New Publications are available for Environmental factors
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New Publications are available now online for this publication.
Please follow the links to view the publication.Future structure of rural medium-voltage grids for sustainable energy supply
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2012.0762
Due to the fundamental change of the legal framework in Germany [1] and the mandatory targets for renewable energy shares of final energy consumption set by the European Renewable Energy Council [2], the number of distributed renewable generation units in medium-voltage (MV) grids has strongly increased. Especially in rural areas an ongoing dynamic growth of integration of biomass and photovoltaic plants can be expected. In certain situations of injection, parts of rural grids will face overloads and can hardly be operated in line with the technical guidelines. This paper deals with the renewal effort of a rural 20 kV distribution grid with high proportion of renewable energy sources in the next 20 years. To analyze the future problems of voltage stability, scenarios of renewable energy injection of the years 2015 and 2030 have been created. Concrete recommendations for measures in the MV-grid have been developed. Furthermore general recommendations for planning guidelines of MV-grids with a high proportion of renewable energy sources have been derived. (4 pages)Impact of the SmartGrids concept on future distribution system investments in Slovenia
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2012.0831
The paper focuses on evaluating the value of savings of the SmartGrids implementation in Slovenian distribution system network. Additional investments in the distribution system in order to connect distributed generation (DG) sources are needed for the achievement of Slovenia's environmental commitments. SmartGrids concept gives us an option to lower investment costs in the long term. However, additional investments in R&D and new equipment will be needed in the middle term of 10 years. This paper is the result of research in the Slovenian SmartGrids Roadmap (distribution network). (4 pages)Impact of various harsh environmental conditions on the long term behavior of electrical joints
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2012.0706
The expanding generation and transmission of renewable energies causes an enhanced deployment of power connections under severe operating conditions. These technical and climate based operating conditions are classified as extreme conditions. Over the lifetime of electrical joints, ageing processes take place after a certain time which is often beyond a time period not indicated by short term investigations (t < 1000 h). As a consequence, joint resistance increases which inevitably results in increased power losses as well as a rise of the joint temperature. To bring these points together, long term investigations with respect to ageing processes and lifetime will be performed. As part of extreme conditions, experimental results of electrical connectors under industrial atmosphere will be presented. Further proposed tests of tropical rain forest conditions are discussed whereas power connections will exposed to seasonal affective ambient temperatures up to 50°C with an atmosphere of 95 % of relative humidity.Intermittent duty of induction machine: investigations of energy efficiency for environmental impact minimization
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2012.0295
This paper presents an approach for estimating the efficiency of an induction motor operating in periodic intermittent service. The theoretical approach is based on a space vector model. This model yields the electrical behaviour of the motor during transients and, by extension, losses and instantaneous powers. Energy efficiency is calculated for the considered intermittent service. The accuracy of the theoretical model and its associated hypothesis are discussed considering experimental data recorded on a testing bench for periodic starting from zero speed. The differences between the efficiency for an intermittent service and the classical permanent operating point may be significant. This model gives extra information for the design of motorized systems working in intermittent services, in order to minimize their global environmental impact determined for their whole life. (7 pages)Bridging vehicle sensor networks with social networks: applications and challenges
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2011.0755
More and more serious global warming boosters the research on environmental protection from both the industries and academia. The collection of environmental data is a basic block for the environmental protection. Due to the mobility and the release of stringent power constraints, vehicular sensor networks (VSN) provides an efficient way to collect environmental data. However, many existing work on the application of VSN in the environmental protection focuses on using the collected data to generate the environmental report. The increasing popularity of social networks motivates our interests in providing more innovative applications by integrating the VSN with social networks. In this paper, we introduce the structure of the integrated system, discuss the applications and the challenging issues.A cross layer routing protocol for green communication network
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2011.0802
Nowadays, the idea of green communication has been widely discussed to improve the green performance of communication network. Routing is a key issue to reduce the energy consumption of the network. In this paper, we propose a cross layer routing protocol. With the constraint of BER and request rate, the protocol can optimize the adaptive modulation, power control, routing protocol jointly. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol can improve the performance of routing by 15 percent.Full life cycle assessment of a wave energy converter
