New Publications are available for Energy Engineering
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po?TRACK=RSS
New Publications are available now online for this publication.
Please follow the links to view the publication.Wind Turbine System Design. Volume 2: Electrical systems, grid integration, control and monitoring
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo142g
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Wind energy is a pillar of the strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and staving off catastrophic climate change, but the market is under tremendous pressure to reduce costs. This results in the need for optimising any new wind turbine to maximise the return on investment and keep the technology profitable and the sector thriving. Optimisation involves selecting the best component out of many, and then optimising the system as a whole.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This second volume of <i>Wind Turbine System Design</i> focuses on electrical systems, grid integration, control and monitoring. Chapters written by experts in the field cover electrical safety, generator and converter design, hardware in-loop testing, turbine control and automation, structural health monitoring, control of wind farm systems, and integration of local energy systems. Readers will be able to make systematic choices to design the best turbine system for the given situation.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Wind Turbine System Design: Volume 2: Electrical systems, grid integration, control and monitoring</i> is a valuable reference for scientists, engineers and advanced students engaged in the design of wind turbines, offering a systematic guide to these components.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00ZHigh Voltage Power Transformers: State of the art and technological innovations
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo237e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power transformers are static devices transferring electrical energy between two circuits with separate systems of alternating voltages, by means of electromagnetic induction. They are used to connect power networks and components with different voltage levels. Transformers are essential components for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric power in large power grids, which are facing increasingly demanding requirements for power quality, integration of renewable sources and demand side management. Transformers benefit from the recent technological developments in components, design and construction.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>High Voltage Power Transformers: State of the art and technological innovations</i> describes the characteristics of design, manufacturing, and operation of large power transformers for high-voltage electrical networks, including autotransformers and shunt reactors. The topics covered include design solutions, criteria for the choice of main components (such as magnetic core, wires and windings, insulating parts, principal accessories), the aspects of dielectric, magnetic and thermal and noise requirements at specification, design and installation stages; moreover, the effects of DC components on converter transformers for VSC systems are dealt with.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The book provides information to assist readers in understanding and reducing risks in operation, and in taking advantage of opportunities arising from technological developments in transformer R&D for the emerging clean power system. It is particularly suitable for researchers and experts in academia, utilities and manufacturing, and advanced students in EE subjects.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00ZClean Energy: Past to future
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo235e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Clean energy provision and usage has a long history from an engineering perspective. This perspective can help understanding past and current developments at a time of increasing concern about climate change. Over many hundreds of years human beings have been extracting energy from their environment in various ways, many of which could also be acceptable in the future for achieving a lower energy carbon footprint.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book for engineers, researchers and scientists in the renewable energy industries as well as for advanced students, investors, managers, and engineering historians, describes the engineering history of human methods for extracting energy from our environment, up to and including the electrical age.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Chapters cover the ancient and historical past, fuels between 1800 and 1900, science, engineering and electricity in the modern age, current energy vectors, clean and renewable energy, and an outlook to the future.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The book places those aspects and developments in context alongside present usage. It presents energy data in graphical or schematic ways to indicate these changes in different world regions, putting them in historical context. The goal is an understanding of the range of energy resources available to us from our environment.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00ZPower System Strength: Evaluation methods, best practice, case studies, and applications
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo247e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power systems need to incorporate rising shares of intermittent renewables. The penetration levels of renewable energy sources, inverter-based resources and inverter-based loads have grown, which has negative impacts on the stability and system strength of existing power systems.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">System strength describes the ability to manage fluctuations in supply or demand while maintaining the voltage. Metrics for the system strength and the hosting capacity are needed, as well as ways to improve the strength, for example by managing the loads, electric vehicles, generation and grid-forming inverters.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book is intended to enable researchers to advance the movement towards smart grids and clean energy systems by providing solutions to improve system strength. Case studies underpin the technologies presented.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Chapters cover power system strength assessment, voltage sensitivity-based metrics, high penetration of inverter-based resources and their impacts, dynamic model reduction of power networks, effects of power system strength on transmission capacity, control approaches for system strength, impact of renewables on voltage stability, and smart devices-based strategies for planning and operation.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Power System Strength: Evaluation methods, best practice, case studies, and applications</i> is a comprehensive book on power system strength in emerging power grids with high penetration of renewable energy systems, for researchers in university, academia and experts at utilities and power system operators.</p>2023-12-12T00:00:00ZInteractions of Wind Turbines with Aviation Radio and Radar Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo250e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Wind farms and wind turbines are strong reflectors of radio waves, which can affect radar and radio systems used by civil and military aviation. The speeds of turbine blades and aircraft are comparable, and it can be difficult to discriminate between them using existing radar systems. Wind turbines may also affect communications, navigation and instrument landing systems. This situation is a brake to wind farm development slowing or stopping exploitation of many giga watts of wind capacity in many countries. Therefore, developing approaches and technologies for the mitigation of the impacts of wind farms on aviation systems is of great importance. These technologies have the potential to increase renewable energy generation and promote energy independence but, and this is critically important, they must do so without compromising safety or national defense.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Interactions of Wind Turbines with Aviation Radio and Radar Systems</i> introduces the basic principles of aviation and aviation radio systems, of wind, wind turbines and the planning and development processes of wind farms. The operating principles, antenna systems, beam patterns and frequencies of potentially affected aviation systems are described to facilitate analysis of the problems. General analytical techniques are explored. For systems amenable to mitigation, older techniques and their pitfalls are described, and useful modern concepts are introduced. There are still matters that require basic and applied research; suggestions for topics including future enhancements to mitigation are provided. Guidance is offered on where to find additional information.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The issues are multi-disciplinary and a key consideration addressed by the book is explaining the terminology to help all the stakeholders communicate with each other. For example, the book provides the wind power community with an understanding of the aviation problem, and it explains how wind power extraction is developing for the aviation community to understand what the future has in hold. Researchers and experts in the wind farm development community will find this book to be a valuable resource, as will aviation radio and radar experts, legal counsels and other specialist consultants in the field.</p>2023-11-29T00:00:00ZGreen HV Switching Technologies for Modern Power Networks
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo236e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">In modern power networks with high shares of renewable energy sources, and a mixture of alternating (AC) and direct current (DC) technology in different sections of the network, power switching devices are exposed to more and different stresses compared with those in conventional AC networks.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Another pressure on power switching equipment is to minimize their long-term environmental impact, for example, to relinquish the use of SF<sub>6</sub> with its high global warming potential. Solutions are either based on vacuum switching devices modified for higher voltages or on environmentally benign alternative gases.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book systematically and thoroughly conveys the recent advances in the field of green HV switching technologies for an audience of researchers, engineers, senior students and professionals working on high voltage equipment at utilities and manufacturers. Chapters are written by leading scientists and professionals from manufacturing companies and testing organizations.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Green HV Switching Technologies for Modern Power Networks</i> begins with an introduction to the topic, followed by chapters covering requirements for HV circuit breakers, aspects related to DC switching and high penetration of renewables, environmentally friendly high voltage vacuum circuit breakers, SF<sub>6</sub>-free gas circuit breakers, DC switching devices, as well as open research questions and future trends.</p>2023-10-10T00:00:00ZProcessing and Manufacturing of Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo227e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are key to storing clean energy. However, process design, including electrode processing, is critical for performance. There are many reviews addressing material development for LIBs, but comparatively few on correlating the material properties with processing design and constraints. While these technologies are becoming familiar in industry, they are not yet widely accessible to the research community.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book provides a comprehensive and critical view of electrode processing and manufacturing for Li-ion batteries. Coverage includes electrode processing and cell fabrication with emphasis on technologies, relation between materials properties and processing design, and scaling up from lab to pilot scale. Outlining the whole process of Li-ion battery fabrication, chapters cover materials for Li-ion batteries, slurry preparation, coating, laser materials processing, additive manufacturing, dry processing, electrode drying, aqueous cathode processing, electrolyte filling and formation of cells, simulation-assisted electrode processing, as well as quality control.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Processing and Manufacturing of Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries</i> bridges the gap between academic development and industrial manufacturing, and also outlines future directions to Li-ion battery electrode processing and emerging battery technologies. It will be an invaluable resource for battery researchers in academia, industry and manufacturing as well as for advanced students in related subjects.</p>2023-08-15T00:00:00ZPhotovoltaic Technology for Hot and Arid Environments
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo144e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependency on fossil fuels necessitates accelerated deployment of renewable energy, such as photovoltaics (PV). Regions with high insolation in the "Sun Belt" covering north Africa and the middle east, as well as in Australia, parts of Latin America, and elsewhere offer tremendous potential for PV, including for green hydrogen production. However, these regions are characterized by a hot climate and a dusty environment, both causing reduction of PV panel performance by 25% or more. The development of solar cells with enhanced resistance to thermal degradation and the reduction of panel soiling have therefore been subjects of intense study.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Key developments include optimisation of the temperature coefficient of heterojunction solar cells, developing cells of higher open circuit voltage that are expected to show lower reduction of the panel efficiency at high temperatures, and analysis of soiling effects for better predictability and countermeasures. Based in part on research undertaken at Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), and with contributions from chapter authors from a range of international institutions, this book addresses recent trends and developments in its field. Chapters revise solar energy resources and PV principles and thermodynamics, solar cell and module technology, bifacial solar cells, and soiling. A case study from Australia is followed by conclusions and future outlooks.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Photovoltaic Technology for Hot and Arid Environments</i> covers developments in the field for researchers and experts in industry and academia, and advanced students with an interest in the topic.</p>2023-08-15T00:00:00ZDistributed Energy Storage in Urban Smart Grids
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo214e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Renewable energy is key to stopping climate change, however, the intermittent nature of most forms of renewable energy generation poses a challenge. Energy storage is therefore a focus of research and development, particularly for urban areas with their limited space and high population density, which results in massive demand for both small distributed and utility-scale generation. Such locations require thorough integration of storage, with the urban energy system treated as a whole, and sufficient planning, sizing and siting, and upgrades to the existing power grid hardware.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book conveys the technology for energy storage for urban areas, treating the urban power grid as a system, and providing an integrated picture. After an introduction to the energy transition and urban grids, chapters cover experiences and principles regarding distributed energy and storage, grid resilience, EV usage and charging infrastructure, standards and grid codes, monitoring and power quality, hosting capacity, intelligent electricity markets, and integrated operation.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Written by international experts in the field, <i>Distributed Energy Storage in Urban Smart Grids</i> offers valuable insights to researchers and professionals from academic institutions, grid operators and the storage technology industry.</p>2023-06-27T00:00:00ZSynchrophasor Technology: Real-time operation of power networks
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo190e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Phasor measurement units (PMUs) provide time synchronized measurements of phase angles of voltages or currents. These synchrophasors are used in electricity grids to support planning and operation. In the past decade, transmission network planners and grid operators have been using PMUs for monitoring applications. Improvements are still needed to realise the full potential of PMU data for more complex power systems with distributed renewables and increased loads. Challenges related to noise and higher frequency components from various dynamic behaviours of grid components, including electric vehicles, are prevalent.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book conveys the technology of PMUs and the application of synchrophasors to wide-area networks and interconnected grids. The chapters cover synchrophasor-based applications and technologies, including monitoring of power oscillation, wide area control and predictive protection, congestion management in transmission networks, synchrophasor-based fault location for multi-terminal transmission systems, system integrity protection, and application of synchrophasor technology to microgrids.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book is important reading for researchers and engineers in academia and industry, and grid operators involved with power systems and renewable energy generation, networks and communication.</p>2023-06-23T00:00:00ZDesign, Control and Monitoring of Tidal Stream Turbine Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo201e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The worldwide potential of electric power from tidal currents is potentially between 100 and 120 GW. The technology uses the ebb and flow currents off coasts to drive submerged turbines. The high load factor and the predictable resource characteristics make tidal energy an attractive, reliable power source. The technology is advancing rapidly towards maturity; several projects have now reached a relatively mature stage and are close to completion, but challenges remain. Topics for ongoing research include hydrodynamics and turbine design, as well as the power conversion interface (including the electric generator), control, and monitoring and maintenance challenges.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Design, Control and Monitoring of Tidal Stream Turbine Systems</i> presents an overview of tidal energy research. Chapters cover tidal stream turbine generators and drivetrain design options, turbine control, fault-tolerant control, monitoring and fault diagnosis, and biofouling issues in tidal stream turbines. The book is intended to enable readers to contribute to designing tidal power systems.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Written by experts in the field, this book is aimed at researchers and engineers involved with tidal stream energy, in academia and industry, as well as advanced students with an interest in the topic.</p>2023-06-20T00:00:00ZIntelligent Control of Medium and High Power Converters
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo239e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The growing share of renewable energies, as well as the rising demand for electricity for transport and heating, are increasing the importance of power converters and the requirements for reliability and control. Intelligent control can increase converter efficiency, reducing size and weight. The application of intelligent control techniques to power converters has therefore recently become a focus of research.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Intelligent Control of Medium and High Power Converters</i> summarizes the state of the art in the control of electric power converters. After an overview of the topic, the chapters cover optimization, bi-directional DC-DC converters, high-gain converters, GaN-based synchronous converters, control design, sliding mode control of three-phase inverters and three-level grid-connected inverters, neurological control, low-frequency switching operation, and a comparison and overview chapter. Comparing control methods for different converters helps users find the best solution for each type of converter and application.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The book is a valuable resource for researchers and manufacturers involved with converters and power grids, as well as for advanced students.</p>2023-06-08T00:00:00Zn-Type Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaics: Technology, applications and economics
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo175e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Most solar cells currently in commercial use are p-type solar cells, due to their historically lower cost and ease of manufacture compared to n-type solar cells. However, due to improved manufacturing technology and falling cost in general, the cost difference between the two types has shrunk, making n-type solar cells an attractive option for future commercial high-efficiency solar cells.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">n-type solar cells are less prone to light-induced degradation, and are also less affected by iron impurities. This makes n-type solar cells more efficient compared to their p-type counterparts, with efficiencies of up to 25% being feasible in production.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Challenges in the manufacturing process and regarding degradation still remain to be solved, in order to realise n-type solar cells' full potential. The challenges, solutions and opportunities afforded by n-type solar cells are explored in this volume.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book conveys current research and development for n-type solar cells and modules. With a systematic build-up, chapters cover the base material, wafer production, and the cell concepts including recent passivation techniques. Also covered are the related issues of solar module technology, such as encapsulation and interconnection, and degradation process management, including comparisons with p-type solar cells. In addition, economic and ecologic aspects and cost modelling are addressed.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This thorough, concise reference is a valuable resource for researchers from industry and academia working in the field of photovoltaics.</p>2022-12-31T00:00:00ZPower Electronics for Next-Generation Drives and Energy Systems. Volume 2: Clean generation and power grids
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo207g
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power electronics converters are devices that change parameters of electric power, such as voltage and frequency, as well as between AC and DC. They are essential parts of both advanced drives, for machines and vehicles, and energy systems to meet required flexibility and efficiency criteria. In energy systems both stationary and mobile, control and converters help ensure reliability and quality of electric power supplies.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This reference in two volumes is useful reading for scientists and researchers working with power electronics, drives and energy systems; manufacturers developing power electronics for advanced applications; professionals working in the utilities sector; and for advanced students of subjects related to power electronics.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Volume 1 covers converters and control for drives, while Volume 2 addresses clean generation and power grids. The chapters enable the reader to directly apply the knowledge gained to their research and designs. Topics include reliability, WBG power semiconductor devices, converter topology and their fast response, matrix and multilevel converters, nonlinear dynamics, AI and machine learning. Robust modern control is covered as well. A coherent chapter structure and step-by-step explanation provide the reader with the understanding to pursue their research.</p>2022-12-31T00:00:00ZPower Electronics for Next-Generation Drives and Energy Systems. Volume 1: Converters and control for drives
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo207f
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power electronics converters are devices that change parameters of electric power, such as voltage and frequency, as well as between AC and DC. They are essential parts of both advanced drives, for machines and vehicles, and energy systems to meet required flexibility and efficiency criteria. In energy systems both stationary and mobile, control and converters help ensure reliability and quality of electric power supplies.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This reference in two volumes is useful reading for scientists and researchers working with power electronics, drives and energy systems; manufacturers developing power electronics for advanced applications; professionals working in the utilities sector; and for advanced students of subjects related to power electronics.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Volume 1 covers converters and control for drives, while Volume 2 addresses clean generation and power grids. The chapters enable the reader to directly apply the knowledge gained to their research and designs. Topics include reliability, WBG power semiconductor devices, converter topology and their fast response, matrix and multilevel converters, nonlinear dynamics, AI and machine learning. Robust modern control is covered as well. A coherent chapter structure and step-by-step explanation provide the reader with the understanding to pursue their research.</p>2022-12-31T00:00:00ZLightning Electromagnetics. Volume 2: Electrical processes and effects
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo127g
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Lightning is important for all scientists and engineers involved with electric installations. It is gaining further relevance since climate warming is causing an increase in lightning strikes, and since the rising numbers of renewable power generators, the electricity grid, and charging infrastructure are susceptible to lightning damage. This is the second edition to this comprehensive work.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Both volumes have been thoroughly revised and updated for this second edition. <i>Volume 1</i> treats lightning return stroke modelling and lightning electromagnetic radiation, and <i>Volume 2</i> addresses electrical processes and effects. Chapter coverage includes various models and simulations of lightning strokes, measurements of lightning-generated EM fields, HF, VHF and microwave radiation, and lightning location systems; atmospheric discharge processes, lightning strikes to grounded structures and towers, EM field propagation, interaction with cables, effects on power transmission and distribution systems, effects in the ionosphere, mesosphere and magnetosphere, as well as NO<sub>
<i>x</i>
</sub> generation and climate effects. The volumes provide the rules and procedures to combine the readers' understanding with a model of every lightning-related electromagnetic process, and their effects and interactions. Readers obtain first-hand experience through simulations of the EM field of thunderclouds and lightning flashes and their effects.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">These volumes are a valuable resource for researchers and engineers in the areas of electrical engineering and physics involved in the fields of electromagnetic compatibility, lightning protection, renewable energy systems, smart grids, and lightning physics, as well as for professionals from telecommunication companies and manufacturers of power equipment, and advanced students.</p>2022-12-31T00:00:00ZLightning Electromagnetics. Volume 1: Return stroke modelling and electromagnetic radiation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo127f
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Lightning is important for all scientists and engineers involved with electric installations. It is gaining further relevance since climate warming is causing an increase in lightning strikes, and since the rising numbers of renewable power generators, the electricity grid, and charging infrastructure are susceptible to lightning damage. This is the second edition to this comprehensive work.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Both volumes have been thoroughly revised and updated for this second edition. <i>Volume 1</i> treats lightning return stroke modelling and lightning electromagnetic radiation, and <i>Volume 2</i> addresses electrical processes and effects. Chapter coverage includes various models and simulations of lightning strokes, measurements of lightning-generated EM fields, HF, VHF and microwave radiation, and lightning location systems; atmospheric discharge processes, lightning strikes to grounded structures and towers, EM field propagation, interaction with cables, effects on power transmission and distribution systems, effects in the ionosphere, mesosphere and magnetosphere, as well as NO<sub>
<i>x</i>
