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Please follow the links to view the publication.IEC 61511 and the regulatory environment
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20030262
The IEC standard (61511) for safety instrumented systems in the process industries is discussed. The following areas are covered: the Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974; control of major accident hazards regulations; dangerous substances and explosive atmospheres regulations, 2002; ALARP (risk reduction to as low as is reasonably practicable); and UK Health and Safety Executive guidelines on IEC 61508 standard. (9 pages)61511 - an aid to COMAH compliance
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20030265
The article demonstrates the the synergy between Control of Major Accident Hazard Regulations (COMAH) (the UK Safety Case Regulations (SCR)) and IEC 61511 standard for functional safety: safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector. The article also examines the contribution that IEC 61511 can make to a safety management system (SMS) and the preparation of safety reports and/or safety cases. (38 pages)61508 and 61511 - a vendor's perspective
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20030266
The paper deals with technical differences between IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 in terms of a vendor perspective. IEC 61508 is a generic standard for a broad range of applications, provides guidance for software development, applicable to the total combination of safety-related systems and risk reduction facilities. IEC 61511 is a sector specific safety standard for the process sector, it provides guidance on system application, and is applicable only to SIS. Information about risk assessment, safety integrity concept, fault tolerance are provided. Field device testing is carried out to meet the requirements of emerging safety standards. (11 pages)Methods for SIL determination
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20030264
The following areas are examined: SIL (safety integrity level) determination for safety instrumented functions in industrial plants; safety lifecycle; risk targets; risk graphs; layer of protection analysis (LOPA); and fault tree analysis. (20 pages)IEC 61511: fundamental principles, terms used, structure, requirements and issues
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20030263
The IEC standard for safety instrumented systems for the process sector is discussed. The article examines the following areas: IEC 61511 scope and structure, and differences to IEC 61508; prior use; differences to ANSI/ISA S84.01 - Application of Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industries; and other new areas in process sector standards. (14 pages)Pros and cons - an industry specific issue
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19980626
There are benefits and there are drawbacks with ISO 9000, but they are very much dependent on what the industry is. It makes little difference whether it is a service sector industry or manufacturing. It does seem to have more to do with how traditional the industry is, thus the older the industry, the more likely it is that the pros will outstrip the cons. This is perhaps because of the amount of regulation that newer industries are already subject to, be that government regulation, or indeed imposed conditions by customers or foreign owners. Another factor that may lead to the same conclusion is the amount of change that the industry is subject to. The more traditional industries are subject to a slower rate of change therefore the restrictions imposed by ISO 9000 may work very well, however in the newer industries the rate of change is so fast that they become an unnecessary straightjacket. It would therefore follow that prior to going ahead with ISO 9000 the industry should be examined and, if it is indeed traditional, go ahead. If, however, the industry is more modern, then perhaps it would be beneficial to conduct an industry specific study, between competitors and friends, and only go forward if they have found tangible benefits. (4 pages)Industrial applications of model based reasoning
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19971141
Two of the most important developments in the field of expert systems are model-based reasoning and qualitative reasoning. These two areas together provide a very powerful and versatile technology that has huge potential in a wide range of domains. Model based systems and qualitative reasoning are aimed at providing explicit, systematic and accessible, representation and reasoning techniques for industry. These techniques can assist industry to build explicit models of systems or products in a manner that reflects their actual structure and behaviour. The paper discusses the results of the European survey carried out by Hunt (1996) which examined fifty industrial and academic institutions from thirteen European countries who are prominent in the MBR community. (5 pages)Determining the location of industrial bar-codes using neural networks
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19970946
Although bar-codes are normally thought of in the context of the labelling of products in retail situations, they increasingly find use in a manufacturing context for identification purposes. This paper describes a technique which locates bar-codes in a computer image of a manufacturing cell. The bar-code detecting sub-system is based on a neural network. Two neural network paradigms (the multilayer perceptron and the radial basis function networks) are compared for use in this application. The work is part of a programme of research in which the aim is to develop a system which locates and decode bar-codes in real-time.Finnish perspective on mechatronics and its industrial benefits
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19960772
A mechatronics research program of about three years in length was carried out in Finland between 1987 and 1990. It was a co-project of industry and research institutes. The program has stimulated cooperation between firms and research institutes and supported the companies' own R&D projects. The program has also empowered the individuals in companies together with research institutes to think with innovative, interdisciplinary, way and in teams the future possibilities. This has resulted as new product concepts and new collaborative applied research activities and programs with new goals. The quick development of technology gives continuously new possibilities to fulfill customer needs. Soft computing with controlling of nonlinearities is the new wave to make dramatic improvements in product and process performances. (3 pages)Achieving world class supply chains
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19960429
There is a “wind of change” sweeping across the global economy. The world's major companies in their attempts to be world class are demanding far more from their suppliers, who in turn demand more from their suppliers. Typically corporate buyers are only accepting the best quality and demanding delivery on time. Primarily they want lower total costs, reliable faster delivery, no inventory and superb quality products and services-and that is just their opening list. (4 pages)So what does industry want from calibration?