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2011.0124
The Pelamis wave energy converter is emerging as one of the most promising devices to harness the available power in the waves. This study examines the environmental impacts of the device, presenting the results as a set of impact potentials, and demonstrating that it performs well in comparison to other renewable energy converters and fossil-fuelled generators. (6 pages)Regional and national implications of EV's
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic.2010.0073
Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: electric vehicle; political aspect; economical aspect; sociological aspect; technological aspect; legal aspect; environmental aspects; OLEV(office of low emission vehicles). (16 pages)Establishing a typical solar radiation year time series for the application of building integrated photovoltaic systems in Taiwan
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.0424
Photovoltaic modules are increasingly being utilized in building envelopes for green energy generation purposes. While photovoltaic modules are integrated into building envelope design, the modules will not often be facing south and are frequently mounted vertically. The radiation efficiency of photovoltaic modules is important to the optimization of Building Intergraded Photovoltaic Systems (BiPV). The energy generation efficiency of BiPV system relies much on the panel surface solar radiation received. It is important for architects to estimate the annual energy generated by their BiPV design schemes. The purpose of this paper is to develop a typical hourly solar radiation year to facilitate the estimation process. The typical solar radiation year should be subject to local long-term climate variations, thus, ten years' hourly meteorological data was gathered to formulate a typical year by means of a series of statistical processes. A total of three cities' typical hourly years from northern to southern Taiwan were established in this paper. Furthermore, a software tool for calculating cumulative yearly generated energy on every panel inclinations and orientations of BiPV modules was also developed to help building designers facilitate the evaluation and optimization of the BiPV system.Sustainable development of ice landscape in Harbin
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.0469
The paper analyses the practice to realize the sustainable development of ice landscape in Harbin. The specific measures include ice landscape layout, the use of energy saving light source, ice recovery. The study methods are investigation and illumination tests around the ice lanterns on-site. All of Large-scale ice landscapes are built near the Songhua River which across the city so that we can get the free and pure ice from the river quickly. LED technique was applied to ice landscape lighting to reduce the power consumption in 2008. LED light isn't fragile and contains no toxic substances. More and more people are interested in ice landscape, and they become the internal impetus to the ice landscape development. The study also finds out some problems. The collection and reuse of ice lack feasible measures, and about 120,000 cubic meters ice aren't recycled every year. The higher price of LED source has affected its popularity, and the excessive lighting of ice landscape can lead to light pollution. Some factors decide the ice landscape sustainable development such as ice recovery, energy saving, environmental protection and related cultivation of professionals.Assessment of the energy-saving and carbon reduction efficiency of an air-conditioned office in Taiwan
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.0425
Issues such as energy savings and carbon reduction are attracting worldwide attention due to the rapid increase of energy costs and global warming. The main objective of this study was to estimate the power consumption, energy-saving, and the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">2</sub>) as greenhouse gas for air-conditioning systems by using two different control strategies for operating the Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system. These are either a Constant Air Volume (CAV) system (with screw chiller) or a Variable Air Volume (VAV) system (with flooded screw chiller) which has been installed in an office built in Taiwan. Experimental results indicate that the VAV system has greater energy-saving rate than the CAV system. Approximately 46% of the average energy-saving rate was obtained by using VAV system. Furthermore, the power consumption accumulation increased from 102 to 6,111 kWh, and accumulation CO<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">2</sub> reduction changes from 67 to 3,687 kg (The emission factor for electricity = 0.637 kg-CO<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">2</sub>/kwh) during office hours from 08:30 (a.m.) to 17:00 (p.m.). Results demonstrate that the energy-saving and CO<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">2</sub> reduction could be significantly enhanced, when the air volume system has been changed from CAV to VAV system. This study is a useful reference for evaluating an indoor environmental policy regarding energy-saving and the reduction of CO<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">2</sub> emissions of air-conditioned offices in subtropical regions.An overview of renewable energy policies and regulations in People's Republic of China
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.0466
Renewable energy development is one of the main targets of PRC Government on the way to the sustainable development and climate change mitigation. China's energy policy target is to reach 15.4% renewable energy share by 2020 and 27.5% by 2050. In order to achieve this target, the Government has implemented many instruments from laws and policies and financial incentives. The paper gives introduction to the present situation oh the renewable energy development in China and overviews the main instruments that China uses to promote and develop renewable energy. Also, the suggestions for the further development of renewable energy technologies in China are given.Reducing carbon emissions from the UK's non-domestic buildings