</sub> generation and climate effects. The volumes provide the rules and procedures to combine the readers' understanding with a model of every lightning-related electromagnetic process, and their effects and interactions. Readers obtain first-hand experience through simulations of the EM field of thunderclouds and lightning flashes and their effects.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">These volumes are a valuable resource for researchers and engineers in the areas of electrical engineering and physics involved in the fields of electromagnetic compatibility, lightning protection, renewable energy systems, smart grids, and lightning physics, as well as for professionals from telecommunication companies and manufacturers of power equipment, and advanced students.</p>2022-12-31T00:00:00ZIntegrated Motor Drives
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo178e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">To optimise the efficiency of electric drives it is necessary to consider the components; the power electronic converter, the electric machine and the gearbox, together. Integrated systems can be smaller and have better flexibility and thermal management. Integrated motor drives (IMDs) specifically offer advantages including lower cost of installation and higher power density. This integration concept has been adopted in various electrical machine drive systems as well as electric vehicles.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Integrated Motor Drives</i> presents the state of research and future trends in integrated electrical motor drive technology and helps readers fill gaps in their knowledge. Chapters cover electrical machines, power converters and control techniques, adoption of wide bandgap semiconductor switching devices, thermal management, passive devices, gearboxes, research prototypes and commercial products, as well as emerging technologies and needs.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book for electrical motor drive engineers and researchers in academia and industry, as well as advanced students and experts, is systematically written by members from leading working groups. Close collaboration between chapter authors improves cohesion and usability for advanced students.</p>2022-12-31T00:00:00ZDigital Technologies for Solar Photovoltaic Systems: From general to rural and remote installations
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo228e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The rising share of photovoltaic (PV) energy requires sophisticated digital techniques for control, monitoring and integration with the grid. In remote areas, where no trained personnel might be nearby to intervene, such technologies are vital to ensure reliability and power quality, and to harness the solar potential of these locations. Moreover, tracking is necessary for moveable systems. Digital technologies can be used to enable and augment the use of PV energy in the grid, as well as for desalination, water pumping and hydrolysis.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Digital Technologies for Solar Photovoltaic Systems: From general to rural and remote installations</i> focuses on the latest research and developments in PV energy system operation and integration. It provides extensive coverage of R&D to overcome critical limitations to the use of remote PV systems.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Chapters cover phase-shifting transformers, grid-connected PV micro-inverter, distribution automation, PV powered water pumping, maximum power point tracking and solar tracking, soiling effects and measurement, cleaning methods, IoT based PV module cooling and cleaning, control of energy storage, and energy management.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book is a highly useful reference guide for researchers, designers, operators, and experts involved with PV systems, as well as for graduate students.</p>2022-12-31T00:00:00ZWind Turbine System Design. Volume 1: Nacelles, drivetrains and verification
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo142f
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Wind energy is a pillar of the strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and stave off catastrophic climate change, but the market is under tremendous pressure to reduce costs. This results in the need for optimising any new wind turbine to maximise the return on investment and keep the technology profitable and the sector thriving. Optimisation involves selecting the best component out of many, and then optimising the system as a whole. Key components are the nacelles and drive trains, and the verification of their work as a system.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Wind Turbine System Design: Volume 1: Nacelles, drive trains and verification</i> is a valuable reference for scientists, engineers and advanced students engaged in the design of wind turbines offering a systematic guide to these components. Chapters written by industry experts cover load calculation and validation, models and simulation, pitch and yaw system concepts and designs, drivetrain concepts and developments, gearboxes, hydraulic systems, lubrication, and validation. The book aims to enable readers to make informed and systematic choices in designing the best turbine for a given situation.</p>2022-12-23T00:00:00ZSuperconducting Magnetic Energy Storage in Power Grids
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo210e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Energy storage is key to integrating renewable power. Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems store power in the magnetic field in a superconducting coil. Once the coil is charged, the current will not stop and the energy can in theory be stored indefinitely. This technology avoids the need for lithium for batteries. The round-trip efficiency can be greater than 95%, but energy is needed for the cooling of the superconducting coil, and the material is expensive. So far, SMES systems are primarily used for improving power quality through short time storage, but further applications are being researched.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This concise treatise for researchers, including PhD students, involved with energy storage research at universities and in industry, experts at utilities and grid operators, as well as advanced students provides a hands-on overview of SMES technology. Chapters cover principles, control, power quality and transient stability enhancement, load frequency control, dynamic performance, use of AI with SMES, and cybersecurity case studies underpin the coverage.</p>2022-12-13T00:00:00ZDigital Protection for Power Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo165e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Electric power systems have become much more complex in the past years, due to the integration of distributed generation including renewable energy sources and the challenges caused by intermittency of renewables. This complexity makes power systems potentially more vulnerable. However, use of computer-based protection methods (i.e., digital protection relays) supported by communication technology have helped in protecting electrical networks from faults to which they are subjected to.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This second edition of the book covers a comprehensive introduction to the protection of electrical power systems using digital protective relays. The new edition offers a thorough revision and update, and comprehensive additional material. Chapters treat the mathematical background of protection algorithms including, sinusoidal-wave-based algorithms, Walsh function and S-Transform-based techniques, least squares and differential equation-based techniques, travelling wave-based protection, protection of transformers, digital line differential protection, a comparison between digital protection algorithms, and importantly, protection of networks with distributed generation including renewable energy resources.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The book is written for researchers in electrical engineering and power engineering, in industry, utilities and universities, and for advanced students. The treatment is logically structured, covering mathematics and principles for the development and implementation of the major algorithms underlying different protection techniques. These techniques can be applied to protection of generator transformers, lines, switchgear and cable circuits: the main components of transmission and distribution systems with and without integrated distributed energy sources including renewables.</p>2022-12-13T00:00:00ZAI for Status Monitoring of Utility Scale Batteries
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo238e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Batteries are a necessary part of a low-emission energy system, as they can store renewable electricity and assist the grid. Utility-scale batteries, with capacities of several to hundreds of MWh, are particularly important for condominiums, local grid nodes, and EV charging arrays. However, such batteries are expensive and need to be monitored and managed well to maintain capacity and reliability. Artificial intelligence offers a solution for effective monitoring and management of utility-scale batteries.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book systematically describes AI-based technologies for battery state estimation and modeling for utility-scale Li-ion batteries. Chapters cover utility-scale lithium-ion battery system characteristics, AI-based equivalent modeling, parameter identification, state of charge estimation, battery parameter estimation, offer samples and case studies for utility-scale battery operation, and conclude with a summary and prospect for AI-based battery status monitoring. The book provides practical references for the design and application of large-scale lithium-ion battery systems.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>AI for Status Monitoring of Utility-Scale Batteries</i> is an invaluable resource for researchers in battery R&D, including battery management systems and related power electronics, battery manufacturers, and advanced students.</p>2022-11-17T00:00:00ZPower Distribution System State Estimation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo183e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">State estimation is a key function for real-time operation and control of electrical power systems since its role is to provide a complete, coherent, and reliable network real-time model used to set up other real-time operation and control functions. In recent years it has extended its applications to monitoring active distribution networks with distributed energy resources. The inputs of a conventional state estimator are a redundant collection of real-time measurement, load and production forecasts and a mathematical model that relates these measurements to the complex nodal voltages, which are taken as the state variables of the system. The goal of state estimation is to adjust models so that they are closer to observed values and deliver better forecasts. In power systems, this is key to maintaining power quality and operating generation and storage units well.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book, written by international authors from industry and universities, systematically addresses state estimation in power distribution systems. Chapters convey techniques for distribution system state estimation, such as classical methods, three-phase network modelling, power flow calculation, fast decoupled approaches and their new application via complex per unit normalization, the Bayesian method, and multiarea state estimation. Also, synchronized and non-synchronized measurements with different sample rates, real-time monitoring, and practical experiences of distribution state estimation are covered.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Researchers involved with electrical power and electrical distribution systems, professionals working in utilities, advanced students and PhD students will find this work essential reading.</p>2022-10-20T00:00:00ZCyber Security for Microgrids
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo196e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Microgrids use ICT to intelligently deliver energy and integrate clean generation. They can operate independently from a larger grid and can help to strengthen grid resilience. Applications include remote as well as urban areas, hospitals, and manufacturing complexes. Cybersecurity challenges arise, exposing the microgrids to cyber-attacks, possibly resulting in harm to infrastructure and to people. Research has classified attacks based on confidentiality, integrity, and availability, and most countermeasures focus on specific attacks or on protecting specific components. A global approach is needed combining solutions that can secure the entire system and respond in milliseconds.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This reference work for researchers, in academia, industry and at grid operators as well as for students, provides an up-to-date framework for cybersecurity technologies and perspectives on operation, control, testbed and protection of microgrids from a system level perspective. Coverage includes the role of modern power electronics in active distribution networks, cyber-induced steady-state and dynamic issues, situational awareness of cyber-attacks, AI aided detection of data manipulation, cyber security threats in multi-agent microgrids, communication assisted protection, design and modeling of cyber-attacks for grid tied PV systems, stealth cyber-attacks, resilient distributed control, cyber-physical testbeds for smart grids and EV charging, and event-driven resiliency of microgrids against cyber-attacks. The book offers advanced cyber-attack detection strategies for microgrids to address breaches, counter attacks, deploy appropriate countermeasures, and stabilize microgrids under cyber-attacks.</p>2022-09-15T00:00:00ZAdvances in Power System Modelling, Control and Stability Analysis
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo217e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power systems are becoming increasingly complex as well as flexible, able to integrate distributed renewable generation, EV, and additional loads. This expanded and updated second edition covers the technologies needed to operate modern power grids.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Initial chapters cover power system modelling, telegrapher equations, power flow analysis, discrete Fourier transformation and stochastic differential equations. Ensuing chapters deal with power system operation and control, power flow, real-time control and state estimation techniques for distribution systems as well as shipboard systems. The final chapters describe stability analysis of power systems and cover voltage stability, transient stability, time delays, and limit cycles. New content for the second edition includes four new chapters on recent modelling, control and stability analysis of power electronic converters and electric vehicles.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This new edition is an essential guide to technologies for operating modern flexible power systems for PhD students, early-career researchers and practitioners in the field.</p>2022-09-15T00:00:00ZWide Area Monitoring of Interconnected Power Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo213e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power systems are becoming increasingly complex, handling rising shares of distributed intermittent renewable generation, EV charging stations, and storage. To ensure power availability and quality, the grid needs to be monitored as a whole, by wide area monitoring (WAM), not just in small sections separately. Parameter oscillations need to be detected and acted upon. This requires sensors, data assimilation and visualization, comparison with models, modelling, and system architectures for different grid types.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This hands-on reference for researchers in power systems, professionals at grid operators and grid equipment manufacturers, as well as for advanced students, offers a comprehensive treatment of advanced data-driven signal processing techniques for the analysis and characterization of system data and transient oscillations in power grids. Algorithms and examples help readers understand the material. Challenges involved in realistic monitoring, visualization, and analysis of actual disturbance events are emphasized.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Chapters in this second edition cover WAM and analysis systems, WAM system architectures, modelling of power system dynamic processes, data processing and feature extraction, multi-sensor multitemporal data fusion, WAM of power systems with high penetration of distributed generation, distributed wide-area oscillation monitoring, near real-time analysis and monitoring, and interpretation and visualization of wide-area PMU measurements.</p>2022-09-08T00:00:00ZCooling of Rotating Electrical Machines: Fundamentals, modelling, testing and design
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo109e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Thermal management is an issue with all electrical machines, including electric vehicle drives and wind turbine generators. Excessively high temperatures lead to loss of performance, degradation and deformation of components, and ultimately loss of the system.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Cooling of Rotating Electrical Machines: Fundamentals, modelling, testing and design</i> provides a foundation of heat transfer and ventilation for the design of machines. It offers a range of practical approaches to the thermal design, as well as design data and case studies. Chapters cover fundamentals of heat transfer, fluid flow, thermal modelling of electrical machines, computational methods for modelling ventilation and heat transfer such as finite element methods and computational fluid dynamics, thermal test methods, and application of design methods.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Intended for engineers and researchers working in either academia or machine design companies, this book provides sound insights into the phenomena of heat transfer and fluid flow, giving readers an understanding of how to approach the thermal design of any machine.</p>2022-09-08T00:00:00ZModeling and Simulation of Complex Power Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo118e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Modern power systems are highly complex due to increasing shares of intermittent renewable energy and distributed generation. Research requires computer simulation and modeling, and knowledge of methods and algorithms.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book presents key concepts of modeling and simulation of power systems. The book introduces the two main families of techniques for computer-based simulation of dynamic systems, and methods that allow parallel simulation execution. The coverage includes digital simulation, topological methods, state space methods, parallelization methods, simulation under uncertainty, phasor simulation, switching systems simulation as well as real-time simulation and hardware in the loop testing. Examples, exercises and a set of simulation solvers implemented in Matlab® and Python are also provided.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Modeling and Simulation of Complex Power Systems</i> is an invaluable tool for researchers in industry and academia, and advanced students.</p>2022-08-24T00:00:00ZElectric Fuses: Fundamentals and new applications
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo191e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Fuses are designed to operate when over-currents, large and small, occur within electrical equipment; they thus interrupt the flow of current, preventing damage. They are needed for various power electric systems, for stationary and automotive applications, as well as power grid components like PV systems and distribution lines. Different types of equipment and voltages require special fuses, and their behaviour must be understood to guarantee correct choice and safe operation.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">For the 3rd edition in 2004, Wright and Newbery's classic had been revised to include pre-arcing and arcing behaviour, retrofitting of fuses, chip and automotive fuses, and insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) protection. Edition 4 includes updates on standards and new applications. Data, standards descriptions and many illustrations have been revised and updated. Chapters cover pre-arcing and arcing behaviour of cartridge fuselinks, constructions and types of low-and high-voltage fuses as well as miniature, plug and other small fuses, various applications, standards, manufacture, quality assurance and inspection.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This reference is indispensable for researchers involved with power electric equipment, grids and motors, and experts engaged in fuse development, design and production.</p>2022-08-24T00:00:00ZBlockchain Technology for Smart Grids: Implementation, management and security
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo211e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Smart grids with distributed clean energy generation, storage and prosumers are the future of energy systems. They need two-way digital communication between multiple customers and suppliers of energy, to produce, buy and sell electricity to the grid at small scales. These arrangements need a system that maintains, checks, and registers information about transactions.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Blockchain technology is able to handle these requirements with smart contracts, peer-to-peer energy trading and immutable transactions. A blockchain is a digital ledger of transactions that can be accessed across the entire network of computer systems. Combined with sensors to track energy flows, blockchain can enable the smart grid.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">After an introduction to blockchain, chapters cover integration with IoT, IoT- and blockchain-enabled smart grids, use of sensors, security and privacy, use of machine and deep learning, energy storage and transaction, as well as use of cryptocurrencies for transactions.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Written by an international team with the necessary multi-disciplinarity, this work for researchers in power systems as well as economists with related interests covers the use of blockchain technology for smart grids.</p>2022-07-20T00:00:00ZIndustrial Demand Response: Methods, best practices, case studies, and applications
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo215e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Demand response (DR) describes controlled changes in the power consumption of an electric load to better match the power demand with the supply. This helps with increasing the share of intermittent renewables like solar and wind, thus ensuring use of the generated clean power and reducing the need for storage capacity.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book conveys the principles, implementation and applications of demand response. Chapters cover an overview of industrial DR strategies, cybersecurity, DR of industrial customers, price-based demand response, EV, transactive energy, DR with residential appliances, use of machine learning and neural networks, measurement and verification, and case studies in the Aran Islands, as well as a use case of AI and NN in energy consumption markets.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The chapters have been written by an international team of highly qualified experts from academia as well as industry, ensuring a balanced and practically oriented insight. Readers will be able to develop and apply DR strategies to their respective systems.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Industrial Demand Response: Methods, best practices, case studies, and applications</i> is a valuable resource for researchers involved with regional as well as industrial power systems, power system engineers, experts at grid operators and advanced students.</p>2022-06-30T00:00:00ZFusion-Fission Hybrid Nuclear Reactors: For enhanced nuclear fuel utilization and radioactive waste reduction
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo225e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Nuclear energy is contributing to the long-term solution to stave off climate change. However, current nuclear fission technology accesses only about 1-3% of the nuclear energy content of natural uranium, which is inefficient, and also creates a radioactive waste disposal problem.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Combining nuclear fission technology with emerging nuclear fusion technology to create a fusion-fission hybrid would yield extra fusion neutrons to 1) convert much more of the uranium into fissionable material, which would increase efficient utilization of the nuclear fuel resource, and 2) significantly reduce (by fission) the most long-lived radioactive nuclear waste.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book describes fusion-fission hybrid physics and technology. The first parts briefly review nuclear fission principles and describe design and safety of nuclear fission reactors; then the fundamentals of nuclear fusion and fusion reactor concepts are described, together with ongoing and future challenges and anticipated developments in this not-yet matured technology. Chapters cover the scientific basis of nuclear fission and the fission fuel cycle, advanced fission reactors, safety aspects, the scientific and technological basis of nuclear fusion power, future improvements expected, and then the fusion-fission hybrid (FFH) breeder and burner reactor concept principles, with illustrative FFH design concepts, safety analyses, and examples of the use of fusion neutrons for helping to achieve burning and breeding fission fuel cycles.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This concise work is essential reading for researchers and policy makers in nuclear energy research and engineering, including advanced students.</p>2022-06-21T00:00:00ZNanogrids and Picogrids and their Integration with Electric Vehicles
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo208e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Nanogrids are small energy grids, powered by various generators often including photovoltaics. For example, a nanogrid might supply a village in a rural area and allow that village to trade its surplus energy. A picogrid is a still smaller energy grid. IRENA defines nanogrids as systems handling up to 5 kW of power while picogrids handle up to 1 kW.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Nanogrids and picogrids can play roles in urban, suburban and rural areas, particularly in developing countries, and can help with decarbonising the energy systems and empowering citizens. Electric vehicles (EV) are poised to play important roles and need to be accounted for in emerging and future small grids.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book introduces the principles of nano- and picogrids, then goes on to provide a technical analysis covering connected resources, modelling and performance, power quality and protection. The use of nano- and picogrids in conjunction with EV, charger technologies, the IoT, cloud computing and data sharing is explored. Case studies of real-life projects help readers to understand and apply the concepts for their own projects.</p>
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">
<i>Nanogrids and Picogrids and their Integration with Electric Vehicles</i> is a valuable resource for researchers involved with power systems, particularly those with an interest in power supply in rural areas, or anyone with a particular interest in nano- and microgrids. It is also of use to advanced students, and to engineers working in utilities.</p>2022-03-09T00:00:00ZSurge Protection for Low Voltage Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo182e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Low-voltage equipment is designed for handling low voltages at consumer-level. This includes computing and telecommunications systems, power distribution grids and PV systems, and EV charging facilities. Exposure to sudden high voltage surges, for example, from switching or lightning, can damage or destroy low-voltage equipment. Protection of low-voltage equipment and systems from such phenomena is thus vital for human safety as well as preventing damages, and so understanding the processes and protective countermeasures is of great importance. This book offers a systematic and thorough treatise of the topic for researchers in industry and universities as well as utility experts and advanced students and more generally for all people involved in electromagnetic compatibility or designing surge protection systems and lightning protection systems. The book aims to provide answers to all readers' questions from the simplest to the most complicated, including guidance on the application of surge protective devices (SPD) illustrated by many cases studies. Following an introduction, chapters cover lightning and surges, risk assessment, standard environment, surge protection (surge protective components and surge protective devices), and their applications, new trends and unsolved challenges.</p>2021-12-20T00:00:00ZSynchronous Reluctance Machines: Analysis, optimization and applications