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19950538
The responsibility to maintain the highest quality measurement standards throughout industry lies with the following bodies: accreditation organisations; certification organisations; calibration equipment manufacturers; instrument manufacturers; commercial calibration laboratories; but above all on end-users, who must play an active role in defining their calibration requirements. With the widespread acceptance of IS09000, which affects end-users throughout industry, it is imperative that all organisations associated with calibration provide end-users with simple, understandable, and practical solutions to their needs, while maintaining best-practice metrology principles. All of the above organisations must be flexible and sympathetic to their needs. With the widespread adoption of the IS09000 standard, which demands that measuring equipment is carefully controlled and maintained, the need for calibration has never been more important. After all, in the words of the first person interviewed in the market research mentioned in the paper, “we'd be up the Swanee without it”. (6 pages)Design and efficiency comparison of electric motors for low power variable speed drives with focus on permanent magnet motors
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19950908
Low power industrial motor drives are dominated by the induction motor, followed by permanent magnet (PM) motors. This paper presents an efficiency comparison of these motors from measurements on six 100 W motors of comparable size, fed by VSI PWM DC-link inverters. The focus is on the PM motors as these seem to offer the highest efficiency at low power ratings. To set the PM motors in perspective, comparison is made to a 2 pole, 3 phase, induction motor.Disks, broadcasting, automation and the demise of tape
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19951000
There have been changes in the television broadcasting industry brought on by politics, commercial pressure and technological advancements. Whereas it was the norm for a television company to be a self-contained programme producer and broadcaster, many operations are now centralising on the concept of being multichannel programme publishers, with the majority of production being acquired from independent sources. Today's broadcaster looks to its management to provide highly cost effective solutions to programme production and transmission. Inevitably, this has led to radical changes in the way television facilities are designed, staffed and run. This paper describes the technical and operational problems encountered by large, multichannel facilities, and looks to new technologies to provide solutions. It draws on the experience of the author in the start up to three such facilities, Star TV, Orbit Communications and Channel K TV.Constructing a media server architecture for the needs of the video industry
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19950969
The video industry has been using tape as a storage medium for many years, but several technologies which have been growing in use and declining in cost during the past decade have begun to allow a shift away from tape. These technologies are computer hard drives, high speed data networks, and real time operating systems. Now systems can be constructed consisting of the above components and video, audio, and data I/O which duplicate many of the functions of conventional VTRs, audio decks, and cart machines. These systems can expand to bring together support for multiple applications that meet the current and emerging needs of the video industry. Such systems are called video servers or media servers. The goal of such systems is to do some of the functions performed at broadcast facilities and television networks in a way which enhances currently available functionality while giving new functionality, increasing reliability, and reducing operating costs. Some of these functions include commercial insertion, time delay, program playback, and news editing and playback.Response of large industrial customers to electricity pricing by voluntary time-of-use in Taiwan
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-gtd_19951744
The paper examines the response to a voluntary time-of-use (TOU) tariff structure by customers in five selected industrial categories in Taiwan. A transcendental logarithmic electricity cost function was selected in this paper to estimate the price elasticity in five selected industries by the econometric method. The model shows that the price elasticity is a function of electricity cost share. The analysis for the selected industries shows that electricity consumption by TOU was highly responsive to price changes. Electricity usages in different time periods were found to be substitutes for most of the industries. The comparison of load patterns of TOU rates with the hypothetical load patterns corresponding to equivalent uniform rate (EUR) structure indicates that the TOU customers decrease peak electricity use and increase off-peak electricity use significantly under TOU tariffs. The analysis of welfare changes between the TOU and EUR structures shows that large social benefits can be obtained from load management by indirect control of loads via a TOU rate structure. Generally, the magnitude of welfare gain closely depends on the customers' response to TOU schedule. With a drastic reduction in peak period consumption, the social welfare will be significantly increased.‘Silicon Glen’—myth or reality?