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic.2009.0221
Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: electric grid decarbonisation; and government policies on environmental issues. (16 pages)Impact on T&D protection systems from low fault levels in high wind conditions in 2030
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic.2009.0212
Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: energy policy; 2030 fault currents in gone green scenario; and coping and avoidance of low fault level in transmission and distribution systems. (18 pages)ICT applications in intelligent buildings
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic.2009.0226
Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: intelligent buildings; environmental issues and energy efficiency. (13 pages)Rethinking refurbisment
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic.2009.0224
Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: housing energy; environmental issues; buildings and refurbishment projects. (21 pages)A characterization model and a normalization system of the LCIA for Chinese electromechanical products
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1493
In the four generally recognized stages of the life cycle assessment (LCA) community, the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) has been taken more attention as the most important and controversial phase. How to reflect the spatial characteristics of the environmental impact in the characterization model is in urgent need. First, the midpoint and endpoint categories are selected by analyzing the specialties of electromechanical products. Second, based on midpoints and endpoints, a characterization model is constructed in which the region type is fractionized into seven spatial types according to Chinese environment standards. Every life cycle inventory result is related with a spatial characteristic coefficient in the process of classification. Third, the method of calculation for the environmental impact potentials of products is described in detail. And the normalization references are discussed that the year 2000 is selected as the reference time and China is defined as the normal region. At last, the characterization model and normalization system are applied to study the LCIA of a pintsized electromotor. (5 pages)Measurements of interaction between equipment in the frequency range 9 to 95 KHZ
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.0630
A number of measurements have been performed on a full-scale electric model of a house to study equipment emission and impedances in the frequency range 9-95 kHz. Most equipment forms a much lower impedance path that the grid. The result is that conducted disturbances in this frequency range mainly flow between individual devices instead of between devices and the grid. It is also shown that the input impedance of equipment can be highly time dependent at a time scale below one cycle of the power-system frequency. (4 pages)Defining a transformer's aging factors in the future
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.0948
Environmental factors used to have a major contribution to a transformer's aging process. Heat and humidity were the main reasons for the degradation of the insulation layer and caused corrosion to the oil tank. With power electronics being introduced into the grid, repetitive transients are becoming an influential player in shortening of the transformer's life span. This paper will discuss the major aging factors affecting the transformer and it will also propose how a predictive health model can be applied to judge the state of this very important component. (4 pages)Amorphous sheet core transformers under experimentation on the ERDF network
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.0546
Energy efficiency is set to be one of European industry's major challenges. The European Commission's 2005 Green Paper identified various major actions to be conducted in various sectors. In the electricity supply activity, the Commission is primarily encouraging electricity distributors to innovate in order to reduce their technical losses generated in the networks. Therefore network equipment manufacturers are being invited to make significant improvements to the performance of the elements they supply. Distribution transformers are included in this category and it is estimated that their no-load losses account for 25% of all technical losses on the grid. That said, all these no-load losses are produced regardless of transformer loading, so it would seem crucial to reduce them drastically. Under the framework of the EuP Directive, the European Commission has instigated a study, due to be published in November 2010, entitled Distribution and Power Transformers, Lot 2, to assess the environmental impact of transformer losses. (4 pages)End of life management of medium voltage equipments
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.0501
The degradation of some natural resources and the increasingly strict regulatory constraints have led a large number of manufacturers to modify their approach to production with the aim of minimizing the consumption of raw materials and optimizing the recovery of spent products. To date, the issue of recycling is addressed in two different ways: firstly, the integration of eco-design to reduce the consumption of materials at source and improve the recovery of the materials at end of life and secondly, the optimization of the end of life management processes in order to recover maximum material at least cost. Indeed, the recycled material regeneration is generally less polluting than virgin material production. In order to improve the environmental quality of its equipment items, AREVA T&D/DRC has chosen to work in parallel on eco- design and to develop an approach to the end of life management of medium-voltage equipment. (4 pages)Experience of introducing new regulatory policy on electricity supply industry of Thailand