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo186e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Reluctance motors induce non-permanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor; the rotor does not have any windings and torque is generated through magnetic reluctance. Synchronous reluctance motors (SyRMs) have an equal number of stator and rotor poles. Reluctance motors can deliver high power density at low cost, so they are finding increasing application in the transport sector. Disadvantages include high torque ripple and the complexity of designing and controlling them. Advances in theory, computer design, and control electronics can overcome these issues. This hands-on reference covers the concept and design of synchronous reluctance motors. It conveys all key topics required to understand this technology. Chapters cover magnetic materials, geometry, modeling, design and analysis, optimization, production technology, fault-tolerance, experimental validation, and self-sensing-oriented optimization. Synchronous Reluctance Machines: Analysis, optimization and applications is ideal for researchers working on electrical machines and motors, particularly electric vehicles. The writers - experts from academia and industry - provide the reader with an excellent background and understanding of the core concepts involved in synchronous reluctance motors such that they can engage in their own R&D.</p>2021-12-17T00:00:00ZMedium Voltage DC System Architectures
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo143e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Direct Current (DC) transmission and distribution technologies have evolved in recent years. They offer superior efficiency, current carrying capacity, and response times as compared to conventional AC systems. Further, substantial advantages are their natural interface with many types of renewable energy resources, such as photovoltaic systems and battery energy storage systems at relatively high voltage, and compliance with consumer electronics at lower voltages, say, within a household environment. One of the core building blocks of DC-based technologies, especially at medium voltage levels, is power electronic systems technology. This cannot be emphasized enough as these units process, convert, and regulate all DC power and provide intelligence and sensing as electric power grids evolve. These advantages have led to a rise in the utilization and applications of DC in modern power systems. This includes high voltage DC transmission systems, DC distribution grids, DC microgrids, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and the maritime industry. However, there are still substantial challenges to the operation of these systems. Examples include a lack of standards for DC based power infrastructure and DC system protection. This book presents the state of the art in medium voltage DC systems research and development, covering grid architecture, power converter design, transformers, control and protection for both traditional and mobile DC applications such as all-electric ships. This text, the first of its kind, provides essential information for researchers and research-oriented engineers working for academia, a manufacturer or utility, who wish to broaden or update their knowledge of medium voltage DC systems and associated equipment.</p>2021-12-17T00:00:00ZCoordination of Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids: Optimisation, control, and hardware-in-the-loop validation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo188e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Coordination of Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids provides a structured overview of research into techniques for managing microgrids with distributed energy resources (DERs). The DERs including distributed generators, energy storage systems, and flexible loads are posing both challenges and opportunities to microgrids' security, planning, operation, and control. Advanced operation and control techniques are needed to coordinate these components in the microgrids and maintain power quality, as well as keeping the system economically feasible. This book is for researchers and students in the area of smart grids, power engineering, and control engineering, as well as for advanced students, transmission network and grid operators. It focuses on cutting-edge techniques for secure, economic, and robust operation and control of microgrids. Effective coordination of DERs on both temporal and spatial scales are introduced in detail. Topics covered include comprehensive mathematical models of DERs and microgrids, sizing and siting of DERs under uncertainties, stochastic and robust optimisation for active and reactive power dispatch of DERs in microgrids, distributed coordinated control, and hardware-in-the-loop tests for validation of control algorithms.</p>2021-12-13T00:00:00ZSilicon Solar Cell Metallization and Module Technology
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo174e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">In solar cell production, metallization is the manufacturing of metal contacts at the surfaces of solar cells in order to collect the photo-generated current for use. Being one of the most expensive steps in solar cell fabrication, it plays both an electrical and an optical role, because the contacts contribute to shading, and to the series resistance of solar cells. In addition, metal contacts may reduce the solar cells voltage due to charge carrier recombination at the metal / silicon interface. Addressing these challenges could increase solar cell conversion efficiency while cutting their production costs. This work presents state of the art methods for the metallization of crystalline Si solar cells for industrial production as well as for research and development. Different metallization technologies are compared, and ongoing R&D activities for the most relevant silicon solar cell metallization technologies are described in detail. Chapters cover fundamentals of metallization and metallization approaches, evaporated, plated and screen-printed contacts, alternative printing technologies, metallization of specific solar cell types, module interconnection technologies, and also address module technology. Written by a selection of world-renowned experts, the book provides researchers in academia and industry, solar cell manufacturing experts and advanced students with a thorough and systematic guide to advanced metallization of solar cells.</p>2021-12-10T00:00:00ZBattery State Estimation: Methods and models
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo212e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Batteries are of vital importance for storing intermittent renewable energy for stationary and mobile applications. In order to charge the battery and maintain its capacity, the states of the battery - such as the current charge, safety and health, but also quantities that cannot be measured directly - need to be known to the battery management system. State estimation estimates the electrical state of a system by eliminating inaccuracies and errors from measurement data. Numerous methods and techniques are used for lithium-ion and other batteries. The various battery models seek to simplify the circuitry used in the battery management system. This concise work captures the methods and techniques for state estimation needed to keep batteries reliable. The book focuses particularly on mechanisms, parameters and influencing factors. Chapters convey equivalent modelling and several Kalman filtering techniques, including adaptive extended Kalman filtering for multiple battery state estimation, dual extended Kalman filtering prediction for complex working conditions, and particle filtering of safety estimation considering the capacity fading effect. This book is necessary reading for researchers in battery research and development, including battery management systems and related power electronics, for battery manufacturers, and for advanced students in power electronics.</p>2021-12-02T00:00:00ZProtection of Electricity Distribution Networks
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo180e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">High quality electrical service is key to power systems around the world, particularly in utilities and industrial facilities. Both voltage and grid frequency must be kept within tight limits to maintain functioning of critical infrastructure. The growing use of renewable power of intermittent character is adding to that challenge. One of the keys to achieving quality service is the protection system, which needs to be reliable, fast and with a good cost/benefit ratio. It consists of various components, including relays, circuit breakers and fuses. An understanding of the different behaviours of these components in the face of malfunctions, and of countermeasures, is needed. This book has established itself as a classic work in its field, allowing the reader to easily follow the ideas explored. It provides an overview of most aspects of electrical protections, with emphasis on distribution systems; but protection of generation and transmission systems are also addressed. For this 4th edition, new topics have been added, such as protection of renewable power plants and transient stability analysis. It offers a thorough revision of the material, particularly the numerical type of relays, protective functions, control, measurement, communications and oscillography features. Most chapters have illustrative examples using MATLAB or PSAT (Power System Analysis Tools). This work remains essential reading for researchers, utility engineers, design, maintenance and consulting engineers as well as for instructors and senior students.</p>2021-12-01T00:00:00ZCompressed Air Energy Storage: Types, systems and applications
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo184e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The intermittency of renewable energy sources is making increased deployment of storage technology necessary. Technologies are needed with high round-trip efficiency and at low cost to allow renewables to undercut fossil fuels. The cost of lithium batteries has fallen, but producing them comes with a substantial carbon footprint, as well as a cost to the local environment. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) uses excess electricity, particularly from wind farms, to compress air. Re-expansion of the air then drives machinery to recoup the electric power. Prototypes have capacities of several hundred MW. Challenges lie in conserving the thermal energy associated with compressing air and leakage of that heat, materials, power electronics, connection with the power generator, and grid integration. This comprehensive book provides a systematic overview of the current state of CAES technology. After an introduction to motivation and principles, the key components are covered, and then the principal types of systems in the order of technical maturity: diabatic, adiabatic, and isothermal. Experts from industry write about their experiences with existing major systems and prototypes. Economic aspects, power electronics and machinery, as well as special systems for offshore applications, are dealt with. Researchers in academia and industry alike, in particular at energy storage technology manufacturers and utilities, as well as advanced students and energy experts in think tanks will find this work valuable reading.</p>2021-12-01T00:00:00ZBattery Management Systems and Inductive Balancing
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo198e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The application areas of batteries are currently booming. The recent generation of devices combines a high energy density with a reasonable cost and life expectancy, making them suitable not only for cars but also electric bikes, scooters, forklifts, gardening and household tools, storage batteries as well as airborne applications such as drones, helicopters, and small airplanes. Since manufacturing batteries requires a lot of energy and minerals, extending the life of the battery is worthwhile from both an ecologic and an economic point of view. The use of Battery Management Systems (BMS) can extend battery life, if they are used with a sound understanding of the internal electrical processes. This book provides insight into the electric behaviour of batteries for researchers involved with the design of battery management systems, and experts involved with electric vehicle development. It covers a range of options for designing battery management and cell balancing systems, with a focus on inductive balancing. After an overview of previous and current battery types, chapters convey a number of cell-balancing techniques, such as passive and active equalizer circuits, with a focus on transformer and coupled inductor based balancing methods. In addition, cell voltage monitoring and charging are investigated. Furthermore, solutions are provided to reduce the number of inductive components, the number of windings, and practical implementation.</p>2021-11-16T00:00:00ZSmall Wind and Hydrokinetic Turbines
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo169e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Small wind turbines come in a variety of designs, and have similarities in principles and technology to small hydrokinetic turbines (SHKTs). SHKTs, in turn, can play an important role in hydropower. Small wind and hydrokinetic systems can even work together, for example, to power farms, communities, campuses, rural as well as remote rural areas, and island regions. This concise book, written by experts in the field, provides an in-depth overview of small turbines for wind and hydropower. Chapters cover resource assessment for wind and water, turbine technology, design of vertical and horizontal axis turbines, blade element analysis, vibration-based energy harvesting, very low head turbines, diffuser augmented wind turbines, and numerous case studies. Small Wind and Hydrokinetic Turbines is a valuable summary for researchers involved with small wind turbines and SHKT development and deployment, both in academia and industry, for research on powering remote areas, as well as for advanced students and manufacturers of turbines.</p>2021-11-15T00:00:00ZSiC Power Module Design: Performance, Robustness and Reliability
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo151e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">High-frequency switching power semiconductor devices are at the heart of power electronic converters. To date, these devices have been dominated by the well-established silicon (Si) technology. However, their intrinsic physical limits are becoming a barrier to achieving higher performance power conversion. Wide Bandgap (WBG) semiconductor devices offer the potential for higher efficiency, smaller size, lighter weight, and/or longer lifetime. Applications in power grid electronics as well as in electromobility are on the rise, but a number of technological bottle-necks need to be overcome if applications are to become more widespread - particularly packaging. This book describes the development of advanced multi-chip packaging solutions for novel WBG semiconductors, specifically silicon carbide (SiC) power MOSFETs. Coverage includes an introduction; multi-chip power modules; module design and transfer to SiC technology; electrothermal, thermo-mechanical, statistical and electromagnetic aspects of optimum module design; high temperature capable SiC power modules; validation technologies; degradation monitoring; and emerging packaging technologies. The book is a valuable reference for researchers and experts in academia and industry.</p>2021-11-15T00:00:00ZElectromagnetic Transients in Large HV Cable Networks: Modeling and calculations
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo204e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Transient events are short-lived bursts of energy in a system resulting from a sudden change of the state. They can be caused by faults, switching events or sudden changes in generation and load. Given the need to expand HV cable grids and to interconnect national grids to increase grid flexibility, the effects of such transients need to be understood in order to maintain the security of power supply and power quality. This book presents an overview of formulas to model transients in cable systems based on complete solutions of Maxwell's equations. It presents solutions to particularly model important high frequency phenomena. The impedance and admittance at a very low frequency for HVDC systems are investigated. In addition, the modeling methods of underground cables created in the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) are described. Moreover, the wave propagation characteristics of overhead lines and underground cables, and steady-state and transient behaviour of three-phase cables are further investigated in this book. Finally, transients in large interconnected HV cable networks in Denmark and the Netherlands are presented as case studies. Electromagnetic Transients in Large HV Cable Networks enables researchers, HV system manufacturers and grid operators to model, simulate and analyse transient phenomena in large HV cable systems and to create solutions to counter and mitigate them.</p>2021-11-15T00:00:00ZHydrogen Passivation and Laser Doping for Silicon Solar Cells
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo134e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Photovoltaic electricity generation is a rapidly growing industry, and a key pillar of a decarbonised energy system. In modern solar cells, laser technology is used to form localised structures such as a selective emitter through doping or to locally ablate dielectric layers for contact definition. A critical factor is the ability to passivate the laser-induced defects to prevent premature charge carrier recombination reducing the cell efficiency. Hydrogenation is such a passivation technique. The exact mechanisms have until recently been poorly understood, so this timely reference covers the recent breakthroughs in the understanding of hydrogen passivation. The book addresses key technologies for improving the efficiency of solar cells, including the industry-dominating PERC concept with an added rear passivation layer to reduce recombination. Coverage includes hydrogen passivation mechanisms, bulk and surface defect passivation, hydrogenation of light-induced defects, potential negative impacts of hydrogen, and laser doping for rapid diffusion and for selective emitter formation. This work also provides brand new results that enable low-quality silicon to be used for heterojunction applications and could pave the way for future low-cost, high-efficiency silicon solar cell technologies featuring passivated contacts to be fabricated on p-type wafers. This work is indispensable for researchers in the field of photovoltaic energy, in academia as well as industry.</p>2021-10-25T00:00:00ZOffshore Wind Power Reliability, availability and maintenance
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo194e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The development of offshore wind power has become a pressing energy issue, driven by the need to find new electrical power sources and to reduce the use of fossil fuels. Offshore wind farms can harness tremendous wind resources without annoying citizens and with a comparatively low environmental impact. They are thus becoming a central pillar of a carbon free energy system. However offshore turbines and wind farms are costly to install and maintain, making reliability and cost-effectiveness key issues. This work covers reliability of offshore wind farms as a whole, starting from weather and wind conditions, dealing with wind turbine technology, farm layout, monitoring, safety and maintenance. The thoroughly revised second edition additionally covers turbines of up to 10 MW, turbine design changes, turbine converters, HVDC converter stations and DC links, offshore sub-sea collector and export cables, and the structures supporting large offshore wind farms. Offshore Wind Power is essential reading for scientists, engineers, technicians and advanced students interested or engaged in the design of wind turbines, drivetrain technology and power mechatronics, in academia and industry.</p>2021-10-01T00:00:00ZReliability of Power Electronics Converters for Solar Photovoltaic Applications
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo170e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The importance of power electronic converters for electricity grid equipment is increasing due to the growing distribution-level penetration of renewable energy sources. The performance of the converters mostly depends on interactions between sources, loads, and their state of operation. These devices must be operated with safety and stability under normal conditions, fault conditions, overloads, as well as different operation modes. Therefore, enhanced control strategies of power electronic converters are necessary to improve system stability. This book for researchers and practitioners discusses enhanced control strategies, fault and failure mode classification mechanisms, and reliability analysis methods for PV modules, power electronic converters, and grid-connected PV systems, and thermal image-based monitoring. The technologies conveyed serve to improve the reliability and stability of power systems. Life calculation of converters, and case and reliability studies are included as well. The international author team consists of researchers with a range of backgrounds from academia and industry.</p>2021-09-06T00:00:00ZModel Predictive Control for Microgrids: From power electronic converters to energy management
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo199e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Microgrids have emerged as a promising solution for accommodating the integration of renewable energy resources. But the intermittency of renewable generation is posing challenges such as voltage/frequency fluctuations, and grid stability issues in grid-connected modes. Model predictive control (MPC) is a method for controlling a process while satisfying a set of constraints. It has been in use for chemical plants and in oil refineries since the 1980s, but in recent years has been deployed for power systems and electronics as well. This concise work for researchers, engineers and graduate students focuses on the use of MPC for distributed renewable power generation in microgrids. Fluctuating outputs from renewable energy sources and variable load demands are covered, as are control design concepts. The authors provide examples and case studies to validate the theory with both simulation and experimental results and review the shortcomings and future developments. Chapters treat power electronic converters and control; modelling and hierarchical control of microgrids; use of MPC for PV and wind power; voltage support; parallel PV-ESS microgrids; secondary restoration capability; and tertiary power flow optimization.</p>2021-08-26T00:00:00ZLithium-ion Batteries Enabled by Silicon Anodes
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo156e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Deploying lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries depends on cost-effective electrode materials with high energy and power density to facilitate lower weight and volume. Si-based anode materials theoretically offer superior lithium storage capacity. Replacing a graphite anode with high-capacity materials such as silicon will further improve the energy density. Durable, low-cost, and high-energy-density materials are vital to developing plug-in electric vehicles as affordable and convenient as gasoline-powered ones, while reducing carbon emissions. This reference presents the knowledge gained over recent decades in the materials science and chemistry of silicon and its derivates as anode materials for Li-ion batteries, and provides insights into developing Si-based anode materials for next-generation batteries. Coverage includes the structure and chemistry of silicon, electrolytes and chemistry of Si anodes, nanostructure and binder additives for Si anodes, surface modification and mechanical properties. Researchers in academia and industry will find this detailed reference a highly useful resource.</p>2021-08-26T00:00:00ZUtility-scale Wind Turbines and Wind Farms
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo171e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Wind power is a pillar of low emission energy systems. Designing more efficient wind turbines and farms, and increasing reliability and flexibility, is an area of intense research and development. In order to overcome the intermittent character of wind power, both the individual turbines and the wind farm as a whole must be considered. Many recent advances have been achieved in multiple aspects of utility-scale wind power. This structured research review conveys recent progress, with chapters written by an international team of experts. Organized into five parts, the book covers the aerodynamics of turbines and farms including layout; control techniques; environmental concerns including noise and bird and bat collisions; the intermittency issue including forecasting, storage and hybrid wind-PV plants; and offshore wind farms. From the general principles of aerodynamics to detailed and systematic coverage of the latest developments, Utility-scale Wind Turbines and Wind Farms provides a convenient and up-to-date source of information for academic researchers and R&D professionals working in this field.</p>2021-08-05T00:00:00ZArtificial Intelligence for Smarter Power Systems: Fuzzy logic and neural networks
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo161e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The urgent need to reduce carbon emissions is leading to growing use of renewable electricity, particularly from wind and photovoltaics. However, the intermittent nature of these power sources presents challenges to power systems, which need to ensure high and consistent power quality. Going forward, power systems also need to be able to respond to changes in loads, for example from EV charging. Neither production nor load changes can be predicted precisely, and so there is a degree of uncertainty or fuzziness. One way to meet these challenges is to use a kind of artificial intelligence - fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic uses variables that may be any real number between 0 and 1, rather than either 0 or 1. It has obvious advantages when used for optimization of alternative and renewable energy systems. The parametric fuzzy algorithm is inherently adaptive because the coefficients can be altered to accommodate requirements and data availability. This book focuses on the use of fuzzy logic and neural networks to control power grids and adapt them to changing requirements. Chapters cover fuzzy inference, fuzzy logic-based control, feedback and feedforward neural networks, competitive and associate neural networks, and applications of fuzzy logic, deep learning and big data in power electronics and systems.</p>2021-07-15T00:00:00ZOverhead Electric Power Lines: Theory and practice
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo193e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">In order to fulfill the tremendous worldwide demand for electrification, power line professionals will need to adopt rapid, reliable and sustainable solutions. For example, in a fast-developing country like India, which had the largest population without electricity in 2014 and 1.34 billion inhabitants in 2017, the demand for electrification is immense. In recent years, a new program facilitated 0.73 million new household connections per month and almost 19000 villages per year. Wide-spread experience in geographical, geological, social and economic diversity leaves no doubt that overhead power lines (OHL) are the only way to provide electricity to communities where underground lines are technically unfeasible or too expensive. This book presents the technology and recent research into OHL in a concise and systematic way. After brief introductory sections, chapters cover line support, foundation and mechanical sag, corona discharge, overhead line insulators and conductors, earthing and earth wire, lightning and surge protection, insulation and coordination, route selection, commissioning, operation and maintenance. This book is a must-read for researchers and experts involved with utilities and particularly for anyone associated with the installation, electrification, operation and maintenance of overhead lines in transmission and distribution networks.</p>2021-06-01T00:00:00ZSignal Processing for Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Electric Machines and Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo153e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Over the last three decades, the search for competitiveness and growth gains has driven the evolution of machine maintenance policies, and the industry has moved from passive maintenance to active maintenance with the aim of improving productivity. Active maintenance requires continuous monitoring of industrial systems in order to increase reliability, availability rates and guarantee the safety of people and property. This book presents the main advanced signal processing techniques for fault detection and diagnosis in electromechanical systems. It focuses on presenting these advanced tools from time-frequency representation and time-scale analysis to demodulation techniques, including innovative and recently developed options. Each technique is evaluated and compared, and its advantages and drawbacks highlighted. Parametric spectral analysis, which aims to handle some of the main drawbacks of these approaches, is introduced as a potential solution. Signal Processing for Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Electric Machines and Systems offers thorough, analytical coverage of the following topics: parametric signal processing approach; the signal demodulation techniques; Kullback-Leibler divergence for incipient fault diagnosis; high-order spectra (HOS); and fault detection and diagnosis based on principal component analysis. Finally, a brief conclusion suggests some possibilities for the future direction of the field. The book is a useful resource for researchers and engineers whose work involves electrical machines or fault detection specifically, and also of value to postgraduate students with an interest in entering this field.</p>2020-12-02T00:00:00ZModeling and Simulation of HVDC Transmission