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-f-1.1986.0002
Over the past century, Scotland has contributed greatly to the electrical engineering profession, numbering among its sons the likes of Lord Kelvin, James Clerk Maxwell, Alexander Graham Bell, John Logie Baird and Alan Campbell Swinton. Remarkably, it was the need for female assembly labour in the last War that led Ferranti plc to manufacture its gyroscopic gunsights in Edinburgh and give birth to the Scottish electronics industry alongside Barr & Stroud, whose origins stretch back to the times of Lord Kelvin. The long-standing affinity of Scotland with the United States then rapidly led several US multinational enterprises to select Scotland for the manufacture of electromechanical business machines and thereby to access European markets. The Toothill Report in 1961 of the independent Scottish Council (Development & Industry) focused Government policy very successfully on restructuring the Scottish economy away from the traditional industries and towards creating science-based, technically oriented industries. This policy was helped out with electronics by the unexpected discoveryof hugy North Sea oil reserves. Microelectronics has figured prominently since the early 1960s, and today some 21% of all merchant European ICs are manufactured in Scotland, giving rise to the phrase ‘Silicon Glen’. The vulnerability of the Scottish electronics industry to market forces, technological change and external decision marking led to considerable difficulties in the mid-1970s. Fortunately, the early 1980s have seen the growth the 1960s return in inward investment, due largely to the efforts of the Scottish Development Agency; and a number of entrepreneurial operations have reached maturity, with many more in the start-up phase, addressing new electronic andinfromation technology markets. Today, some 43000 people are employed is Scottish electronics, and product output is approaching £2 billion per annum. Most importantly, the industry is now well structured and highly interactive internationally as well as with the large local financial community and higher education sector. This address reviews the evolution of the Scottish electronics industry by concentrating on the role of Ferranti and case studeis of successful ventures by US multinational and entrepreneurial enterprises.Method for reliability analysis of industrial distribution systems
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-c.1993.0072
The method for reliability analysis of industrial distribution systems presented in this paper combines a Monte Carlo simulation with an electrical network model. The Monte Carlo simulation generates fail and restore events in stochastic components. The flexibility of the Monte Carlo simulation made it possible to include ageing of components and preventive maintenance. As industrial loads are often sensitive to short-duration voltage sags, the influence of these sags had to be included in the model. This is done by using the maximum permissible voltage sag at the load nodes as an interruption criterion. The occurrence of a short-circuit and the intervention by the protection are modelled in detail. Mal-trips as well as fail-to-trip of the protection are included. The method presented in this paper is suitable for industrial (and other) distribution systems where sensitive loads are present, where maintenance of components is important and/or where the behaviour of the protection influences the reliability.The problems posed by electrical power supply to industrial installations
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-b.1985.0050
Despite the fact that electrical power is a widespread and highly flexible product, perfection cannot always be guaranteed owing to disturbances caused either by random phenomena affecting the network (lightning, network equipment faults etc.) or by the operation of certain types of equipment (are furnaces, rolling mills, electronic power equipment etc.). After a brief summary of the origins and nature of the various disturbances to which electrical networks are prone, be they public or industrial, we will deal in more detail with the problem of voltage dips and short time interruptions, these being the most problematical disturbances for the industrial customer. The principal technical solutions for correct operation of industrial installations will be described. In particular, the possibility of private generation operating in parallel with the public network will be dealt with. The need for collaboration between the user (or engineering firm representing him) and manufacturer (or installer) of electrical equipment and the electrical power distributor is stressed.Status of the indian electronic component industry