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1093
Over the past decades the evolution of power markets worldwide has been changing regulatory frameworks and trading arrangements for Electricity Supply Industry (ESI). The awareness of energy and environmental concerns is the key issue causing many countries has set targets for clean, secure and adequate supply of energy for the future. Thailand is one of many countries under Kyoto Protocol has set targets for clean energy and environment by promoting renewable energy and distributed generation (DG) in Thailand ESI. A number of new regulatory policies have been introduced to support the power industry to achieve targets. (4 pages)Energy production for zero carbon buildings
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic.2008.0740
This presentation looks on energy production for zero carbon buildings. It presents drivers in the built environment, energy sectors and zero carbon energy options. The built environment includes national incentives and regulations for sustainable homes, planning and energy bill act and 'green consumers'. For the energy sectors, the existing drivers include renewable target for 2010, energy suppliers, energy users and energy producers. The rest of the presentation presents renewable energy strategies and policies for sustainable development for low carbon buildings. (26 pages)Regulatory frameworks for SmartGrid implementation in Europe and the next steps
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080428
A collection of slides presented by Ferrucio Villa on the regulatory frameworks for SmartGrid implementation in Europe is given. (10 pages)Climate change and business adaptation
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080652
To thrive in a changing climate, businesses need to adapt. This presentation is a brief introduction to climate change; from present-day observations to future projections, and what they mean for mitigation and adaptation. The process of scoping adaptation options is explored, with particular reference to a recent collaborative project between the Met Office Hadley Centre and the energy sector. (17 pages)AMP5 - a water company's perspective
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080136
The article consists of a Powerpoint presentation on Thames Water's perspective of AMP5. The areas discussed include: investment; overseas contracts; water supply system; water treatment; wastewater treatment; SCADA systems; ICA & electrical architecture; water flooding events; maintenance; effluent monitoring; AMP5 architecture; asset management; transformers; failure analysis; risk management. (23 pages)Designing for safety
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080646
A collection of slides presented by Bill Prescott on designing for safety in offshore platform environment is given. (15 pages)Digital model of a distribution management system for the optimal operation of active distribution systems
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080481
The growing interest on environmental issues and the increasing cost of fossil fuels have determined the conditions for high shares of distributed generation in the distribution system. Nowadays distribution networks are approaching a critical point whereby the connection of DG will require an active approach. The paper presents a Distribution Management System to manage an active distribution network economically and safely. (5 pages)Network solutions for embedded generation
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic.2008.0739
Intelligent energy networks will be the key to managing power flows between multiple sources of generation, energy storage and loads within a zero carbon building. This presentation will review options and developments that will enable these intelligent energy networks to function. (36 pages)Issues facing the power generation industry
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic.2008.0674
This presentation presents the multiple objectives faced by UK power generation sector, particularly in terms of energy security and the environment. Cleaning up the UK thermal generation fleet is a key challenge, but with challenges come opportunities. Need to address key elements of EU / UK energy policy to deliver the optimal solution. Deciding what to build to close the UK energy gap is still the billion dollar question. Putting in place the correct framework and incentives will provide investor confidence and encourage necessary investment for the UK. (36 pages)WITS - the revolution begins (Abstract only)
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20070555
The effective collection and dissemination of real-time data is critical for the efficient operation of water networks and environmental monitoring. The 18 Water Management Organisations who sponsor the WITS project aim to improve the cost-effectiveness of telemetry and SCADA systems through development of a standard data transmission protocol to meet 21<sup xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">st</sup> century needs. This project is now reaching a crucial milestone, with compatible products from six suppliers due for release this year. This could transform your approach to the collection of asset information.Practical experiences in upgrading and standardising the safety & environmental systems (SEMS) for the RN marine power & propulsion systems division
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20070451