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo116e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The development of large-scale renewable generation and load electrification call for highly efficient and flexible electric power integration, transmission and interconnection. High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission technology has been recognized as the key technology for this scenario. HVDC transmissions, including both the line commutated converter (LCC) HVDC and voltage source converter (VSC) HVDC have played an important role in the modern electric power system. However, with the inclusion of power electronic devices, HVDC introduces the characteristics of nonlinearity and different timescales into the traditional electromechanical system and thus careful modeling and simulation of HVDC transmission are essential for power system design, commissioning, operation and maintenance. This book focuses on the modeling and simulation of HVDC transmission systems. The development of HVDC technologies is briefly introduced, and then the role of modeling and simulation in the research and development of HVDC systems is discussed. The chapters cover the general practice of HVDC modeling and simulation; electromagnetic modeling of LCC HVDC; VSC HVDC system modeling and stability analysis; electromagnetic modeling of DC grids; electromagnetic simulation of HVDC transmission; electromechanical transient simulation of LCC HVDC; electromechanical simulation of VSC HVDC; dynamic phasor modeling of HVDC; small-signal modeling of HVDC systems; hybrid simulation for HVDC; and real-time modeling and simulation for HVDC systems. The simulation algorithms are explained for each model and case studies and application examples are included. This book is essential reading for engineers and researchers involved with transmission grid construction, as well as advanced students of electrical engineering.</p>2020-11-26T00:00:00ZPower Grids with Renewable Energy: Storage, integration and digitalization
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo167e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Generation of electricity from renewable sources has become a necessity, particularly due to environmental concerns. In order for renewable sources to provide reliable power, their sporadic availability under certain conditions and the lack of control over the resource must be addressed. Different renewable energy sources and storage technologies bring various properties to the table, and power systems must be adapted and constructed to accommodate these. Power electronics and micro-grids play key roles in enabling the use of renewable energy in the evolving smarter grids. This book, written by well-known researchers with broad expertise and successful publication records, provides a systematic overview of modern power systems with integrated renewable energy. Chapters provide concise coverage of renewable energy generation, of storage technologies including chemical, electrostatic and thermal storage systems, and of energy integration, power conditioning systems, economic dispatch and scheduling, EV integration, as well as communications and cyber-security in power systems. This work is a highly valuable resource for researchers in industry and academia involved with renewable energy technology and power systems, for advanced students of related subjects, and for utilities engineers and professionals.</p>2020-11-20T00:00:00ZModern Power Electronic Devices: Physics, applications, and reliability
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo152e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power devices are key to modern power systems, performing essential functions such as inverting and changing voltages, buffering, and switching. The increasing complexity of power systems, with distributed renewable generation on the rise, is posing challenges to these devices. In recent years, several new devices have emerged, including wide bandgap devices, each with advantages and weaknesses depending on circumstances and applications. With a device-centric approach, this book begins by introducing the present challenges in Power Electronics, emphasizing the relevance of this discipline in today's scenario, and pointing out the key parameters to pay attention to from the application-design perspective. The next nine chapters dig into details, covering junction diodes, thyristors, silicon MOSFETs, silicon IGBTs, IGCTs, SiC diodes, SiC MOSFETs, GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MIS-FETs), and GaN vertical transistors. A set of three chapters follow, covering key aspects from the designer's standpoint, namely module design and reliability, switching cell design, and IGBT gate-driving methods for robustness and reliability. A chapter outlining the prospects and outlooks in power electronics technology and its market concludes the book. This book addresses power device technology at the design level, by bridging the gap between semiconductor- and materials science, and power electronic applications. It provides key information for researchers working with power electronic devices and for power electronic application designers, and it is also a useful resource for academics and industrial researches working on power electronics at the system level, such as industrial machine designers and robot designers.</p>2020-10-15T00:00:00ZLightning-Induced Effects in Electrical and Telecommunication Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo114e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power and telecommunications systems are growing increasingly complex. This increases their vulnerability to lightning-related effects. Due to the high requirements for the reliability of power and telecommunications systems and the associated sensitive equipment, protection against lightning is of paramount importance. Lightning-induced effects are to be quantified in order to assess the risks and design adequate protection. This can be done with the traditional approach, which is based on the transmission-line theory and an electromagnetic-field-to-conductor coupling model, as well as with the advanced numerical techniques, such as the finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Interest in the FDTD method is steadily growing because of the availability of software and increased computer capabilities. This book provides an introduction to the FDTD method and its applications to studies of lightning-induced effects in power and telecommunication systems. It also contains background information on lightning, lightning models, and lightning electromagnetics. This book is essential reading for electrical engineers and researchers, who are interested in lightning surge protection studies, as well as for senior undergraduate and graduate students specializing in electrical engineering.</p>2020-10-13T00:00:00ZTransforming the Grid Towards Fully Renewable Energy
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo159e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The need for a deep decarbonization of the energy sector and the associated opportunities are now increasingly recognized, with fossil fuel projects simultaneously becoming more risky business propositions. With large-scale wind and solar generation now being the cheapest options in many parts of the world, a deeply renewable electricity sector is predestined to become the main driver of this transition. Yet, misconceptions abound. In part, this can be traced back to the complexity of the electricity sector and the processes involved in its transformation, located at the intersection between grid design and operation, markets and regulations. This book is intended to provide some clarity in this matter, by taking the reader from the conceptual foundations of a deeply decarbonized electricity sector in part 1 to new strategies for the renewable energy transition in part 3. Insights into essential building blocks are provided in part 2 where the role of transmission, distributed generation, smart grids, demand response, storage, and forecasting are covered in some detail. The synthesis part 3 explores the connections between the mobility and electricity sectors, the design of renewable economies, and possible roadmaps for a world-wide transition to a deeply decarbonized economy. While striving to be technically rigorous, this book is also meant as an entertaining and inspiring read for researchers and advanced students, experts with the electric power industry, and decision makers in politics, industry and finance.</p>2020-09-15T00:00:00ZAdvanced Dielectric Materials for Electrostatic Capacitors
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo158e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Capacitors are passive electrical components that store energy in an electric field. Applications include electric power conditioning, signal processing, motor starting, and energy storage. The maximum charge a capacitor can hold largely depends on the dielectric material inside. That material is the enabler for the performance. Ongoing development in fields such as high-power electronics, renewable energy, hybrid electric vehicles and electric aircraft, is posing an urgent need for more advanced electrostatic capacitor technology. This book for researchers in industry and academia provides an overview of key dielectric materials for capacitor technology. It covers preparation and characterization of state-of-the art dielectric materials including ceramics, polymers and polymer nanocomposites, for the most popular applications including energy storage, microwave communication and multi-layer ceramic capacitors. The book begins with an introduction to electrostatic capacitor technology, then goes on to cover the following topics: techniques for capacitor dielectrics characterization; dielectric polymers and dielectric metamaterials for high energy capacitors; polymer/nanofiller composites; high-temperature polymer-based dielectrics for electrostatic energy storage; design and simulations of capacitor dielectrics by phase-field computations; rational design on polymer dielectrics; inorganic dielectrics for high-energy-density capacitors; ceramic dielectrics for microwave communication; ceramic dielectrics for MLCCs; and finally two chapters on future prospects for polymers and ceramics.</p>2020-09-15T00:00:00ZAdvanced Characterization of Thin Film Solar Cells
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo166e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Polycrystalline thin-film solar cells have reached a levelized cost of energy that is competitive with all other sources of electricity. The technology has significantly improved in recent years, with laboratory cell efficiencies for cadmium telluride (CdTe), perovskites, and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) each exceeding 22 percent. Both CdTe and CIGS solar panels are now produced at the gigawatt scale. However, there are ongoing challenges, including the continued need to improve performance and stability while reducing cost. Advancing polycrystalline solar cell technology demands an in-depth understanding of efficiency, scaling, and degradation mechanisms, which requires sophisticated characterization methods. These methods will enable reseachers and manufacturers to improve future solar modules and systems. This work provides researchers with a concise overview of the status of thin-film solar cell technology and characterization. Chapters describe material systems and their properties and then provide an in-depth look at relevant characterization methods and the learning facilitated by each of these. Following an introductory chapter, the book provides systematic and thorough coverage of the following topics: trends to improve CdTe solar cell performance; Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and related materials; perovskite solar cells; photovoltaic device modelling; luminescence and thermal imaging of thin-film photovoltaic materials, devices, and modules; application of spatially resolved spectroscopy characterization techniques on Cu2ZnSnSe4 solar cells; time-resolved photoluminescence characterization of polycrystalline thin-film solar cells; fundamentals of electrical material and device spectroscopies applied to thin-film polycrystalline chalcogenide solar cells; nanometer-scale characterization of thin-film solar cells by atomic force microscopy-based electrical probes; scanning transmission electron microscopy characterization of solar cells; photoelectron spectroscopy methods in solar cell research; time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry and atom probe tomography; and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance characterization for photovoltaic applications. The final chapter provides an overview and describes future prospects.</p>2020-09-09T00:00:00ZMonitoring and Control using Synchrophasors in Power Systems with Renewables
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo121e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">With the integration of more distributed or aggregated renewables, and the wide utilization of power electronic devices, modern power systems are facing new stability and security challenges, such as the weakly damped oscillation caused by wind farms connected through long distance transmission lines, the frequency stability problem induced by the reduction of inertia and the voltage stability issue resulting from the interactions between transmission systems and dynamic loads. Meanwhile, synchronized phasor measurement technology developed very fast in the last decade, and more phasor measurement units (PMUs) and wide area measurement systems (WAMSs) have been deployed. These provide more insights into the system dynamics and approaches to overcoming the new challenges. This book addresses the emerging concepts, methodologies and applications of wide area monitoring, control and protection in power systems with integrated large scale renewables. Chapters cover monitoring, modelling and validation, control, and data mining with an emphasis on synchrophasor technology, and experiences with real power grids.</p>2020-06-29T00:00:00ZDistribution Systems Analysis and Automation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo147e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Distribution systems analysis employs a set of techniques to simulate, analyse, and optimise power distribution systems. Combined with automation, these techniques underpin the concept of the smart grid. In recent years, distribution systems have been facing growing challenges, due to increasing demand as well as the rising shares of distributed and volatile renewable energy sources. For this new edition, the chapters of the first edition have been revised and updated, and the topics of distribution system analysis and distribution automation combined. Coverage includes smart grid, load flow analysis, determination of optimal topology, voltage control and capacitor application, power quality and harmonics in distribution systems, distribution system restoration, numerical relaying and distribution feeder protection, distributed generation and microgrid technology. New material related to renewable energy and microgrids are included, and maturity models and evaluation of smart grid projects are presented, along with material on the transition to the new distribution system technologies.</p>2020-05-18T00:00:00ZMicrogrids for Rural Areas: Research and case studies
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo160e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Large rural areas in some regions of the world are still grappling with the challenge of electrification. The optimal solution is to provide reliable energy without adding more fossil fuel plants by using distributed renewable generation. Microgrids are part of that solution; they are small networks of electricity users, with a local generator that is attached to a centralized larger grid, but which is also able to function independently. They need to be robust and resilient in order to provide reliable power, including in harsh climates. For remote areas microgrids have the advantage of offering an electricity supply even if there are problems with the larger power grid. This book focuses on the challenges of rural electrification, particularly in poorer regions. It covers low voltage DC distribution system for various applications including charging of electric vehicles (EV). Written by a large team of authors with a wide range of relevant experiences, the book addresses microgrid architectures, converters, energy storage, control, EV integration, business models and economic scheduling, and the role of blockchain technology. The authors have used case studies to provide illustrative examples of the technologies discussed and solutions proposed.</p>2020-05-11T00:00:00ZCondition Monitoring of Rotating Electrical Machines
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo145e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Condition monitoring of engineering plants has increased in importance as engineering processes have become increasingly automated. However, electrical machinery usually receives attention only at infrequent intervals when the plant or the electricity generator is shut down. The economics of industry have been changing, placing ever more emphasis on the importance of reliable operation of the plants. Electronics and software in instrumentation, computers, and digital signal processors have improved our ability to analyse machinery online. Condition monitoring is now being applied to a range of systems from fault-tolerant drives of a few hundred watts to machinery of a few hundred MW in major plants. This book covers a large range of machines and their condition monitoring. This 3rd edition builds on the 2nd edition through a major revision, update of chapters and a comprehensive list of references rotating electrical machines; electrical machine construction, operation and failure modes; reliability of machines and typical failure rates; signal processing and instrumentation requirements; on-line temperature monitoring; on-line chemical monitoring; on-line vibration monitoring; on-line current, flux and power monitoring; on-line partial discharge (PD) electrical monitoring; on-line variable speed drive machine monitoring; off-line monitoring; condition-based maintenance and asset management; application of artificial intelligence techniques to CM; and safety, training and qualification.</p>2020-05-01T00:00:00ZEnergy Storage for Power Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo146e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Unregulated distributed energy sources such as solar roofs and windmills and electric vehicle requirements for intermittent battery charging are variable sources either of electricity generation or demand. These sources impose additional intermittent load on conventional electric power systems. As a result thermal power plants whose generation is absolutely essential for any power system are increasingly being used for cycling operations thus increasing greenhouse gas emissions and electricity cost. The use of secondary energy storage might be a solution. Various technologies for storing electric energy are available; besides electrochemical ones such as batteries, there are mechanical, chemical and thermal means, all with their own advantages and disadvantages regarding scale, efficiency, cost, and other parameters. This classic book is a trusted source of information and a comprehensive guide to the various types of secondary storage systems and choice of their types and parameters. It is also an introduction to the multidisciplinary problem of distributed energy storage integration in an electric power system comprising renewable energy sources and electric car battery swap and charging stations. The 3rd edition has been thoroughly revised, expanded and updated. All given data has been updated, and chapters have been added that review different types of renewables and consider the possibilities arising from integrating a combination of different storage technologies into a system. Coverage of distributed energy storage, smart grids, and EV charging has been included and additional examples have been provided. The book is chiefly aimed at students of electrical and power engineering and design and research engineers concerned with the logistics of power supply. It will also be valuable to general public seeking to develop environmentally sound energy resources.</p>2020-04-08T00:00:00ZLightning Interaction with Power Systems - Volume 2: Applications
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo172g
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The need to improve the reliability and robustness of power systems and smart grids makes protection of sensitive equipment and power transmission and distribution lines against lightning-related effects a primary concern. Renewable electricity generation capacity has been increasing all over the world, and lightning can cause failures either by hitting the turbines or panels directly or inducing transients on the control systems that lead to equipment failure, malfunction or degradation. This two-volume set assesses how global lightning may respond to global climate change, provides thorough coverage of the lightning phenomenon and its interaction with various objects, and covers methods for the effective protection of structures and systems. It is a valuable reference for researchers in the fields of lightning and power systems, for transmission and distribution line engineers and designers, and is a useful text for related advanced courses. Volume 1 covers fundamentals and modelling of lightning interaction with power systems. This Volume 2 addresses various applications including the application of the Monte Carlo method to lightning protection and insulation coordination practices; lightning interaction with power substations; lightning interaction with power transmission lines; lightning interaction with medium-voltage overhead power distribution systems; lightning interaction with low-voltage overhead power distribution networks; lightning protection of structures and electrical systems inside of buildings; lightning protection of smart grids; lightning protection of wind power systems; lightning protection of photovoltaic systems; measurement of lightning currents and voltages; application of the FDTD method to lightning studies; and software tools for lightning performance assessment.</p>2020-01-27T00:00:00ZLightning Interaction with Power Systems - Volume 1: Fundamentals and Modelling
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo172f
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The need to improve the reliability and robustness of power systems and smart grids makes protection of sensitive equipment and power transmission and distribution lines against lightning-related effects a primary concern. Renewable electricity generation capacity has been increasing all over the world, and lightning can cause failures either by hitting the turbines or panels directly or inducing transients on the control systems that lead to equipment failure, malfunction or degradation. This two-volume set assesses how global lightning may respond to global climate change, provides thorough coverage of the lightning phenomenon and its interaction with various objects, and covers methods for the effective protection of structures and systems. It is a valuable reference for researchers in the fields of lightning and power systems, for transmission and distribution line engineers and designers, and is a useful text for related advanced courses. Volume 1 covers fundamentals and modelling of lightning interaction with power systems, including lightning and climate change; lightning phenomenon and parameters for engineering applications; lightning return stroke models for electromagnetic field calculations; lightning geolocation information for power system analyses; lightning attachment to overhead power lines; field-to-transmission line coupling models; lightning response of grounding electrodes; surge protective devices; modelling of power transmission line components; and modelling of power distribution components. Volume 2 addresses various applications including power substations, transmission lines, overhead distribution systems and networks, smart grids, and wind and photovoltaic systems.</p>2020-01-27T00:00:00ZWind Energy Modeling and Simulation - Volume 2: Turbine and System
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo125g
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">In order to optimise the yield of wind power from existing and future wind plants, the entire breadth of the system of a plant, from the wind field to the turbine components, needs to be modelled in the design process. The modelling and simulation approaches used in each subsystem as well as the system-wide solution methods to optimize across subsystem boundaries are described in this reference. Chapters are written by technical experts in each field, describing the current state of the art in modelling and simulation for wind plant design. This comprehensive, two-volume research reference will provide long-lasting insight into the methods that will need to be developed for the technology to advance into its next generation. Volume 2 covers turbine level aerodynamics, aeroelasticity, rotors drivetrains and electrical systems, wind turbine control, offshore foundations, system optimization, and grid modelling.</p>2019-11-01T00:00:00ZWind Energy Modeling and Simulation - Volume 1: Atmosphere and Plant
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo125f
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">In order to optimise the yield of wind power from existing and future wind plants, the entire breadth of the system of a plant, from the wind field to the turbine components, needs to be modelled in the design process. The modelling and simulation approaches used in each subsystem as well as the system-wide solution methods to optimize across subsystem boundaries are described in this reference. Chapters are written by technical experts in each field, describing the current state of the art in modelling and simulation for wind plant design. This comprehensive, two-volume research reference will provide long-lasting insight into the methods that will need to be developed for the technology to advance into its next generation. Volume 1 covers the computing challenges in full turbine modelling, then discusses bridging scales in the atmosphere and turbulence modelling, wind forecasting, wind plant flow, and plant level controller design.</p>2019-11-01T00:00:00ZVariability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo139e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">A microgrid is a small network of electricity users with a local source of supply that is usually attached to a larger grid but can function independently. The interconnection of small scale generating units, such as PV and wind turbines, and energy storage systems, such as batteries, to a low voltage distribution grid involves three major challenges: variability, scalability, and stability. It must keep delivering reliable and stable power also when changing, or repairing, any component, or under varying wind and solar conditions. It also must be able to accept additional units, i.e. be scalable. This reference discusses these three challenges facing engineers and researchers in the field of power systems, covering topics such as demand side energy management, transactive energy, optimizing and sizing of microgrid components. Case studies and results provide illustrative examples in each chapter.</p>2019-07-29T00:00:00ZRenewable Energy from the Oceans: From wave, tidal and gradient systems to offshore wind and solar
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo129e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">There are many ways to harness the renewable and emissions-free energy available from the Earth's oceans. The technologies include wave energy, tidal and current energy, and energy from thermal and salinity gradients. In addition, offshore wind energy and marine (floating) solar arrays offer a possibility to exploit vast resources that are far larger than those available onshore. The potential capacities range from many hundreds of gigawatts to terawatts of generation. These technologies could contribute a significant part of the global electricity demand; they are particularly suitable for providing sustainable power to marine regions and island communities and nations. This book brings together contributions from international experts with academic and industry backgrounds to provide a systematic overview of ocean energy technologies, their readiness and modelling, as well as installation and grid connection technologies.</p>2019-07-29T00:00:00ZEnergy Generation and Efficiency Technologies for Green Residential Buildings
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo155e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Residential buildings consume about a quarter of all energy (including electrical and thermal) in industrialized countries and emit around 20% of the carbon emissions there. Older and outdated heating and cooling technology causes high energy demand and, depending on building type, secondary causes can include ventilation and lighting. Technology is available to mitigate high energy consumption, and to enable the use of renewable or environmentally friendly energy, partly generated locally. This book, written by international experts from academia as well as industry, compiles and describes several key technologies available to reduce a residential building's energy consumption. Key themes include local energy generation, such as the use of sunlight to reduce heating needs, and photovoltaics for electricity. Case studies are included in most chapters to provide real-world context for the technologies described.</p>2019-05-21T00:00:00ZElectrical Steels - Volume 2: Performance and applications
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo157g