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iipi.1972.0055
Inaugural address. The electricity supply industry—yesterday, today and tomorrow
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/piee.1977.0001
The Address is primarily concerned with the engineering aspects of the electricity supply industry at three points in time. The first part considers the immediate prewar years when electricity was supplied by widely varying undertakings. Aspects of generation, transmission, distribution and utilisation are considered in turn and comparisons are made with the present day where appropriate. The second Section deals with topics which are of major importance and interest today with a brief historical development being given where relevant. Particular attention is afforded to the Supergrid, the large generating sets, nuclear power, the explosion in light-current engineering techniques and equipment and to the needs of the customer and his uses for electricity. In the final part, an attempt is made to look into the future. After considering the prospects for electricity sales and the availability of various forms of energy, a review and assessment are made of the electricity-generation options open to the industry. The possibilities for the transmission and distribution of this energy are then discussed, and the paper ends with a brief review of the uses to which electricity might be put.Multi-disciplinary engineering in the process industries
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ree.1981.0040
This paper sets out the views of a group of people, mainly Industry Training Board staff, with interests across a wide range of process industries.The aim of the paper is to draw attention to the professional engineering needs of the process industries and ensure the continuation and further development of education and training to meet their requirements.It examines:the changes, particularly in technology, which are affecting the process industries.the implications for the role of their engineering personnel.whether a new approach is needed to the education and training of such personnel.Whither the british radio and television industry?
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ree.1979.0001
Electricity — the flexible approach to industrial drying
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/pe_19900050
Industrial drying is big business and consumes much energy. Using the right process can result in more than halving the production costs for a particular part of the factory line, and maybe improve the product as wellTree mapping technology as a means of visualising control performance problems
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/cce_20050407
Tree maps were intended to be visualisation aids for representing complex organisation charts, biological species, and so on. The objective of an effective controller performance visualisation chart is to present the information on the performance of the entire plant at a macro level and yet have the ability to display local (micro) details at the unit level or even the loop level. From a visual point of view it is important to provide an indication of the number of control loops in each unit rather than simply displaying them as nodes of the same size. Identifying specific control issues on a plant-wide basis and their root-causes is analogous to looking for a needle in a haystack. A relatively new technology called tree mapping may be a useful solution to this problem; it eases the visualisation challenge associated with monitoring hundreds or thousands of control assets.How do you know which control loops are the most important?