Under UK law, all employers have a duty of care to their employees, the general public and the wider environment. For the Ministry of Defence (MoD), this includes an obligation to manage the safety risks associated with military systems and their operation. To that end, considerable effort has been expended by MoD to establish Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS), which would ensure that acceptable and as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) levels of risk were justified for their platforms, systems and equipment. The Defence Equipment & Support - Marine Power & Propulsion Systems (MPPS) division is one such equipment integrated project team (IPT) that had a substantial number of safety cases and associated hazard logs developed over several years, that aimed to demonstrate how acceptable and ALARP levels of safety had been achieved and how these levels would be maintained. This paper describes the problems encountered when rationalizing and standardising the SEMS, the processes developed to deal with the associated challenges and the outcomes and lessons learnt as a result of implementing this paradigm shift. Amongst the many lessons learnt from this iterative continuous improvement method was, that smart key performance indicators (KPIs) could only be derived once integration of seemingly raw data into an intelligent and relevant information management system was completed.Demystifying 'clean earth' installations
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20060618
A collection of slides from the authors' conference presentation is given.Planar waveguide enzyme sensor array for water pollution monitoring
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20060454
The proposed sensor is based on SiO<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">2</sub>/Si<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">3</sub>N<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">4</sub> planar waveguide having a sensing window coated with electro-statically self-assembled film containing pH sensitive organic chromophore molecules and different enzymes: urease, acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase. The sensor is capable of registration of enzyme reactions as well as their inhibition by traces of some typical water pollutants, such as heavy metal ions Cd<sup xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">2+</sup>, Pb<sup xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">2+</sup>, and Ni<sup xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">2+</sup>, and pesticides Imidacloprid, PVDP, and Paraoxon. A portable prototype sensor array set-up comprises 630 nm fan-beam laser diode, semi-cylindrical lens, planar waveguide with three-channel cell attached, and CCD array photodetector. Dedicated software was developed for CCD image processing and further data analysis with artificial neural network. The prototype sensor array provides both the recognition of water pollutants and evaluation of their concentration in a wide range from 10 ppm down to 1 ppb.Pervasive sensing applications
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20060258
The pervasive sensing and standardisation activities are discussed in this paper. Applications of pervasive sensing in the utilities sector, buildings and office space management, telecare, and environmental monitoring are presented. (23 pages)Impact of a passing weather front on local & region-wide wind & solar generation output
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060018
The paper describes a case study of the regional impact on the grid of wind and solar generation sources over three days due to a passing weather system. Estimated changes of wind and solar output over a 150 km long and 100 km wide region as well as at local levels were made. The area chosen covered the coast and adjacent ranges around Sydney, being an area where roof-top solar could potentially be greatest and wind power would be most likely concentrated in the future.Utilization of wind resource as renewable energy for power generation in Hong Kong (Abstract only)
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20062266
Provision of adequate and reliable electricity is vital to the sustained economic development of Hong Kong. The Hongkong Electric Company, Limited (HEC) is committed to provide quality power supply to its customers with due care for the environment. Recognizing the importance of sustainable development, HEC completed a one-year wind monitoring program in November 2002, obtained an Environmental Permit in November 2004 and successfully connected Hong Kong's first commercial wind power turbine system on Lamma Island to the power grid on 26 September 2006. The objectives of the project are to acquire knowledge and experience in the design, construction and operation of wind turbine and promote public understanding of the benefits as well as the limitations of harnessing wind energy for power generation in the context of Hong Kong's unique situations. This paper provides a summary of HEC's experience gained and challenges encountered in the course of project implementation and plant operation. The way forward to widening the application of wind energy for power generation is also presented. (1 page)Environmentally friendly materials for switchgear equipment
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20061853
The techniques to introduce alternative materials into switchgear equipment are described. A circuit breaker has been used as a demonstrator to define the functional performance requirements and develop the procedures of material selection while the environmental characterisation has been performed using an Eco-design tool. Material selection has been principally based upon their ability to reduce their impact on the environment during their full life cycle. When using this approach conventional qualification testing is still required to confirm the material's fitness for service. (7 pages)Reliability and long time behaviour of MV-distribution switchgear in severe environmental conditions - examination of SF<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">6</sub>-insulated ring main units (RMU) from Siemens up to 20 years in service
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20061873