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Volume 2 describes performance and outlines applications of electrical steels. Topics covered include localised characteristics of electrical steels; practical properties of electrical steels; other electrical steels; prediction of losses in electrical steels; application of electrical steels in transformer cores; applications of electrical steels in rotating electrical machines; non-sinusoidal magnetisation and applications; magnetic building factors in electrical steel cores; use of amorphous ribbon and nano-materials in transformer cores; electrical machine core vibration and noise; approaches to predictions and measurements of flux density and loss distributions in electrical machine cores; the application of international standards to magnetic alloys and steels; electrical steels and renewable energy systems; environmental impact of electrical steels; and typical performance data of commercial electrical steels. The companion Volume 1 covers the fundamentals and basic concepts of electrical steels.</p>2019-05-10T00:00:00ZElectrical Steels - Volume 1: Fundamentals and basic concepts
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo157f
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Electrical steels are critical components of magnetic cores used in applications ranging from large rotating machines, including energy generating equipment, and transformers to small instrument transformers and harmonic filters. Presented over two volumes, this comprehensive handbook provides full coverage of the state-of-the-art in electrical steels. Volume 1 covers the fundamentals and basic concepts of electrical steels. Topics covered include soft magnetic materials; basic magnetic concepts; magnetic domains, energy minimisation and magnetostriction; methods of observing magnetic domains in electrical steels; electromagnetic induction; fundamentals of a.c. signals; losses and eddy currents in soft magnetic materials; rotational magnetisation and losses; anisotropy of iron and its alloys; magnetic circuits; the effect of mechanical stress on loss, permeability and magnetostriction; magnetic measurements on electrical steels; background to modern electrical steels; production of electrical steels; amorphous and nano-crystalline soft magnetic materials; nickel-iron, cobalt-iron and aluminium-iron alloys; consolidated iron powder and ferrite cores; and temperature and irradiation dependence of magnetic and mechanical properties of soft magnetic materials. The companion Volume 2 describes performance and outlines applications.</p>2019-05-10T00:00:00ZPower Systems Electromagnetic Transients Simulation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo123e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Accurate knowledge of electromagnetic power system transients is crucial to the operation of an economic, efficient and environmentally friendly power systems network without compromising on the reliability and quality of electrical power supply. Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation has therefore become a universal tool for the analysis of power system electromagnetic transients in the range of nanoseconds to seconds, and is the backbone for the design and planning of power systems, as well as for the investigation of problems. In this fully revised and updated new edition of this classic book, a thorough review of EMT simulation is provided, with many simple examples included to clarify difficult concepts. Topics covered include analysis of continuous and discrete systems; state variable analysis; numerical integrator substitution; the root-matching method; transmission lines and cables; transformers and rotating plant; control and protection; power electronic systems; frequencydependent network equivalents; steady-state assessment; mixed time-frame simulation; transient simulation in real-time; and applications.</p>2018-12-05T00:00:00ZIndustrial Power Systems with Distributed and Embedded Generation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo096e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Energy for today's complex electrical power systems is increasingly being generated and distributed locally using small-scale, renewable energy sources. The addition of renewables to the grid requires new tools and operation methods, both for suppliers and industrial consumers. This book describes the supporting technologies that can turn conventional passive electricity delivery networks into the active networks of the future, with a focus on electricity utilization in the industrial environment. It examines the integration of the new, dispersed sources with the legacy systems of centralised generation, as well as how the new technologies can operate effectively in isolated systems. Industrial power distribution, lighting, motor control and protection are discussed in detail. The presentation of the details of the enabling technologies makes this book a valuable reference for researchers, students and engineers involved in the planning, design and installation of new systems or the upgrading of existing ones.</p>2018-11-30T00:00:00ZFault Diagnosis for Robust Inverter Power Drives
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo120e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power drives are used for induction motor control, uninterruptible power supplies, and in electrical vehicles. The increasing penetration of power drives makes their reliability, robustness, and early diagnosis a central point of attention especially in planning, designing, and financing. This book explores fault diagnosis of inverter drives to enable early diagnosis and robust design for efficient long life operation. Fault Diagnosis for Robust Inverter Power Drives focuses on early diagnosis, prognosis, and intrinsic reliability of inverter power drives and their applications. Topics include material degradation, materials, semiconductors, inverter topologies, and early diagnosis as well as fault tolerant software strategies. This work is highly relevant to researchers, power electronics professionals, and system designers in aerospace, hybrid and electrical cars, and power systems.</p>2018-11-14T00:00:00ZPower Line Communication Systems for Smart Grids
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo132e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power Line Communication (PLC) is a well-established technology that allows the transmission of data through electrical wires. A key advantage of PLC is its low cost of deployment when the electrical wiring infrastructure already exists, enabling it to compete or work in conjunction with wireless technologies. PLC has recently received growing attention and significant investments within the development of the Smart Grid (SG), that in turn requires sophisticated data exchange and communication. This book presents a comprehensive introduction to the principals involved in the use of narrowband and broadband PLC technologies in the SG, and to using these technologies particularly when intermittent renewable energies sources are employed. Chapters cover fundamental concepts of modern digital communications, the main coding techniques, specific characteristics of the PLC channels, the fundamentals of the SG, and the differences between the narrowband and broadband technologies for SG applications. The work covers the main standards and several related state-of-the-art works, as well as some key aspects of the use of renewable energy sources. Power Line Communication Systems for Smart Grids is essential reading for researchers, professionals and graduate students involved with the study and development of PLC systems, SG and related subjects.</p>2018-11-12T00:00:00ZSurface Passivation of Industrial Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo106e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Surface passivation of silicon solar cells describes a technology for preventing electrons and holes to recombine prematurely with one another on the wafer surface. It increases the cell's energy conversion efficiencies and thus reduces the cost per kWh generated by a PV system. In the past few years, new tools have been developed to ensure low cost of ownership for high volume production of passivated silicon solar cells. Different deposition techniques (ALD, PECVD, APCVD) and different materials (SiO2, Al2O3, Si3N4) have been tested during the development process of more than 10 years. Now, the silicon solar cell manufacturing industry is picking up the concept of rear side passivation. The next generation silicon solar cells in production will be the PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) type using all the reported achievements including novel tool concepts and process technologies. This timely overview of silicon solar cell surface passivation, written by the leading experts in the field, is a key read for students and researchers working with silicon solar cells, as well as solar cell manufacturers.</p>2018-11-07T00:00:00ZDiagnosis and Fault Tolerance of Electrical Machines, Power Electronics and Drives
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo126e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Electrical machines and drives, and their associated power electronics, are a key part of an industrialized society. Reliability is a major challenge in systems design, operation, and maintenance of these technologies. Unreliable systems drive up costs, so diagnostics and fault tolerance become important to help maintain the system and estimate its operational lifetime. Diagnosis and Fault Tolerance of Electrical Machines, Power Electronics and Drives describes techniques for fault analysis, diagnostics, condition monitoring methods, reconfiguration, remedial operating strategies and fault tolerance in electrical machines, power electronics and variable speed drives. It is a must-read for researchers in academia and industry, as well as for manufacturers and advanced students involved with electrical machines.</p>2018-10-19T00:00:00ZBifacial Photovoltaics: Technology, applications and economics
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo107e
<p>Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules are able to utilize light from both sides and can therefore significantly increase the electric yield of PV power plants, thus reducing the cost and improving profitability. Bifacial PV technology has a huge potential to reach a major market share, in particular when considering utility scale PV plants. Accordingly, bifacial PV is currently attracting increasing attention from involved engineers, scientists and investors. There is a lack of available, structured information about this topic. A book that focuses exclusively on bifacial PV thus meets an increasing need. Bifacial Photovoltaics: Technology, applications and economics provides an overview of the history, status and future of bifacial PV technology with a focus on crystalline silicon technology, covering the areas of cells, modules, and systems. In addition, topics like energy yield simulations and bankability are addressed. It is a must-read for researchers and manufacturers involved with cutting-edge photovoltaics.</p>2018-10-16T00:00:00ZDC Distribution Systems and Microgrids
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo115e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">DC electric power distribution systems have higher efficiency, better current carrying capacity and faster response when compared to conventional AC systems. They also provide a more natural interface with many types of renewable energy sources. Furthermore, there are fewer issues with reactive power flow, power quality and frequency regulation, resulting in a notably less complex control system. All these facts lead to increased applications of DC systems in modern power systems. Still, design and operation of these systems imposes a number of specific challenges, mostly related to lack of mature protection technology and operational experience, as well as very early development stage of standards regarding DC based power infrastructure. This book provides an up-to-date overview of recent research activities in the control, protection and architectural design of a number of different types of DC distribution systems and microgrids. Practical requirements and implementation details of several types of DC distribution systems used in the real world industrial applications are also presented. Several types of coordinated control design concepts are shown, with concepts of stabilization being explained in detail. The book reviews the shortcomings and future developments concerning the practical DC system integration issues.</p>2018-10-05T00:00:00ZEnergy Storage at Different Voltage Levels: Technology, integration, and market aspects
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo111e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">In an era of increasing contributions from intermittent renewable resources, energy storage is becoming more important to ensure a resilient and reliable electricity supply. Energy Storage at Different Voltage Levels presents the technology, integration and market aspects of energy storage in the various generation, transmission, distribution, and customer levels of the grid. Starting with a comprehensive overview of energy storage technologies and their emerging codes and standards, the book discusses energy storage capacity requirements in electricity mix scenarios at different levels; energy storage in microgrids; energy storage in electricity markets; the role of storage in transmission investment deferral and management of future planning uncertainty; sizing of battery energy storage for end user application under time of use pricing; evaluation of multiple storage benefits and optimization of energy storage operations in distribution networks; use and role of flywheel energy storage systems; forecasting and optimization for multi-purpose application of energy storage systems to deliver grid services (a case study of the smarter network storage project); and optimal coordination between generation and storage under uncertainties. Also included are country-specific case studies from Romania, Italy and Turkey.</p>2018-09-17T00:00:00ZCharacterization of Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductor Devices
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo128e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">At the heart of modern power electronics converters are power semiconductor switching devices. The emergence of wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor devices, including silicon carbide and gallium nitride, promises power electronics converters with higher efficiency, smaller size, lighter weight, and lower cost than converters using the established siliconbased devices. However, WBG devices pose new challenges for converter design and require more careful characterization, in particular due to their fast switching speed and more stringent need for protection. Characterization of Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductor Devices presents comprehensive methods with examples for the characterization of this important class of power devices. After an introduction, the book covers pulsed static characterization; junction capacitance characterization; fundamentals of dynamic characterization; gate drive for dynamic characterization; layout design and parasitic management; protection design for double pulse test; measurement and data processing for dynamic characterization; cross-talk consideration; impact of three-phase system; and topology considerations.</p>2018-09-15T00:00:00ZStructural Control and Fault Detection of Wind Turbine Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo117e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">With the rapid growth of wind energy worldwide, challenges in the operation and control of wind turbine systems are becoming increasingly important. These affect all parts of the system, and require an integrated approach to optimize safety, cost, integrity and survivability of the system, while retaining the desired performance quality. This book conveys up to date theoretical and practical techniques applicable to the control of wind turbine systems. Topics covered include wave loads on monopole-supported offshore wind turbines; numerical and experimental tools for small wind turbine load analysis; structural control concepts for load reduction of offshore wind turbines; towards farm-level health management of wind turbine systems; data-based approaches to the monitoring of wind turbines; fault diagnostics for electrically operated pitch systems in offshore wind turbines; an emulator prototype design for vibration control of magnetic bearings for wind turbine power generator shafts; condition monitoring and diagnostics of wind turbine power trains; and robust fuzzy fault tolerant control wind energy systems subject to actuator and sensor faults.</p>2018-08-31T00:00:00ZThermal Power Plant Control and Instrumentation: The control of boilers and HRSGs.
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo119e
<p>Thermal Power Plant Control and Instrumentation describes the systems and equipment used for measuring and controlling boilers and heat-recovery steam-generators used in land and marine power plant and in process industries. It provides a practical guide to the design, installation, operation and maintenance of these systems. Starting with descriptions of how each area of the plant operates, it shows how the relevant control systems have evolved, how they are implemented in modern systems and how to evaluate the merits of alternative approaches. The rise of renewable power in the generation mix, and of biomass in the fuel, has demanded greater flexibility from combustion plants, requiring more sophisticated and robust control. In parallel, thermal power plants have been developed with overfire air systems to reduce NOx, once-through supercritical boilers to increase efficiency and model-based control schemes to optimise response. These developments have brought opportunities in terms of flexibility, energy efficiency and safety, but also the risk of a comprehension gap between control specialists and power plant engineers, a gap this new edition aims to bridge.</p>2018-06-18T00:00:00ZWireless Power Transfer: Theory, technology, and applications
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo112e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) enables power to be transferred from a grid or storage unit to a device without the need for cable connections. This can be performed by inductive coupling of magnetic fields as well as by direct radiative transfer via beams of electromagnetic waves, commonly radiowaves, microwaves or lasers. Inductive coupling is the most widely used wireless technology with applications including charging handheld devices, RFID tags, chargers for implantable medical devices, and proposed systems for charging electric vehicles. Applications of radiative power transfer include solar power satellites and wireless powered drone aircraft. This book covers the very latest in theory and technology of both coupling and radiative wireless power transfer. Topics covered include the basic theory of inductive coupling and resonance coupling WPT; multi-hop WPT; circuit theory for wireless couplers; inverter/ rectifier technologies for WPT systems; basic theory of WPT via radio waves; technologies of antenna and phased array for WPT via radio waves; transmitter/rectifier technologies for WPT via radio waves; applications of coupling WPT for electric vehicle charging; applications of long-distance WPT; and biological interactions of electromagnetic fields and waves.</p>2018-06-08T00:00:00ZMetaheuristic Optimization in Power Engineering
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo131e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">A metaheuristic is a consistent set of ideas, concepts, and operators to design a heuristic optimization algorithm, that can provide a sufficiently good solution to an optimization problem with incomplete or imperfect information. Modern and emerging power systems, with the growing complexity of distributed and intermittent generation, are an important application for such methods. This book describes the principles of solving various problems in power engineering via the application of selected metaheuristic optimization methods including genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, and the gravitational search algorithm. Applications covered include power flow calculation; optimal power flow in transmission networks; optimal reactive power dispatch in transmission networks; combined economic and emission dispatch; optimal power flow in distribution networks; optimal volt/var control in distribution networks; optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation in distribution networks; optimal energy and operation management of microgrids; optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays; and steady-state analysis of self-excited induction generators.</p>2018-05-04T00:00:00ZPower Transformer Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo104e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power transformers are a key asset for electricity utilities around the globe. However, aging populations of large power transformers require reliable monitoring and diagnostics techniques to extend the asset's lifetime and minimise the possibility of catastrophic failure. This book describes the most popular power transformer condition monitoring techniques from principles to practice. Topics covered include concepts and challenges in power transformer condition monitoring and diagnosis; dissolved gas analysis, measurements and interpretations; moisture analysis for power transformers; assessing degree of polymerisation value considering thermal ageing and paper moisture; frequency response analysis; monitoring of power transformers by mechanical oscillations; lifecycle management of power transformers in a new energy era; and other topics in power transformer asset management and remnant life. Each chapter covers the fundamentals and theory of the topic, and conveys techniques to measure relevant parameters and assess or interpret the results. Power Transformer Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis is essential reading for researchers in academia and industry involved with power transformer R&D, engineers in utilities working with equipment monitoring techniques, and advanced students in power engineering.</p>2018-04-30T00:00:00ZWind and Solar Based Energy Systems for Communities
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo130e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">A sustainable community energy system is an approach to supplying a local community - ranging from a few homes or farms to entire cities - with its energy requirements from renewable energy or high-efficiency co-generation energy sources. Such systems are frequently based on wind power, solar power, biomass, either singly or in combination. Community energy projects have been growing in numbers in several key regions.This book provides an overview of existing and emerging community energy technologies. Topics covered include data-driven methods for prediction of small to medium wind turbines performance; optimization of wind farms for communities; financing for community wind and photovoltaic project development; community-level solar thermal systems; solar water desalination for small communities; community solar photovoltaic projects; assessing wind loads for urban photovoltaic installations; design optimization of multi-energy hubs for community energy projects; battery based storage for communities; power-to-gas and power-to-power for storage and ancillary services in urban areas; smart multi-energy microgrids; and conservation and demand management in community energy systems. Wind and Solar Based Energy Systems for Communities is essential reading for researchers and engineers working to develop community energy systems and advance the transition to a clean energy future.</p>2018-03-14T00:00:00ZPower Market Transformation: Reducing emissions and empowering consumers
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo124e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book describes recent developments in the power and energy markets that are driving major changes in the generation mix, network requirements and customer engagement. The industry now faces new challenges associated with global warming and escalating demand from developing countries such as China and India. The effect of government interventions to manage changes and to meet emission targets has resulted in an industry that is neither a free market nor centrally coordinated and often lacks strategic direction. The uncertainty has resulted in a dearth of investment in generation and unprecedented low margins of spare capacity. This book provides an analysis of the changes and quantifies their impact. It reviews strategic decisions in the management of changes in the sector and aims to identify the optimal way forward to meet the triple objectives of security, affordability and sustainability with low emissions. It focuses on the economic aspects of initiatives to provide insight into their interaction. It also provides insight into the opportunities in the sector to the many new potential players. Power Market Transformation is based on the most recent developments in the energy sector and brings together all the initiatives that interact physically through the common network and financially through the energy market. It draws on extensive international experience in all sectors of the industry to bring clarity to the complex interactions. It includes worked examples and questions providing a basis for study and examination, and will be of value to engineers, economists, researchers and students in all countries undergoing a transition.</p>2018-02-23T00:00:00ZHigh Voltage Power Network Construction
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo110e
<p>High Voltage Power Network Construction examines the key requirements, considerations, complexities and constraints relevant to the task of high voltage power network construction - from design, finance, contracts and project management to installation and commissioning - with the aim of providing an overview of the holistic end to end construction task in a single volume. It specifically targets the 400, 275,132 and 33 kV networks, presenting best and common practice. The book is organised around the implementation of three complementary deliverables: a technical solution that results in the required power system performance characteristics; appropriate quality management arrangements; and the set of competencies all duty holders should demonstrate. Although written primarily from a UK electrical power industry perspective, the book recognises that much is already harmonised with the rest of Europe and increasingly so the rest of the world. This comprehensive reference is a must-read for engineers and researchers with high voltage network construction related responsibilities, especially those engineers that are newly qualified, as well as further reading for advanced students in related subjects.</p>2018-01-31T00:00:00ZFuzzy Logic Control in Energy Systems with design applications in MATLAB®/Simulink®
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo091e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Modern electrical power systems are facing complex challenges, arising from distributed generation and intermittent renewable energy. Fuzzy logic is one approach to meeting this challenge and providing reliability and power quality. The book is about fuzzy logic control and its applications in managing, controlling and operating electrical energy systems. It provides a comprehensive overview of fuzzy logic concepts and techniques required for designing fuzzy logic controllers, and then discusses several applications to control and management in energy systems. The book incorporates a novel fuzzy logic controller design approach in both Matlab® and in Matlab Simulink& so that the user can study every step of the fuzzy logic processor, with the ability to modify the code. Fuzzy Logic Control in Energy Systems is an important read for researchers and practicing engineers in energy engineering and control, as well as advanced students involved with power system research and operation.</p>2017-10-30T00:00:00ZFault Diagnosis of Induction Motors
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo108e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Induction motors are still among the most reliable and important electrical machines. The wide range of their use involves various electrical, magnetic, thermal and mechanical stresses which results in the need for fault diagnosis as part of the maintenance. A yet unreached goal is the development of a generalized, practical approach enabling industry to accurately diagnose different potential induction motor faults. Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motors aims to fill this gap by focusing on theoretical, experimental and computer aided processes for fault diagnosis, building a comprehensive, structural approach allowing users to select the proper diagnosis strategy. Topics covered include condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of induction motors; the theory of line-start and inverter-fed induction motors; induction motor faults basics, developments and laboratory-scale implementation; magneto-motive force waves in healthy three-phase induction motors; multiple coupled circuit model of induction motors; finite element implementation of induction motors in healthy and faulty conditions; signal processing techniques utilized in fault diagnosis procedures; diagnosis of broken bars fault in induction motors; diagnosis of eccentricity fault in induction motors; and diagnosis of inter-turn short circuit fault in induction motors. This work is essential reading for researchers and technicians involved with motor-drive applications and their related maintenance procedures or dealing with applications of signal processing techniques.</p>2017-08-29T00:00:00ZIntroduction to the Smart Grid: Concepts, Technologies and Evolution
