.2.2.1 Galvanometer scanner
• 6.2.2.2 Micro-electro mechanical systems
• 6.2.2.3 Polygonal mirror scanners
• 6.2.2.4 Monogon scanner
• 6.2.3 Receiver
• 6.2.4 Detector
• 6.2.5 Ranging system
• 6.2.5.1 TDC-based ranging system
• 6.2.5.2 ADC-based ranging system
• 6.2.6 Software
• 6.2.6.1 FPGA controller system
• 6.2.6.2 Data structure
• 6.2.6.3 Point cloud data processing and displaying
• 6.3 TLS errors and self-calibration
• 6.3.1 Angle errors model
• 6.3.2 Self-calibration methods
• 6.3.2.1 Two-face method
• 6.3.2.2 Network method
• 6.3.2.3 Length-consistency method
• 6.3.3 Feature points extraction
• 6.3.3.1 Determination of auxiliary target-based feature points
• 6.3.3.2 Determination of background target-based feature points
• 6.3.4 Self-calibration results
• 6.3.5 TLS ranging errors
• 6.3.5.1 Definitions of the performance indicators
• 6.3.5.2 TDC-based ranging errors
• 6.3.5.3 ADC-based ranging errors
• 6.4 TLS applications on civil and agriculture
• 6.4.1 Tunnel seepage detection
• 6.4.2 Individual maize plant extraction
• 6.4.3 Registration for urban structures
• 6.5 Future prospects
• References

Inspec keywords: time of flight spectra; error analysis; optical radar; optical sensors

Other keywords: TLS systems; TOF LiDAR sensor; error analysis; light detection and ranging sensors

Subjects: Optical radar; Sensing devices and transducers; Error analysis in numerical methods; Textbooks; Sensing and detecting devices; Numerical approximation and analysis; Optical instruments and techniques