SF<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">6</sub> insulated RMUs from Siemens are designed and tested for operation in severe environmental conditions and have proven its reliability on thousands of units in service since 1983. International standards give only limited recommendations of how to test switchgears for special and severe environmental conditions and which risks have to be considered for an expected life time of more than 30 years. To accumulate field experience, tests are carried out on switchgears which were operated up to 20 years in different regions in the world. Such tests include e.g. dielectric tests, mechanical tests or dew point measurements inside the SF<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">6</sub> compartments. One of the examined 24 kV-RMU was in service continuously from 1985 to 2000 on the south west coast of Norway with salty atmosphere and has been used since 2000 also in sandy and traffic atmosphere after moving in a substation for temporary installation. The investigations were performed in July/August 2004 in the Testing Laboratory Medium Voltage Frankfurt am Main, Germany. In detail, the following tests were carried out: (i) checking the condition of the gas; (ii) checking the condition of the electrical contacts; (iii)dielectric tests including partial discharge measurement; (iv) mechanical tests; and (v) visual inspection on the SF<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">6</sub>-vessel and mechanical parts, e.g. for corrosion. The examination showed a good condition of the primary circuit, the SF<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">6</sub>-tank and the other materials. The insulating-gas itself has got minimal humidity with a dew point of less than -30°C. Out of this examination we can derive a conclusion that the RMU from Siemens will have an expected life time which is much longer than 30 years. It also shows that the chosen design and the intensive aging tests, e.g. according to IEC 60932 are suitable to prove the long time behaviour for switchgear in severe environmental conditions. (7 pages)Collaborative integrated project team - a new approach to project delivery
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20062141
Projects in the power supply business are becoming increasingly challenging. Performance expectations of stakeholders are rising and project managers and project teams in today's industry must deliver greater value than ever before while working to the highest safety, health, environmental, ethical and social standards. The traditional project environment in any industry demands that a significant proportion of available resources are used in areas that have minimal direct input into the final outcome or the final deliverables of the project. Reducing effort here enables resource to be directed into areas that will very positively affect project outcome including safety management, health and environmental management, quality management and risk management. In recent years "partnering" has appeared as an alternative contracting methodology. Collaborative integrated project team (CIPT), a partnering derivative, has been specifically developed for the CLP power operating environment, Hong Kong construction market and the worldwide electrical equipment supply market. It focuses upon exploiting the attributes of a partnering relationship that can realistically be achieved at this time while providing a road map to full partnering relationships with our business partners. This paper explores and explains the CIPT model covering the organizational structure, relationship models and techniques available to achieve project goals. A three-way viewpoint will be presented with experiences of CLP Power, Hip Hing (Civil Solution Provider) and Xian Electric (Electrical Solution Provider). Starting with "brown field" switchboard replacement projects CLP Power CIPT experience has now expanded to include major substation turnkey contracts whereby CLP Power, Hip Hing and Xian Electric will together deliver a number of green field and brown field substation projects representing a very significant commitment by all three parties to this innovative contracting technique. (5 pages)Detection of the insulator dirtiness based on the computer vision
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20061682
Insulators are important equipments on transmission line.The dirty-degree of insulator has direct effect on the safe running of the power network,so it's very important and necessary to inspect it. In this paper, a method based on the computer vision to detect the dirty-degree of insulators is put forward. By establishing a mathematics model based on fuzzy comprehensive judgment, the method can be used to estimate the dirty state of insulator. The images screened on the helicopter can be analyzed by this way in the future. (4 pages)HVDC transmission - opportunities and challenges
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060006
HVDC transmission has a number of technical advantages compared with HVAC transmission, which have been highlighted in many papers. However, HVDC transmission has remained a niche technology, being used only for long distance overhead transmission, submarine cable and frequency conversion. Nevertheless, HVDC projects often provide strategically important enhancements and cost-effective additions to AC networks. Recent developments in energy policies and stronger environmental lobbies could make HVDC transmission attractive for many more applications. This paper reviews technical issues faced by users of HVDC transmission and discusses how HVDC could be made more generally acceptable as a transmission solution.Application of pulsed power generated high power ultrasound to waste comminution and the recovery of metals
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20050050