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo094e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">In recent years it has become increasingly apparent that conventional electrical networks cannot meet the requirements of the 21st century. These include reliability, efficiency, liberalisation of electricity markets, as well as effective and seamless integration of various types of renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, and customers as players. The emergence of new technologies such as distributed control, monitoring devices, and tremendous advances in information and communication technology have paved the way to realize the Smart Grid concept. This book identifies and discusses the tools required to ensure the interoperability among the various digitally-based components of the Smart Grid. Topics covered include an introduction to the smart grid concept; smart grid versus conventional electric networks; smart grid infrastructure; interoperability standards; communication system and its cyber security; international standard IEC 61850 and its application to smart grids; power system protection under smart grid environment; application of smart grid concept to distribution networks; integration of electric vehicles; energy storage systems; and the smart transmission grid. Introduction to the Smart Grid: Concepts, Technologies and Evolution is essential reading for researchers, engineers and advanced students working in energy engineering.</p>2017-05-30T00:00:00ZPower Quality in Future Electrical Power Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo092e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power quality is necessary for electrical systems to operate in their intended manner without any deterioration of performance. This book highlights the new emerging challenges of power quality due to the penetration of large-scale renewable energy generation technologies, the advances in nonlinear loads, the increased electricity demands in the deregulated market, and the recent requirements of smart grids that need better hierarchical design with enhanced quality, improved controllability, higher reliability, and security. Novel research that links the past, present and future of electrical power grids from a power quality perspective is also introduced. Topics include power quality definitions; frequency-domain power theory and metering of harmonic pollution responsibility; active and passive harmonic filters; shunt flexible AC transmission; power quality improvement using series FACTS; distributed generation systems; islanding scenario generation algorithm; decentralised voltage control in smart grids; techno-economic issues of power quality; economic robust programming for energy management systems; and future trends in power quality. Power Quality in Future Electrical Power Systems is a tool for planners, designers, operators and practicing engineers of electrical power systems who are concerned with power network quality, reliability, and security. It is essential reading for postgraduate students, engineers, academics, and researchers who have some background in electrical power systems.</p>2017-03-24T00:00:00ZWave and Tidal Generation Devices: Reliability and availability
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbrn018e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">There are many wave and tidal devices under development but as yet very few are actually in revenue earning production. However the engineering problems are gradually being solved and there is an appetite to invest in these renewable generation technologies for harsher environments. To some extent the wave and tidal generation industry is following in the wake of the wind industry, particularly learning from the growing experience of offshore wind farm deployment. This book combines wind industry lessons with wave and tidal field knowledge to explore the main reliability and availability issues facing this growing industry. Topics covered include an overview of wave and tidal development; resource; reliability theory relevant to wave and tidal devices; reliability prediction method for wave and tidal devices; practical wave and tidal device reliability; effects of MEC device taxonomy on reliability; availability and its effect on the cost of marine energy; wave and tidal device layout and grid connection; design and testing for wave and tidal devices; operational experience and lessons learnt; monitoring and its effect on operations and maintenance; and overall conclusions. Wave and Tidal Generation Devices: Reliability and availability is essential reading for wave and tidal engineers and researchers and students of renewable energy.</p>2017-03-15T00:00:00ZClean Energy Microgrids
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo090e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Microgrids are electric power grids composed of loads and distributed energy resources which provide electricity to villages, university campuses and other entities usually smaller than cities which are capable of operating independently from the larger grid if necessary. Such systems are gaining importance in times of rising shares of renewable power and desire for energy resilience. There is a need for an updated work and overview describing the latest technology in microgrids and also adding perspectives of economics, environment and energy policies, including microgrids for cold regions, and future trends. The aim of this work is to give this complete overview of the latest technology around the world, and the interrelation with clean energy systems. Topics covered include key concepts and definitions; microgrid communication and control; storage systems for microgrids; microgrid reliability; clean generation in microgrids; country case studies; economics and policies. The book is essential reading for researchers and practicing engineers, as well as advanced students.</p>2017-03-15T00:00:00ZCogeneration: Technologies, Optimization and Implementation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo087e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Cogeneration, also called combined heat and power (CHP), refers to the use of a power station to deliver two or more useful forms of energy, for example, to generate electricity and heat at the same time. All conventional, fuel-based plants generate heat as by-product, which is often carried away and wasted. Cogeneration captures part of this heat for delivery to consumers and is thus a thermodynamically efficient use of fuel, and contributes to reduction of carbon emissions. This book provides an integrated treatment of cogeneration, including a tour of the available technologies and their features, and how these systems can be analysed and optimised. Topics covered include benefits of cogeneration; cogeneration technologies; electrical engineering aspects; applications of cogeneration; fuels for cogeneration systems; thermodynamic analysis; environmental impacts of cogeneration; reliability and availability; economic analysis of cogeneration systems; regulatory and legal frameworks; selection, integration and operation of cogeneration systems; simulation and optimisation; synthesis, design and operation; examples of cogeneration projects; research and development of cogeneration; summary and conclusions. This book is intended for instructors and students at advanced undergraduate as well as graduate level, for professional engineers who design, build and operate cogeneration systems, and for researchers on analysis and optimisation of energy systems.</p>2017-03-10T00:00:00ZModeling and Dynamic Behaviour of Hydropower Plants
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo100e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Hydropower is a mature and cost-competitive renewable energy source, contributing the bulk of global renewable electricity. Over the past decades, computer technology has led to significant possible improvements in monitoring, diagnostics, protection and control through retrofitting of large plants, and there is potential for additional large plants as well as for smaller installations. This book presents a systematic approach to mathematical modeling of different configurations of hydropower plants over four sections - modeling and simulation approaches; control of hydropower plants; operation and scheduling of hydropower plants, including pumped storage; and special features of small hydropower plants. The chapters address the fundamentals and the latest concepts, providing the most appropriate solutions for cost-effective and reliable operation, and include several real-world case studies of hydropower plants in operation. Modeling and Dynamic Behaviour of Hydropower Plants is essential reading for researchers involved with hydropower, as well as for advanced students in power engineering.</p>2017-03-08T00:00:00ZLarge Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo098e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">As renewable energy sources have reached grid parity in many countries, the key to further growth of the share of renewables in the power mix is their integration with the power system. This requires a number of technical developments, for example in power electronics, to meet the need for increased flexibility and rapid dispatch. This book explores the new approaches to meet these challenges, such as increasing interconnection capacity among geographical areas, hybridization of different distributed energy resources and building up demand response capabilities. Topics covered include power grid as part of a 100% renewable energy system; international requirements for large integration of renewable energy sources; nowcasting and short-term wind forecasting for wind energy management; solutions and active measures for wind power integration; grid Integration of large-scale PV plants; extensive use of renewable energy resources: needs, conditions and enabling technologies; DC distribution systems and microgrids; distributed energy resources integration and demand response; stochastic demand modelling; and distributed micro-storage systems at residential level in smart communities with high penetration of photovoltaic generation. This book is essential reading for researchers involved with clean energy generation and power systems.</p>2017-03-01T00:00:00ZSynchronized Phasor Measurements for Smart Grids
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo097e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The use of advanced technologies has made it possible to transform the power grid to an intelligent smart grid with real time control and monitoring of the system. The development of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) and the resulting possibility of real time measurements has enabled different power system applications to enhance the stability, state estimation, load estimation, power network protection, Wide-Area Security Assessment and reliability of the power grid. Topics covered in this book include synchrophasors for improving the performance of power systems; optimal reliability criterion index (ORC) for optimal placement of phasor measurement Units (PMU); wide area measurement based power network protection; synchrophasor assisted visualization and protection of power systems; PMU measurements for enhanced power grid monitoring and protection; fault monitoring, detection and correction using synchrophasor measurements in modern power systems; transmission line fault detection, classification and localization in smart power grids; PMU-based vulnerability assessment of power systems; synchrophasor applications for load estimation and stability analysis; state estimation in the presence of synchronized measurement; PMU based wide-area security assessment. Synchronized Phasor Measurements for Smart Grids is essential reading for professional engineers and researchers, as well as graduate and PhD students, in power systems research.</p>2017-02-28T00:00:00ZHydrogen Production, Separation and Purification for Energy
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo089e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Hydrogen is one of the most promising next-generation fuels. It has the highest energy content per unit weight of any known fuel and in comparison to the other known natural gases it is environmentally safe - in fact, its combustion results only in water vapour and energy. This book provides an overview of worldwide research in the use of hydrogen in energy development, its most innovative methods of production and the various steps necessary for the optimization of this product. Topics covered include structured catalysts for process intensification in hydrogen production by reforming processes; bimetallic supported catalysts for hydrocarbons and alcohols reforming reactions; catalysts for hydrogen production from renewable raw materials, by-products and waste; Ni and Cu-based catalysts for methanol and ethanol reforming; transition metal catalysts for hydrogen production by low temperature steam reforming of methane; supercritical water gasification of biomass to produce hydrogen; biofuel starting materials for hydrogen production; modelling of fixed bed membrane reactors for ultrapure hydrogen production; hydrogen production using micro membrane reactors; perovskite membrane reactors; polymeric membrane materials for hydrogen separation; industrial membranes for hydrogen separation; multifunctional hybrid sorption-enhanced membrane reactors; carbon based membranes; and separation of hydrogen
isotopes by cryogenic distillation. Hydrogen Production, Separation and Purification for Energy is essential reading for researchers in academia and industry working in energy engineering.</p>2017-02-24T00:00:00ZCommunication, Control and Security Challenges for the Smart Grid
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo095e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The Smart Grid is a modern electricity grid allowing for distributed, renewable intermittent generation, partly owned by consumers. This requires advanced control and communication technologies in order to provide high quality power supply and secure generation, transmission and distribution. This book outlines these emerging technologies. Topics covered include an introduction to smart grid architecture; smart grid communications and standards; measurement and sensing devices for smart grids; smart transmission and wide area monitoring system; bad data detection in smart grids; optimal energy management in smart grids; communication and control for the smart grid; smart consumer systems; importance of energy storage systems in smart grids; control and optimization for integration of plug-in vehicles in smart grids; multi-agent based control of smart grids; compressive sensing for smart grid security and reliability; optimum placement of FACTS devices in smart grids; security analysis of smart grid; and smart grid security policies and regulations. With contributions from prominent researchers in the fields of computer, communication, and power engineering this book is essential reading for researchers in power grids, as well as for advanced students and practitioners.</p>2017-02-10T00:00:00ZPeriodic Control of Power Electronic Converters
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo082e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">A key issue for power electronic converters is the ability to tackle periodic signals in electrical power processing to precisely and flexibly convert and regulate electrical power. This book provides complete analysis and synthesis methods for periodic control systems. It covers the control, compensation, and filtering of periodic signals in power electronic power processing and proposes a unified framework for housing periodic control schemes for power converters, providing a general proportional-integral-derivative control solution to periodic signal compensation in extensive engineering applications - a perfect periodic control solution for power electronic conversion. It provides number of demonstrative practical examples of the application of periodic control to: standalone constant-voltage-constant-frequency (CVCF) singlephase Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) inverters; standalone CVCF singlephase High Frequency Link (HFL) inverters; standalone CVCF three-phase PWM inverters; grid-connected single-phase inverters; grid-connected singlephase "Cycloconverter" type HFL rectifiers; grid-connected three-phase PWM inverters; programmable AC power sources; shunt active power filters; and UPS systems. Periodic Control of Power Electronic Converters is of key importance for researchers and engineers in the field of power electronic converter systems and their applications, for control specialists exploring new applications of control theory in power electronics, and for advanced university students in these fields.</p>2016-11-25T00:00:00ZSmarter Energy: From Smart Metering to the Smart Grid
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo088e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book presents cutting-edge perspectives and research results in smart energy spanning multiple disciplines across four main topics: smart metering, smart grid modeling, control and optimization, and smart grid communications and networking. Chapters from an international panel of experts in the field cover: privacy-preserving data aggregation in smart metering systems; smart price-based scheduling of flexible residential appliances; smart tariffs for demand response from smart metering platforms; decentralized models for real-time renewable integration in future grid; distributed and decentralized control in future power systems; multiobjective optimization for smart grid system design; frequency regulation of smart grid via dynamic demand control and battery energy storage systems; distributed frequency control and demand-side management; game theory approaches for demand side management in the smart grid; energy storage systems and grid integration; overview of research in the ADVANTAGE project; big data analysis of power grid from random matrix theory; a model-driven evaluation of demand response communication protocols for smart grid; energy-efficient smart grid communications; and cyber security of smart grid state estimation.</p>2016-10-25T00:00:00ZCogeneration and District Energy Systems: Modelling, Analysis and Optimization
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo093e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">District energy (DE) systems use central heating and/or cooling facilities to provide heating and/or cooling services for communities and can be particularly beneficial when integrated with cogeneration plants for electricity and heat. This book provides information on district energy and cogeneration technologies, and the systems that combine them, with a focus on their modelling, analysis and optimization. Topics covered include a brief introduction to district heating and cogeneration; background material on thermodynamics and exergy analyses; models for cogeneration, heating and district heating, and chilling and district cooling; descriptions and analyses of configurations for integrating cogeneration and DE technologies; economics of cogeneration and DE; environmental impact of cogeneration systems, including wastes and carbon dioxide emissions and their allocations; modelling and optimization of cogeneration-based district energy systems accounting for economics and environmental impact; developments and advances in technologies and systems for cogeneration and DE; and future directions. Examples and case studies are included throughout the book to illustrate the material covered, and to demonstrate the importance, benefits and value of cogeneration and district energy technologies in achieving sustainable and efficient energy systems.</p>2016-10-23T00:00:00ZCyber-Physical-Social Systems and Constructs in Electric Power Engineering
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo081e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Cyber-physical-social systems (CPSS) integrate computing, physical assets, and human networks. Divided into four application areas to the electric grid, this book describes state-of-the-art CPSS in electric power systems, including detailed approaches on social constructs which are a critical aspect of the end-user realm. The book covers: Grid stability and security: distributed controls and algorithms for stability, cyber-security of generator units, and dynamic contingency analysis in the grid. Distribution system controls and economics: aggregators and agents for demand response, electric vehicles integration, smart neighborhoods, and microgrids. Social aspects and implementation: sociological customer interactions with the grid, SCADA systems, and occupants' roles in commercial buildings. Testbeds for validation: cyber-physical security assessment and distributed real time digital simulation. This book will be invaluable to academics and professional engineers engaged in cyber-physical social system applications for power engineering. It will also be of interest to social scientists, economists, and business personnel working on engineering applications for the Smart Grid, and students of power engineering.</p>2016-10-05T00:00:00ZAdvances in Power System Modelling, Control and Stability Analysis
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo086e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Advances in Power System Modelling, Control and Stability Analysis captures the variety of new methodologies and technologies that are changing the way modern electric power systems are modelled, simulated and operated. The book is divided into three parts. Part 1 presents research works on power system modelling and includes applications of telegrapher equations, power flow analysis with inclusion of uncertainty, discrete Fourier transformation and stochastic differential equations. Part 2 focuses on power system operation and control and presents insights on optimal power flow, real-time control and state estimation techniques. Finally, Part 3 describes advances in the stability analysis of power systems and covers voltage stability, transient stability, time delays, and limit cycles. A rich mix of theoretical aspects with practical considerations, as well as benchmarks test systems and real-world applications makes this book essential reading for researchers and students in academia and industry in electric power systems modelling and control</p>2016-09-01T00:00:00ZWide area monitoring, protection and control systems: the enabler for smarter grids
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo073e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Wide area monitoring, protection and control systems (WAMPACs) have been recognized as the most promising enabling technologies to meet challenges of modern electric power transmission systems, where reliability, economics, environmental and other social objectives must be balanced to optimize the grid assets and satisfy growing electrical demand. To this aim WAMPAC requires precise phasor and frequency information, which are acquired by deploying multiple time-synchronized sensors, known as Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), providing precise synchronized information about voltage and current phasors, frequency and rate-of-change-of-frequency. This book provides an overview of this emerging technology. Topics covered include an introduction to WAMPACs; reliability-based substation monitoring systems placement; system integrity protection scheme based on PMU technology; new methodologies for largescale power system dynamic analysis; a fuzzy-based knowledge discovery paradigm for on-line optimal power flow analysis; and false data injection attacks and countermeasures for wide area measurement system.</p>2016-08-01T00:00:00ZMethane and Hydrogen for Energy Storage
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo101e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Commercial energy storage has moved from the margins to the mainstream as it fosters flexibility in our smarter, increasingly integrated energy systems. Natural gas has been identified by many as the fuel to take us to the no-carbon horizon; where a hydrogen economy waits on development. These two actors are already connected in precursor applications as transitional solutions for hydrogen handling and transportation are sought ahead of a fully established hydrogen infrastructure. This monograph explores some of leading advances in methane and hydrogen storage as well as the interesting link between these two important elements in our evolving energy system mosaic. Topics covered include: hydrogen absorption for storage; power-to-gas for energy system integration and storage; methanation for power-to-gas applications; production of hydrogen from methane decarbonisation into power to gas scenarios; power-to-gas in an ancillary service market; methane in MOFs: where, why and how; thermal management as a key in storing adsorbed natural gas; and gas hydrate potential and development for methane storage.</p>2016-07-27T00:00:00ZControl Circuits in Power Electronics: Practical issues in design and implementation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo072e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Control circuits are a key element in the operation and performance of power electronics converters. This book describes practical issues related to the design and implementation of these control circuits, with a focus on the presentation of the state-of-the-art control solutions, including circuit technology, design techniques, and implementation issues. Topics covered include PWM-based sliding mode control schemes for DC-DC power converters; synthetic-ripple hysteretic controllers for DC/DC converters; one-cycle controlled single phase power inverters; digital PWM control of high-frequency DC-DC switched-mode power converters; microcontroller-based electronic ballasts for high-intensity-discharge lamps; FPGA-based controllers for direct sliding mode control of PWM boost rectifiers; DSP controllers for three-phase unity-power-factor rectifiers and voltage-sourced inverters; FPGADSP controllers for DC-DC converters in renewable energy applications; topologies, modulation and control of multilevel converters; state-of-the-art intelligent gate drivers for IGBT power modules; control of integrated switched capacitor power converters; DSP-based natural frame control schemes for three-phase unity-power-factor rectifiers; dual-core DSP for control and communication in AC microgrids; and the use of computational intelligence for designing power electronics converters. Control Circuits in Power Electronics is an essential reading for researchers, advanced students and practicing design engineers working in power electronics.</p>2016-05-11T00:00:00ZPower Distribution Automation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo075e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Utilities around the world are under increasing pressure to provide reliable and good quality power supply to their retail customers, and to reduce their operational costs. These concerns call for real time monitoring and control of the distribution system, which can be accomplished by deploying distribution automation (DA) systems, a key enabling technology for smart grids. This book provides a detailed description of all the major components of a DA system, including communication infrastructure and analysis tools. Topics covered include communication systems for distribution automation; load flow analysis; short circuit analysis; state estimation; feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction, service restoration, and load balancing; volt-var control; fault location; fault type identification; and economic analysis/cost benefit analysis. Concluding with an international case study (Enexis, one of the major Distribution System Operators in The Netherlands) showing how DA has been implemented in practice, this book is essential reading for researchers and advanced students working in power engineering and practitioners engaged in distribution automation, such as utility engineers, vendors, and consultant</p>2016-04-28T00:00:00ZReliability of Power Electronic Converter Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo080e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The main aims of power electronic converter systems (PECS) are to control, convert, and condition electrical power flow from one form to another through the use of solid-state electronics. This book outlines current research into the scientific modeling, experimentation, and remedial measures for advancing the reliability, availability, system robustness, and maintainability of PECS at different levels of complexity. Drawing on the experience of an international team of experts, this book explores the reliability of PECS covering topics including an introduction to reliability engineering in power electronic converter systems; anomaly detection and remaining-life prediction for power electronics; reliability of DC-link capacitors in power electronic converters; reliability of power electronics packaging; modelling for life-time prediction of power semiconductor modules; minimization of DC-link capacitance in power electronic converter systems; wind turbine systems; smart control strategies for improved reliability of power electronics system; lifetime modelling; power module lifetime test and state monitoring; tools for performance and reliability analysis of power electronics systems; fault-tolerant adjustable speed drive systems; mission profile-oriented reliability design in wind turbine and photovoltaic systems; reliability of power conversion systems in photovoltaic applications; power supplies for computers; and high-power converters. Reliability of Power Electronic Converter Systems is essential reading for researchers, professionals and students working with power electronics and their applications, particularly those specialising in the development and application of power electronic converters and systems.</p>2015-12-01T00:00:00ZPower Electronic Converters and Systems: Frontiers and Applications