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/cce_20050405
PID control loops are implemented to control a process variable (PV) to a setpoint (SP) by manipulation of an output (OP). The relationship between these variables should depend on the key role of the loop or a trade-off between the key roles. With hundreds of control loops active in typical process plants, it is essential for operators to know which ones are the most important and therefore the ones that should get the most attention.Factors influencing the relative industrial performance of Japan, Germany, USA and UK. Part 1: Industrial structure, and capital and investment
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/em_19940308
The first of a series of three articles in which the author explores some of the underlying factors which continue to influence competitive industrial performance. In the post Second World War years Japan and Germany have built more prosperous economies than the UK and have seemingly threatened to overtake the USA. Social cohesion has provided their foundations for success, but in both countries it has been achieved too expensively. The author concludes that there is now enough evidence to guide the UK to emulate successful elements of their economies while avoiding their mistakes, but we need Government-led initiatives to improve vital industrial relationships.A new frontier [engineering and creative arts]
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/em_20030502
Is there a gap between engineering and the creative arts and the contribution they make to each other? The so-called creative industries are emerging as the critical battlegrounds for the new economy and wealth-creating society of the future. Because of rapidly increasing technological advances, engineering has a key role to play as never before. However, there are concerns about the numbers, quality and creative preparation of the future engineering professionals and there is much to be gained from strengthening the communication bridge between the engineering and the creative arts. The engineering profession itself, with a critical role to play in a changing knowledge-based economy, faces problems of recruitment, change and future direction. This article suggests some ideas on the way ahead.Factors influencing the relative industrial performance of Japan, Germany, USA and UK. Part 3: The changing scene and conclusions
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/em_19940509
This is the last of a series of three articles in which the author explores some of the underlying factors which have continued to influence competitive performance. Social cohesion has been significant factor in the post-war success of Germany and Japan. It has deep roots in Japan, perhaps less so in Germany, but it has been sufficiently embedded there, after the destructive effects of two world wars, to be a powerful force. Both countries have attempted to encourage it by somewhat different routes, but the lesson that has emerged is that, in the longer run, it cannot be bought. It is extremely unlikely that it could replace the more adversarial societies of the USA and the UK, or that the UK should, on balance, gain from it, but that is not to say it should avoid recognising and moving towards key elements which have aided economic growth in Japan and Germany, while at the same time avoiding their mistakes.Carbon: the coming European currency?
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/pe_20030411
The author explains how the European emissions trading scheme will work and what it means for the UK's climate change policy. Trading of carbon dioxide emissions across Europe, which will involve power generators, iron and steel makers, glass and cement makers, paper manufacturers and a host of others whose combustion plant is rated at 20 MW or above, will begin in 2005, with the possibility that other greenhouse gases, some many times more polluting, will follow close behind. The principle of the scheme, known as "cap and trade", is relatively simple. Each EU country will set an annual limit, or "cap", on the number of tonnes of carbon dioxide that can be emitted in any one year, which will be equal to the aggregate of all participants' emissions. This figure will then be broken down progressively, to caps for each sector, and, finally, for each individual site, for example, a power station or factory. The cap will form the site's emissions target for the year. Emissions will be measured, and at the year-end, each site will be required to produce the number of certificates, known as "allowances" and having a value of one tonne of carbon, that exactly matches its emissions. Though, at least at first, the bulk of the allowances will be issued for free, this allocation will reduce along with the cap. As their supply of free allowances dwindles, plant operators will have to act in order to ensure their allowances match the site's emissions at year's-end. They can do this by physically cutting emissions, through, for example, more efficient operation of the site or switching to a cleaner fuel. Or, if the operator finds it impractical or too costly to make cuts, it can buy allowances to top up to the number required by its emissions from the open market, where the price of carbon is set by supply and demand.Gaining the UK's competitive advantage through Foresight
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/em_19940503
150 years ago the UK was the industrial engine of the world. Even 100 years ago this lead was slipping away to countries like Germany and the USA. During the next 50 years the whole of Europe will be matched in industrial output by countries like China. The UK, then, is already only part of a continent which itself will be matched by others. Here, the author discusses how the UK, as a nation, can maintain its position in the world, and indeed what its position is. He argues that the most important question faced is: how can the UK continue to create wealth while at the same time improve or at least maintain its quality of life?The requirements for engineering degree courses and graduate engineers: an industrial viewpoint
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/esej_19980408