The disposal of waste materials is an increasing burden on industry across the world. In order to address this problem, the development of viable technologies and recycling paths is required. Often it is necessary to process waste to reduce its size (comminution) or to allow the recovery of high value components entrapped in waste. This paper describes the application of high power ultrasound (HPU), generated using pulsed power techniques, to two waste products: glass and stainless steel slag. (6 pages)Some very high precision applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20050561
This talk concentrates on two GNSS application areas: (a) environmental monitoring where it is used, for example, to control the processes of mapping change, to measure precipitable water vapour and to assess seismic hazard, and (b) engineering surveying where it is used, for example, to provide detailed mapping, to monitor dam and bridge deformations, and to increase the efficiency of setting out structures. (11 pages)A portable, sub aqueous pulsed power device for industrial applications
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20050057
This portable sub aqueous pulsed power spark device under development is compact enough to be portable and is straightforward enough to be powered from a wall socket. It produces and maintains a regular pulse into a conductive aqueous solution at a distance of up to 60 metres from the equipment. It operates at medium power and low frequency under microprocessor, closed loop control and features a fail-safe, no impulse shutdown mechanism for operator safety. This technology for sub aqueous application has, in the past, demonstrated environmental benefits in the control of zebra mussels and surveying advantages for oceanographic mapping, It is believed that it may be beneficial in industrial and environmental applications as a means of reducing the use of chemicals and reducing water pollution. There is initial testing under way in the pulp and paper industry and in the treatment of animal waste where it is anticipated that it will offer significant pay back environmentally and in cost savings. There are indications that maintenance may be reduced and that product quantity and quality may be improved. The availability of a proven, robust, reliable, and fail-safe sub aqueous impulse generator will enable new applications to be developed. (4 pages)Innovative ring main unit design: safety and availability aspects
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20050026
Both technology and market driven changes take place in the electricity networks world-wide, resulting in a new philosophy for future MV networks and new design aspects for the switchgear itself. This paper describes the design and the main specifications of a new generation of indoor MV switchgear. The boundary conditions (like availability, life cycle costs, maintenance and safety aspects and needed space) in relation to the chosen design for the new switchgear are explained. The switchgear design itself - a safe, compact and effective solution in the network for the connection and protection of power transformers and cables - is presented in detail. The following subjects are addressed: Area of application, safe protection of network components, maintenance - of the unit, environmental issues regarding the use of materials, design for automation for intelligent networks and safety for the operators.Energy supply quality: a global and innovative response
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20050023
This article present global and innovative solutions worked out to answer the concerns of energy distributors operating three-phase networks in terms of customer satisfaction, safety and respect for the environment. · GLOBAL: They concern both the handling of the MV neutral and the design of MV/LV substations. · INNOVATIVE: With the aim of providing solutions at optimum cost, this overall vision leads to the calling into question of conventional equipment. The themes discussed here remain sufficiently general for the reader to be able to extract from them the aspects more specifically relevant to his concerns.Environmental requirements for power system projects
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20050883
Utilities, as the owners of power system assets, are responsible for asset's impacts on the environment during the asset's whole service life from the purchasing to the decommissioning. Measures for preventing or reducing negative environmental impacts have to be applied when installing new assets, repairing and maintaining existing assets, decommissioning old or damaged assets and improving the existing assets. Those measures may deal with new or old equipment technologies, damaged switchgear, SF<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">6</sub> gas handling, severe oil leaks, damaged transformers, diesel generators with underground tank, damaged high voltage cables, etc. This paper considers the asset management impacts on the environment, proposes measures for their prevention or reduction, and suggests a systematic approach in managing the impacts. (5 pages)Energy supply quality: a global and innovative response
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20050925
This article present global and innovative solutions worked out to answer the concerns of energy distributors operating three-phase networks in terms of customer satisfaction, safety and respect for the environment. (4 pages)Energy efficiency in Romanian residential sector: facts, opportunities, perspectives
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20051210
From the energy consumption point of view, the residential sector is the second largest sector in Romania. Although almost all types of energy (electricity, thermal energy, oil petroleum products, natural gas, coal) used in households decreased in the last years, having the same trend of energy consumption like in all other sectors. The paper presents official data about the present situation, the savings potential, what was done (programs, projects, grants), what was and is to be done (politics, objectives, goals, actions plans, information campaigns), in order to obtain efficient use of energy in Romanian residential sector. (4 pages)