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo074e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Power electronics is a branch of electrical engineering dealing with conversion and control of electric power using semiconductor power switches. This book, written by an international panel of more than 40 experts, provides an overview of modern power electronic converters and systems, and their applications. Topics covered include semiconductor power switches, multilevel, multi-input, modular, matrix, soft-switching, and Z-source converters, switching power supplies, and smart power electronic modules. Applications discussed encompass permanent magnet synchronous motor and induction motor drives, wind, photovoltaic, and automotive energy systems, shipboard power systems, the power grid, distributed generation and microgrids, uninterruptable power supplies, and wireless power transfer. Advanced control of power electronic systems is also examined. The book is essential reading for researchers and students working in power electronics, and for practising engineers specialising in the development and application of power electronic converters and systems.</p>2015-11-01T00:00:00ZVehicle-to-Grid: Linking electric vehicles to the smart grid
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo079e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles (PEVs) have the potential to provide substantial storage to a city's grid, a key component in mitigating intermittency issues of power sources. But the batteries of these vehicles also need to be charged at times when their users need them. Thus, V2G (vehicle-to-grid) is becoming an important issue in the future grid. An integrated treatment of this system, from power generation, monitoring, storage in stationary and PEV batteries to control is a complex task. This book explores the connection between the stationary grid and PEV power storage. Topics covered include: the impact of PEVs and V2G on smart grid and renewable energy systems; distributed energy resource with PEV battery energy storage in the smart grid; power conversion technology in smart grid and PEVs; power control and monitoring of smart grid with PEVs; PEV charging technologies and V2G on distributed energy resources and utility interfaces; economic, social and environmental dimensions of PEVs in the smart grid. This book will be of interest to researchers and advanced students in electric vehicles and smart grid technologies, and policy-makers and planners developing smart grid infrastructure and sustainable transport initiatives.</p>2015-07-17T00:00:00ZPower System Stability: Modelling, Analysis and Control
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo076e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">To ensure stable operation of a power system, it is necessary to analyse the power system performance under various operating conditions. Analysis includes studies such as power flow and both steady-state and transient stability. To perform such studies requires knowledge about the models used to represent the various components that constitute an integrated power system. In situations where there is a risk of loss of stability, it is necessary to apply controls that can ensure stable and uninterrupted supply of electricity following a disturbance. The subject of stability thus encompasses modelling, computation of load flow in the transmission grid, stability analysis under both steady-state and disturbed conditions, and appropriate controls to enhance stability. All these topics are covered in this book, providing a comprehensive treatment of the overall subject of stability of power systems. Topics covered include modelling of the synchronous machine; the synchronous machine connected to power systems; modelling of transformers, transmission lines and loads; power flow analysis; optimal power flow; small signal stability; transient stability; transient energy function methods; artificial intelligent techniques; power system stabilizers; series compensation; shunt compensation; compensation devices; and recent technologies. The subject matter is covered at a level that is suitable for students, scientists and engineers involved in the study, design, analysis and control of power systems.</p>2015-07-01T00:00:00ZWide Area Monitoring of Interconnected Power Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo077e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book provides a compact yet comprehensive treatment of advanced data-driven signal processing techniques for the analysis and characterization of both ambient power system data and transient oscillations resulting from major disturbances. Inspired by recent developments in multi-sensor data fusion, multi-temporal data assimilation techniques for power system monitoring are proposed and tested in the context of modern wide-area monitoring system architectures. Recent advances in understanding and modeling nonlinear, time-varying power system processes are reviewed and factors affecting the performance these techniques are discussed. A number of algorithms and examples are presented throughout the text as an aid to understanding the basic material provided. Challenges involved in realistic monitoring, visualization and analysis of actual disturbance events are emphasized and examples of applications to a wide range of power networks are provided. Topics covered include: wide-area monitoring and analysis
systems; wide-area monitoring system architectures; spatio-temporal modeling of power system dynamic processes; advanced data processing and feature extraction; multi-sensor multitemporal data fusion; monitoring the status of the system; near real-time analysis and monitoring; and interpretation and visualization of wide-area PMU measurements. This book will be of interest to students, researchers and engineers involved in the study, design, analysis and control of power systems.</p>2015-05-01T00:00:00ZNumerical Analysis of Power System Transients and Dynamics
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo078e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book describes the three major power system transients and dynamics simulation tools based on a circuit-theory approach that are widely used all over the world (EMTP-ATP, EMTP-RV and EMTDC/PSCAD), together with other powerful simulation tools such as XTAP. In the first part of the book, the basics of circuit-theory based simulation tools and of numerical electromagnetic analysis methods are explained, various simulation tools are introduced and the features, strengths and weaknesses are described together with some application examples. In the second part, various transient and dynamic phenomena in power systems are investigated and studied by applying the numerical analysis tools, including: transients in various components related to a renewable system; surges on wind farm and collection systems; protective devices such as fault locators and high-speed switchgear; overvoltages in a power system; dynamic phenomena in FACTS, especially STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator); the application of SVC to a cable system; and grounding systems. Combining underlying theory with real-world examples, this book will be of use to researchers involved in analysis of power systems for development and optimization, and professionals and advanced students working with power systems in general</p>2015-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Lightning Flash
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo069e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This updated and expanded new edition of Cooray's classic text provides the reader with a thorough background in almost every aspect of lightning and its impact on electrical and electronic equipment. The contents range from basic discharge processes in air through transient electromagnetic field generation and interaction with overhead lines and underground cables, to lightning protection and testing techniques. New to this edition are discussions of high-speed video recordings of lightning; rocket-and-wire triggered lightning experiments; tower initiated lightning discharges; upper atmospheric electrical discharges; attachment of lightning flashes to grounded structures; energetic radiation from thunderstorms and lightning; global lightning nitrogen oxides production; and lightning and global temperature change. <i>The Lightning Flash, 2nd Edition</i> is a sound introduction to researchers and advanced students working in the field and of value for anyone designing, installing or commissioning equipment which needs to be secured against lightning strikes.</p>2014-07-15T00:00:00ZWind Power Integration: Connection and System Operational Aspects
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbrn014e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The rapid growth of wind generation has many implications for power system planning, operation and control. Network development, voltage rise, protection, monitoring and control are connection problems common to all wind power generation. <i>Wind Power Integration: Connection and System Operational Aspects, 2nd Edition</i> provides a wide-ranging discussion on all major aspects of wind power integration into electricity supply systems. Topics covered include: the development of wind power technology and its world-wide deployment; a primer in electric power engineering for non-electrical engineers (- which system delivers significant wind energy to consumers at least cost?); wind power technology and the interaction of various wind turbine generator types with the utility network; utility networks, and how they may be developed to accept significant wind power; how operational practice can be modified to take account of a variable power source with limited scope for control; wind power forecasting; the challenges faced by wind energy in modern electricity markets. New discussions have been added to describe developments in wind turbine generator technology and control, the network integration of wind power, innovative ways to integrate wind power when its generation potential exceeds 50% of demand, case studies on how forecasting errors have affected system operation, and an update on how the wind energy sector has fared in the marketplace. <i>Wind Power Integration: Connection and System Operational Aspects, 2nd Edition</i> will appeal to engineers from various disciplines looking for an overview of a technology that is providing a major impetus for sustainable electricity supply in the twenty-first century.</p>2014-05-23T00:00:00ZEconomic Evaluation of Projects in the Electricity Supply Industry
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo070e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">In the highly capital-intensive electricity supply industry, it is essential that both engineers and managers understand the methodologies of project evaluation in order to comprehend and analyse investment proposals and decisions. This updated and expanded edition of <i>Economic Evaluation of Projects in the Electricity Supply Industry</i> takes a broad introductory approach, covering planning and investment, financial analysis and evaluation, risk management, electricity trading, and strategies, technologies, national requirements and global agreements for electricity generation in a carbon-constrained world. Developments covered by this new edition include the changing mix of fuels in the power generation sector, greater involvement of the private sector in power generation investments through independent power producers, the important role of regulations, the growing interest in clean electricity generation, the economics of investing in renewables, the introduction of smart grids and intelligent meters and networks, and cyber security. <i>Economic Evaluation of Projects in the Electricity Supply Industry, 3rd Edition</i> is essential reading for academic and industrial engineers and economists concerned with energy supply, students of energy economics and planning, industry planners and project managers, and government and regulatory officials.</p>2014-03-04T00:00:00ZElectrical Design for Ocean Wave and Tidal Energy Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbrn017e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Renewable energy is expected to play a major part in future energy supplies, both to reduce the impact on the world climate and also to make up for any shortfall in conventional energy sources. Ocean energy has the potential to make a significant contribution to future renewable energy supplies as identified in recent reports from the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change and the International Energy Agency. Ocean energy is an emerging industry sector and there are a number of promising developments under way. Significant commercial deployments in the gigawatt range are envisaged over the next 10 to 20 years in Europe, USA, Asia and South America.<i>Electrical Design for Ocean Wave and Tidal Energy Systems</i> gives an electrical engineer's perspective of this technology, addressing offshore wave and tidal power stations, grid integration and distribution. With contributions from a panel of leading international experts, this book is essential reading for electrical design engineers, researchers and students working in ocean energy development and renewable energy. Topics covered include generator selection and rating; electrical energy storage; grid integration; power quality; cabling, umbilicals and array layout; modelling and simulation techniques; control theory and realisation; power system issues; and economics of ocean energy electrical systems.</p>2013-11-22T00:00:00ZDistribution System Analysis and Automation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo068e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Distribution systems analysis employs a set of techniques that allow engineers to simulate, analyse, and optimise power distribution systems. Combined with automation, these techniques underpin the emerging concept of the 'smart grid', a digitally-enabled electrical supply grid that can monitor and respond to the behaviour of all its components in real time.
<i>Distribution System Analysis and Automation</i> provides a comprehensive guide to these techniques, with coverage including smart grid for distribution systems; introduction to distribution automation; network and radial load flow analysis; determination of the optimal topology for power electric systems; voltage VAR control and capacitor application; power quality and harmonics in distribution systems; harmonic filter design; distribution system restoration; short circuit analysis; arc flash concepts; numerical relaying and feeder protection; communication and control centres; and distributed energy resources.
The book is based on over 30 years of experience in the field of power systems and combines theoretical concepts with real-world applications and MATLAB exercises.</p>2013-11-01T00:00:00ZHigh Voltage Engineering Testing
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo066e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This 3rd edition of <i>High Voltage Engineering Testing</i> describes strategic developments in the field and reflects on how they can best be managed. All the key components of high voltage and distribution systems are covered including electric power networks, UHV and HV. Distribution systems including HVDC and power electronic systems are also considered.
In the book, particular consideration is given to recent developments in UHV, AC and DC transmission systems abroad. Recent developments in renewable energy techniques and environmental issues are also discussed and assessed. This new edition gives details of design and testing techniques and considers recent developments in testing and measuring technology and reviews them together with appropriate strategic technological assessments of some applications.
The book also looks at UHV, HV and distribution systems both from the point of view of the provider and the user, covering everything from specification and testing to overall system co-ordination. The ongoing dynamic changes which have taken place during the past decade are considered, moving on from the early stages of privatisation and market influences in the UK and abroad, to current strategies aimed at optimising the value of network assets and the effective utilisation of alternative renewable energy sources within network frameworks.</p>2013-09-12T00:00:00ZMulticore Simulation of Power System Transients
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo067e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Multicore technology has brought about the reexamination of traditional power system electromagnetic transient simulation methods. The technological penetration of this advancement in power system simulation is not noticeable, but its demand is growing in importance in anticipation of the many-core shift. The availability of this technology in personal computers has orchestrated the redesign of simulation approaches throughout the software industry - and in particular, the parallelization of power system simulation. <i>Multicore Simulation of Power System Transients</i> shows how to parallelize the simulation of power system transients using a multicore desktop computer. The book begins by introducing a power system large enough to demonstrate the potential of multicore technology. Then, it is shown how to formulate and partition the power system into subsystems that can be solved in parallel with a program written in C#. Formulating a power system as subsystems exploits multicore technology by parallelizing its solution and can result in significant speedups. For completeness, the power system presented in this book is also built and run in MATLAB®/Simulink® SimPowerSystems - one of the most widely-used commercial simulation tools today.</p>2013-06-07T00:00:00ZModelling Distributed Energy Resources in Energy Service Networks
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbrn016e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The smart-grid concept can mean many things, however there is a consensus that its objective involves seamlessly adopting new technologies to existing infrastructures and maximising the use of resources. <i>Modelling Distributed Energy Resources in Energy Service Networks</i> focuses on modelling two key infrastructures in urban energy systems with embedded technologies. These infrastructures are natural gas and electricity networks and the embedded technologies include cogeneration and electric vehicle devices. The subject is addressed using a holistic modelling framework which serves as a means to an end; this end being to optimise in a coordinated manner the operation of natural gas and electrical infrastructures under the presence of distributed energy resources, thus paving the way in which smart-grids should be managed. The modelling approach developed and presented in this book, under the name 'time coordinated optimal power flow' (TCOPF), functions as a decision maker entity that aggregates and coordinates the available DERs according to multiple criteria such as energy prices and utility conditions. The examples prove the TCOPF acts effectively as an unbiased intermediary entity that manages cost-effective interactions between the connected technologies and the distribution network operators, therefore showcasing an integral approach on how to manage new technologies for the benefit of all stakeholders.</p>2013-04-16T00:00:00ZOffshore Wind Turbines: Reliability, availability and maintenance
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbrn013e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The development of offshore wind power has become a pressing modern energy issue in which the UK is taking a major part, driven by the need to find new electrical power sources, avoiding the use of fossil fuels, in the knowledge of the extensive wind resource available around our islands and the fact that the environmental impact of offshore wind farms is likely to be low. However, there are major problems to solve if offshore wind power is to be realised and these problems revolve around the need to capture energy at a cost per kWh which is competitive with other sources. This depends upon the longevity of the wind turbines which make up offshore wind farms. Their availability, reliability and the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the maintenance needed to achieve that availability, are essential to improve offshore wind life-cycle costs and the future of this emerging industry. This book intends to address these issues head-on and demonstrate clearly to manufacturers, developers and operators the facts and figures of wind turbine operation and maintenance in the inclement offshore environment, recommending how maintenance should be done to achieve low life-cycle costs.</p>2012-01-01T00:00:00ZLightning Electromagnetics
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo062e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Lightning research is an interdisciplinary subject where several branches of engineering and physics converge. Lightning Electromagnetics is a book that caters for the needs of both physicists and engineers. It provides: The physicist with information on how to simulate: the charge generation in
thunderclouds, different discharge processes in air that ultimately lead to a lightning flash, and the mechanism through which energetic radiation in the form of X-rays and Gamma rays are produced by lightning flashes; The power engineer with several numerical tools to study the interaction of lightning
flashes with power transmission and distribution systems; The telecommunication engineer with numerical procedures with which to calculate
the electromagnetic fields generated by lightning flashes and their interactions with overhead and underground telecommunication systems; The electromagnetic specialist with the basic theory necessary to simulate the propagation of lightning electromagnetic fields over the surface of the Earth; The atmospheric scientist with numerical procedures to quantify interactions between lightning flashes and the Earth's atmosphere, including the production of NOx by lightning flashes occurring in the atmosphere. This book also contains a chapter on the stimulation of visual phenomena in humans by electromagnetic fields of lightning flashes, which is essential reading for those who are interested in ball lightning.</p>2012-01-01T00:00:00ZUltracapacitor Applications
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo059e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Energy storage and in particular electrical storage of energy has become a very talked about topics in circles, ranging from lay person in regard to hybrid and battery electric vehicles, to professional and certainly by legislators and energy policy makers in government. But even to professional the distinction between physical and chemical forms of electric energy storage are unclear and at times poorly understood. if at all. This book takes a critical look at physical storage of electricity in the devices known collectively as electrochemical capacitors and particularly as ultracapacitors. In its 12 chapters, this text covers ultracapacitors and advances battery topics with emphasis on clear understanding of fundamental principles, models and applications. The reader will appreciates the case studies ranging from commercial to industrial to automotive applications of not only ultracapacitors but these power device components in combination with energy dense battery technologies.</p>2011-01-01T00:00:00ZScenarios for a Future Electricity Supply: Cost-optimized variations on supplying Europe and its neighbours with electricity from renewable energies
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbrn010e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book pursues the fundamental idea of using renewable energies in a rational and economic way in order to develop a climate-friendly electricity supply. As the most cost efficient solution, an electricity network for the whole of Europe and parts of Africa and Asia must be found. The sources of renewable and partly decentralised electricity generation could be connected in a comprehensive power supply to meet the electricity needs of an entire region. Czisch examines different scenarios for a CO<sub>2</sub> neutral electricity system under different political, technological and economic conditions for Europe and its closer surroundings. The aim is to find in each variation the economically optimal solution, whereby the supply area embraces approximately 1.1 billion inhabitants and an electricity consumption of roughly 4000 terrawatt-hours per annum (TWh/a).</p>2011-01-01T00:00:00ZProtection of Electricity Distribution Networks
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo065e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">High quality electrical service is everyday more stringent in utilities and industrial facilities around the world. One of the main players to achieve this is the protection system, which has to be reliable, fast and with a good cost/benefit ratio. This book refers to most aspects of electrical protections, with emphasis on Distribution Systems. Protection of generation and transmission systems are also treated in the text. References to modern topics such as the Distributed Generation, Smart Grid and Standard IEC 61850 have been introduced. Written by two well experienced engineers who combine a comprehensive theoretical background with examples and exercises, this book will allow the reader to easily follow the ideas explored. The book will be valuable to pre and postgraduate students, design, maintenance and consulting engineers as well as instructors looking for proper references.</p>2011-01-01T00:00:00ZEnergy Storage for Power Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo063e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The supply of energy from primary sources is not constant and rarely matches the pattern of demand from consumers. Electricity is also difficult to store in significant quantities. Therefore, secondary storage of energy is essential to increase generation capacity efficiency and to allow more substantial use of renewable energy sources that only provide energy intermittently. Lack of effective storage has often been cited as a major hurdle to substantial introduction of renewable energy sources into the electricity supply network. The author presents here a comprehensive guide to the different types of storage available. He not only shows how the use of the various types of storage can benefit the management of a power supply system, but also considers more substantial possibilities that arise from integrating a combination of different storage devices into a system. This book will be important to those seeking to develop environmentally sound energy resources.</p>2011-01-01T00:00:00ZSolar Photovoltaic Energy
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbrn009e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This professional manual on photovoltaic energy gives designers, installers and managers the tools and methods for: the effective writing of technical reports; and calculating, installing and maintaining the necessary components (solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, conductors, etc.) with the aim of designing and putting in place photovoltaic installations adapted to specific needs, conserving energy and taking into account both the opportunities and limits of this new energy. It gives a detailed account of the physical phenomena (conversion and storage of solar energy) as well as the available technology and the technology currently in development. This edition includes a number of updates on the economical and technical aspects of this energy, as well as exploring the possibilities of connecting it to a network of photovoltaic systems. This book is an essential tool for technicians and engineers involved in the field of solar energy (installers and users), as well as professional researchers. It will also be a useful reference for engineering students,
including those in electronic engineering.</p>2010-01-01T00:00:00ZPropulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbrn007e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Worldwide, the automotive industry is being challenged to make dramatic improvements in vehicle fuel economy. In Europe there are CO<sub>2</sub> emissions penalties prorated by the degree to which vehicles exceed mandated CO<sub>2</sub> levels. In the United States, vehicle fuel economy targets set by Congress in 2007 for 20 per cent fuel economy improvement by 2020 are now being accelerated by the Obama administration to 35.5 mpg by 2016 for a passenger car. Taking effect in 2012, the new rules set more aggressive fuel economy measures that will require significant gains in engine and driveline efficiency, better performance cabin climate control and the introduction of electric hybridization. This 2nd Edition of Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles addresses the electrification innovations that will be required, ranging from low end brake energy recuperators, idle-stop systems and mild hybrids on to strong hybrids of the power split architecture in both single mode and two mode and introducing new topics in plug-in hybrid and battery electrics. Important topics of the 1st Edition are retained and expanded and some outdated material has been replaced with new information.</p>2010-01-01T00:00:00ZLightning Protection
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo058e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Lightning is a natural phenomenon that has always fascinated humans. It is also a destructive force, and the science of protecting humans and their belongings on earth is called lightning protection. This book provides the reader with a thorough background in almost every aspect of lightning protection. The contents of the book, distributed over 23 chapters, covers all aspects of lightning protection including lightning parameters of engineering interest, the evaluation of the risk imposed by lightning strikes, the art of installing lightning protection systems on various structures, basic principles and procedures necessary to protect electronic equipment in buildings from lightning flashes, grounding in lightning protection, the function of surge protection devices, protection of power transmission lines and telecommunication towers from lightning, the interaction of lightning flashes with wind turbines, various aspects of lightning strikes to trees, medical and engineering aspects of lightning strikes to humans, and lightning warning systems. In addition to providing essential information on lightning protection for engineers and scientists, the book is intended for use as a textbook on lightning protection at both undergraduate and postgraduate level.</p>2010-01-01T00:00:00ZEnergy: Resources, technologies and the environment