There is currently great concern and controversy over the changing nature and perceived falling quality of engineering education in Britain, and over the critical shortage of school leavers with the necessary qualifications for entry to engineering degree courses. Within the debate, much of the commentary takes a very narrow viewpoint and does not benefit from international comparisons and experienced international practice benchmarking. This paper lists some of the important linked issues and problems which require to be tackled simultaneously to improve the consistency, quality and balance of engineering education to better meet the needs of industry and the individual, including his/her cultural and transferable personal-skill needs. Using international comparisons and contemporary views of the skills required of engineers in practice, it discusses a possible shortlist of actions that need to be applied urgently and simultaneously to achieve a practical solution to the problems.Going green for a living: a practical guide [sustainable industrial development]
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/em_20020502
Sustainable development is a concept that almost everyone supports, but few understand. Cutting through the mysteries, mists and myths surrounding industrial environmental sustainability produces a practical strategy for a sustainable future, and by following this strategy, industry can succeed where politicians have failed, to deliver real environmental and business benefits.The Cyprus Institute of Technology - a pioneer organisation for technological upgrading and business restructuring
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/cce_19940508
The Cyprus Institute of Technology is a recently established foundation whose mission is to promote technological upgrading and business restructuring as a means of strengthening the competitiveness of Cyprus industry. It has, so far been active in promoting reliable professional consultancy services to industrialists facing problems of reduced competitiveness and loss of traditional markets. In the process, efforts have been made to introduce listing criteria for consultants and appropriate consultants' training courses.The future of work
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-a-1.1982.0033
The quarter of a century after 1950 has been one of increasing prosperity for all the industrial nations. It has not been without its problems, however, both for labour and capital. The current depression has intensified them and introduced other more complex and intractable ones. The article is mainly a comparative study, both over time and location, considering briefly the appropriate remedies — human and economic. The institutional problems of trades unions, professional bodies, educational establishments and co-operatives are analysed. The suggestions for action are tentative and piecemeal, as any study of simple solutions rigorously applied, in the past, points towards initial gains followed by subsequent disasters. A wider perspective is encouraged by a short discussion of the problems of the Third World. The survey includes suggestions for further reading.Engineering and industry—the hidden hunger
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-a-1.1986.0086
For many decades now, the performance of the UK as a manufacturing nation has been in steady decline in comparison with that of other major manufacturing nations, until, in 1984, for the first time in the history of the UK, more manufactured goods were imported than exported. Throughout this period, nothing that has been done in the country has made any difference to the trends, whether it be economic measures, higher education growth or political change. In the view of the author, there must be some very deep-seated reason for the obduracy of the trends, and it is his assertion that the country is in need of a fundamental re-direction of education so that the skills of designing and making become a major sector, indeed a spinal column, of the curriculum. The activities of designing and making are part and parcel of the very fabric of our culture, and are the roots of our manufacturing industry; however, for too long, education has been treating them as activities for the less able. Designing and making ought to be regarded as every bit as important as reading, writing and arithmetic. The author goes on to argue that an understanding of industry should be an essential part of the make-up of the education of a person, as significant as an understanding of literature, history or science. The lack of grounding in designing and making, and the lack of understanding of industry constitutes ‘the hidden hunger’ from which the UK suffers, and which, in the author's view, is one of the fundamental reasons for our sluggish industrial performance. So long as the plant, i.e. our industrial culture, has its roots in unfriendly soil, then trimming and rearranging the upper branches will not make it into a healthy plant. It needs nourishment through its roots from the soil. We need to become an industrially educated nation.Changing rôle of the engineer in the electronics industry
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-a-1.1984.0092
The growth of the electronics industry from small beginnings to its present major status is reviewed; growth accompanied by radical change in the way the industry itself works. The knowledge base for professional practice has been transformed, and the expansion in the volume of relevant knowledge inevitably forces the evolution of new disciplines, with an unavoidable tendency for once coherent specialisms to split, including, in its turn, electronic engineering; just as disciplines emerged themselves by similar processes of (hotly contested) splitting. Inevitably this process will continue, and both educators and accreditation authorities must adopt a forward-looking and flexible view, if they are not to impede the further development of what bids to be the world's largest single industry.President's inaugural address. Higher education, industry and Government — new rules for a ménage á trois
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-a-1.1988.0001
Harnessing Murphy's law
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-a-1.1983.0063
Partnerships between industry and higher education
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/esej_19950306
Using the experience of the Industrial Division of Honeywell Control Systems in the UK, this article examines the way in which partnerships between industry and education can enhance the development of engineers-to-be.