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbrn008e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book is aimed at students and professionals as well as anyone interested in having a global vision and perspective on energy. Over the past two centuries the use of coal, and later oil and gas, to produce energy has allowed an unprecedented increase in the standard of living. Over the past fifty years the development of nuclear energy has given access to an even more powerful source of energy and more recently there has been a revival of interest in renewable energy sources. This new edition has been fully updated, describing energy sources from the past, from today and for the future as well as focussing on their usages by looking at all the different issues (technological, economic, environmental, etc.). Each source of energy is presented with its advantages and disadvantages. This book gives advice on how to use energy more efficiently in order to become less dependent upon fossil fuels, which are slowly being depleted and becoming more and more expensive. The inclusion of many tables and figures allows the reader to compare data on energy (reserves, consumption, production, etc.).</p>2010-01-01T00:00:00ZDistributed Generation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbrn001e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Throughout the world there is concern over the impact of energy use on the environment (particularly CO<sub>2</sub> emissions) and also over the security of fossil fuel supplies. Consequently, governments and energy planners are actively encouraging alternative and cleaner forms of energy production such as renewables (e.g. wind, solar, biomass) and combined heat and power (CHP). The economics and locations of sustainable energy sources have meant that many of these new generators are connected into distribution networks. It is recognized that the information flow and control of distribution networks is inadequate for these future low-carbon electricity supply systems. The future distribution network will change its operation from passive to active, and the distributed generators will be controlled to support the operation of the power system. In many countries this transformation of electricity supply is managed through energy markets and privately owned, regulated transmission and distribution systems. This book discusses the connection of generation to distribution networks and then moves on to consider how sustainable generation can be fully integrated into the operation of the power system. Both technical and economic aspects are addressed. It is written for later-year undergraduate and postgraduate students studying courses on energy. The book has four tutorial chapters (with examples and questions) to provide fundamental material for those without a strong electrical engineering background.</p>2010-01-01T00:00:00ZCogeneration: A user's guide
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbrn011e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">If there are two phrases we have come to know very well, they are 'environmental awareness' and 'credit crunch'. The world is looking for ways to decrease the emission of CO<sub>2</sub> into the atmosphere, without incurring major costs in doing so. By increasing efficiencies up to about 90 per cent using well-established and mature technologies, cogeneration represents the best option for short-term reductions in CO<sub>2</sub> emission levels. The ability to maximise revenue streams by taking advantage of price fluctuations in the cost of energy supply, and ensuring the ability to supply power regardless of what is happening on the grid, are powerful incentives to use cogeneration. The collapses of the grid networks in North America and Italy in 2003 were a stark reminder of what can happen if there is over-reliance on the grid network. Cogeneration makes sense economically, environmentally and operationally.</p>2010-01-01T00:00:00ZMicrogrids and Active Distribution Networks
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbrn006e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks offer a potential solution for sustainable, energy-efficient power supply to cater for increasing load growth, supplying power to remote areas, generation of clean power and reduction in emission of greenhouse gases & particulates as per Kyoto protocol.</p>2009-01-01T00:00:00ZControl Techniques, Drives and Controls Handbook
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo057e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book contains a great deal of practical information for drives and industrial engineers who use motors and drives. It is a comprehensive guide to the technology underlying drives and motors. It contains sufficient theory to give both user and student an insight into the design of these components and thereby the constraints and opportunities that exist. It has been radically revised and expanded from the previous edition to contain much new information.</p>2009-01-01T00:00:00ZLocal Energy: Distributed generation of heat and power
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo055e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">In the future, the UK's energy supplies, for both heat and power, will come from much more diverse sources. In many cases, this will mean local energy projects serving a local community or even a single house. What technologies are available? Where and at what scale can they be used? How can they work effectively with our existing energy networks? This book explores these power and heat sources, explains the characteristics of each and examines how they can be used.</p>2008-01-01T00:00:00ZCondition Monitoring of Rotating Electrical Machines
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo056e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Condition monitoring of engineering plant has increased in importance as engineering processes are automated and manpower is reduced. However, electrical machinery receives attention only at infrequent intervals when plant is shut down and the application of protective relays to machines has also reduced operator surveillance. A first edition of Condition Monitoring of Electrical Machines, written by Tavner and Penman, was published in 1987. The economics of industry have now changed, as a result of the privatisation and deregulation of the energy industry, placing emphasis on the importance of reliable operation of plant, throughout the whole life cycle, regardless of first cost. The availability of advanced electronics and software in powerful instrumentation, computers, and digital signal processors (DSP) has simplified our ability to instrument and analyse machinery. As a result condition monitoring is now being applied to a wider range of systems, from fault-tolerant drives of a few hundred watts in the aerospace industry, to machinery of a few hundred megawatts in major capital plant. In this new book the original authors have been joined by Ran, an expert in power electronics and control, and Sedding, an expert in the monitoring of electrical insulation systems. Together the authors have revised and expanded the earlier book, merging their own experience with that of machine analysts to bring it up to date. The book is aimed at professional engineers in the energy, process engineering and manufacturing industries, plus research workers and students.</p>2008-01-01T00:00:00ZCondition Assessment of High Voltage Insulation in Power System Equipment
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo053e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book covers major components of a high voltage system and the different insulating materials applied in equipment, identifying measurable materials suitable for condition assessment, and also analyses insulation fault scenarios that may occur in power equipment. Suitable for power system engineers, associated with high voltage equipment, students in electrical power engineering, short courses in insulation condition assessment and postgraduates.</p>2008-01-01T00:00:00ZWind Power Integration: Connection and system operational aspects
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo050e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The rapid growth of wind power and the implications of this on future power system planning, operation and control has become an even greater challenge in today's liberalised electricity market conditions. This essential book examines the main problems of wind power integration and guides the reader through a number of the most recent solutions based on current research and operational experience of wind power integration.</p>2007-01-01T00:00:00ZNuclear Power
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo052e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Explains in detail how nuclear power works, its costs, benefits as part of the electricity supply system and examines its record. This book covers the nuclear power debate.</p>2007-01-01T00:00:00ZWood Pole Overhead Lines
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo048e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book concentrates on the mechanical aspects of distribution wood pole lines, including live line working, environmental influences, climate change and international standards. Other topics include statutory requirements, safety, profiling, traditional and probabilistic design, weather loads, bare and covered conductors, different types of overhead systems, conductor choice, construction and maintenance.</p>2005-01-01T00:00:00ZShort Circuit Currents
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo051e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The calculation of short circuit currents is a central task for Power System engineers, they are essential parameters for the design of electrical equipment and installations, the operation of power systems and the analysis of outages and faults.</p>2005-01-01T00:00:00ZPropulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo045e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The automotive industry is waking up to the fact that hybrid electric vehicles could provide an answer to the ever-increasing need for lower-polluting and more fuel-efficient forms of personal transport. This is the first book to give comprehensive coverage of all aspects of the hybrid vehicle design, from its power plant and energy storage systems, to supporting chassis subsystems necessary for realising hybrid modes of operation. Key topics covered include hybrid propulsion system architectures, propulsion system sizing, electric traction system sizing and design, loss mechanisms, system simulation and vehicle certification.</p>2004-01-01T00:00:00ZElectric Fuses
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo049e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The book as a whole gives a comprehensive treatment of fuses, and is not intended solely for those engaged in fuse development, design and production, but also for those responsible for planning and protection of electrical circuits and networks.</p>2004-01-01T00:00:00ZDistribution Switchgear
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo046e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book is an invaluable reference source dealing with the general principles of the switchgear function and discussing topics such as interuption techniques, fault level calculationsm switching transients and electrical insulation.</p>2004-01-01T00:00:00ZAdvances in High Voltage Engineering
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo040e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book addresses the very latest research and development issues in high voltage technology and is intended as a reference source for researchers and students in the field, specifically covering developments throughout the last decade.</p>2004-01-01T00:00:00ZThermal Power Plant Simulation and Control
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo043e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Contributors of world-class excellence are brought together in Thermal Power Plant Simulation and Control to illustrate how current areas of research can be applied to power plant operation, leading to enhanced unit performance, asset management andplant competitiveness through intelligent monitoring and control strategies.</p>2003-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Lightning Flash
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo034e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This unique book provides the reader with a thorough background in almost every aspect of lightning and its impact on electrical and electronic equipment. The contents range from basic discharge processes in air throughtransient electromagnetic field generation and interaction with overhead lines and underground cables, to lightning protection and testing techniques.</p>2003-01-01T00:00:00ZPower Systems Electromagnetic Transients Simulation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo039e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Electromagnetic transients simulation (EMTS) has become a universal tool for the analysis of power system electromagnetic transients in the range of nanoseconds to seconds. This book provides a thorough review of EMTS and many simple examples are included to clarify difficult concepts. This book will be of particular value to advanced engineering students and practising power systems engineers.</p>2003-01-01T00:00:00ZElectricity Distribution Network Design
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo021e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Distribution networks represent a huge capital investment. To make sensible decisions about their investments, electricity utilities need to form clear-cut design policies and adopt the most accurate systemdesign procedures. Customers' expectations of the reliability of supply continue to rise, market pressures on the design engineer are growing stronger, and the increasing use of computers has changed the entire approach to distribution system design. Technical innovations have presented the design engineer with the means to improve system efficiency. Electricity Distribution Network Design was the first book to be entirely devoted to the planning and design of modern distribution systems, as apposed to the more general aspects of transmission and generation. This second edition has updated its treatment of computer-based planning and reliability. It also covers the implications of international standards, network information systems and distribution automation. With comprehensive and up-to-date bibliographies at the end of each chapter, the book will be useful both for students and for practising engineers involved in distribution network design.</p>2003-01-01T00:00:00ZElectrical Operation of Electrostatic Precipitators
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo041e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book will be of interest to both users and suppliers of electrostatic precipitators as well as advanced students on environmental based courses. The author identifies the physical and engineering basis for the development of electrical equipment for electrostatic precipitators and thoroughly explores the technological factors which optimise the efficiency of the precipitator and hence minimise emissions, as well as future developments in the electrical field.</p>2003-01-01T00:00:00ZEconomic Evaluation of Projects in the Electricity Supply Industry
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo044e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This fully revised and updated edition of Financial and Economic Evaluation of Projects in the Electricity Supply Industry (IEE, 1996) takes a broad introductory approach, covering market and environmental issues, financial analysis and evaluation and clean environmental technologies and costs. A valuable reference for engineers, economists and financial analysts needing an understanding of the area.</p>2003-01-01T00:00:00ZElectrical Steels for Rotating Machines
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo037e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book provides the electrical design engineer with an insight into the properties and applications of electrical steels which are used in transformers and rotating machines. An acknowledged international expert in this field, Professor Beckley describes the principles controlling the action of electrical steels, including rotational loss and the influence of compressional stresses in transformers and rotating machines.</p>2002-01-01T00:00:00ZVoltage Quality in Electrical Power Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo036e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Problems of voltage quality and their solutions are becoming increasingly important with the growth in power electronics and the high sensitivity of electronic equipment. Translated and updated from the German original published by VDE-Verlag, this book successfully details the theoretical and practical background to low voltage conducted disturbances including harmonics, voltage fluctuation/flicker and asymmetrical voltages. Each chapter is illustrated with practical examples and exercises based on the authors' experience of application problems, including measurement, assessment and remedial measures. The book is set in the context of European standards. This book will be of interest to electrical engineers in industry, utilities and universities, as well as companies interested in planning, operating and designing power system equipment.</p>2001-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Electric Car: development and future of battery, hybrid and fuel-cell cars
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo038e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book covers the development of electric cars, from their early days, to new hybrid models in production. Most of the coverage is focused on the very latest technological issues faced by automotive engineers working on electric cars, as well as the key business factors vital for the successful transfer of electric cars into the mass market.</p>2001-01-01T00:00:00ZHigh Voltage Engineering and Testing
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo032e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Ideal as a reference for power engineers, power systems engineers, component designers, and those wanting to learn about HV engineering, especially as a graduate course.</p>2001-01-01T00:00:00ZOvervoltage Protection of Low Voltage Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo033e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book surveys some of the techniques available to protect low-voltage electrical and electronic equipment and systems from lightning strikes and other power surges.</p>2000-01-01T00:00:00ZEmbedded Generation
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo031e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The use of combined heat and power (CHP) plants and renewable energy sources reduces the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere and helps to alleviate the consequent climate change. The policies of many governments suggest that the proportion of electrical energy produced by these sources will increase dramatically over the next two decades. Unlike traditional generating units, these new types of power plant are usually 'embedded' in the distribution system or 'dispersed' around the network. As a result, conventional design and operating practices are no longer applicable; for example, power protection principles have to be revised and complex economic questions need to be resolved. This book, intended for both students and practising engineers, addresses all the issues pertinent to the implementation of embedded generation. Much of the material was originally developed for the UMIST MSc/CPD course in Electrical Power Engineering so there is a strong tutorial element. However, since this subject is evolving very rapidly, the authors also discuss the technical and commercial consequences of the very high penetration of embedded generation that are to be expected in the years ahead.</p>2000-01-01T00:00:00ZFlexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo030e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Provides a comprehensive guide to FACTS, covering all the major aspects in research and development of FACTS technology.</p>1999-01-01T00:00:00ZSmall Electric Motors
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo026e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book covers the various function principles of small motors, including rotating field machines, commutator machines, recent developments in the use of electronics in motors and the relationship between the motor and its driven load.</p>1998-01-01T00:00:00ZHigh Voltage Direct Current Transmission
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo029e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Describes a variety of reasons justifying the use of DC transmission as well as the basic concepts and techniques involved in the AC-DC and DC-AC conversion processes.</p>1998-01-01T00:00:00ZEngineers' Handbook of Industrial Microwave Heating
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo025e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">A complete guide, this book presents industrial microwave heating from an engineering base and integrating the essential elements of microwave theory and heat transfer with practical design, application and operational issues.</p>1998-01-01T00:00:00ZAC-DC Power System Analysis
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo027e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Covers the incorporation of AC DC converters and DC transmission in power system analysis.</p>1998-01-01T00:00:00ZPower System Commissioning and Maintenance Practice
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo024e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This unique book covers the practical issues associated with commissioning and supporting plant which commonly face engineers, enabling readers to rapidly become familiar with basic theory and design of equipment prior to considering commissioning or related work.</p>1997-01-01T00:00:00ZArtificial Intelligence Techniques in Power Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo022e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Research in artificial intelligence has developed many techniques and methodologies that can be adapted or used directly to solve complex power system problems.</p>1997-01-01T00:00:00ZPower System Protection 4: Digital protection and signalling
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo905j
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The worldwide growth in demand for electricity has forced the pace of developments in electrical power system design to meet consumer needs for reliable, secure and cheap supplies. Power system protection, as a technology essential to high quality supply, is widely recognised as a specialism of growing and often critical importance, in which power system needs and technological progress have combined to result in rapid developments in policy and practice in recent years. In the United Kingdom, the need for appropriate training in power system protection was recognised in the early 1960s with the launch of a correspondence course from which these books emerged and have since developed designed to meet the needs of protection staff throughout the world. The Electricity Training Association, in response to the important recent developments in the field of protection, have now commissioned an additional volume covering digital technology. The existing three volumes, of which this is the second, have been reviewed by leading authorities within the electricity supply industry and electrical manufacturing companies in the UK and, with the new fourth volume, the new edition gives a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject, covering theory, analytical and design principles, equipment design and application and protection management.</p>1995-01-01T00:00:00ZPower System Protection 3: Application
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo905h
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The worldwide growth in demand for electricity has forced the pace of developments in electrical power system design to meet consumer needs for reliable, secure and cheap supplies. Power system protection, as a technology essential to high quality supply, is widely recognised as a specialism of growing and often critical importance, in which power system needs and technological progress have combined to result in rapid developments in policy and practice in recent years. In the United Kingdom, the need for appropriate training in power system protection was recognised in the early 1960s with the launch of a correspondence course from which these books emerged and have since developed designed to meet the needs of protection staff throughout the world. The Electricity Training Association, in response to the important recent developments in the field of protection, have now commissioned an additional volume covering digital technology. The existing three volumes, of which this is the second, have been reviewed by leading authorities within the electricity supply industry and electrical manufacturing companies in the UK and, with the new fourth volume, the new edition gives a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject, covering theory, analytical and design principles, equipment design and application and protection management.</p>1995-01-01T00:00:00ZPower System Protection 2: Systems and methods
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo905g
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The worldwide growth in demand for electricity has forced the pace of developments in electrical power system design to meet consumer needs for reliable, secure and cheap supplies. Power system protection, as a technology essential to high quality supply, is widely recognised as a specialism of growing and often critical importance, in which power system needs and technological progress have combined to result in rapid developments in policy and practice in recent years. In the United Kingdom, the need for appropriate training in power system protection was recognised in the early 1960s with the launch of a correspondence course from which these books emerged and have since developed designed to meet the needs of protection staff throughout the world. The Electricity Training Association, in response to the important recent developments in the field of protection, have now commissioned an additional volume covering digital technology. The existing three volumes, of which this is the second, have been reviewed by leading authorities within the electricity supply industry and electrical manufacturing companies in the UK and, with the new fourth volume, the new edition gives a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject, covering theory, analytical and design principles, equipment design and application and protection management.</p>1995-01-01T00:00:00ZPower System Protection 1: Principles and components
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo905f
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">The worldwide growth in demand for electricity has forced the pace of developments in electrical power system design to meet consumer needs for reliable, secure and cheap supplies. Power system protection, as a technology essential to high quality supply, is widely recognised as a specialism of growing and often critical importance, in which power system needs and technological progress have combined to result in rapid developments in policy and practice in recent years. In the United Kingdom, the need for appropriate training in power system protection was recognised in the early 1960s with the launch of a correspondence course from which these books emerged and have since developed designed to meet the needs of protection staff throughout the world. The Electricity Training Association, in response to the important recent developments in the field of protection, have now commissioned an additional volume covering digital technology. The existing three volumes, of which this is the second, have been reviewed by leading authorities within the electricity supply industry and electrical manufacturing companies in the UK and, with the new fourth volume, the new edition gives a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject, covering theory, analytical and design principles, equipment design and application and protection management.</p>1995-01-01T00:00:00ZDigital Protection for Power Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo015e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Digital protection is based on the use of computers in power line relaying. Since the late 1960s, digital devices and techniques have been applied to almost all new protection schemes. Today the technology is moving towards standardised hardware platforms; at the software level, however, there remains a huge variety in approaches and protection algorithms. This book gives a fairly detailed understanding of the principles and techniques underlying the application of digital technology and algorithms to protection. It avoids going into detail of specific products: up-to-date information on these is available from the manufacturers. Instead it aims to give the reader a thorough understanding of the generic problems of digital protection. The text covers the mathematical basis of numerical techniques and relay algorithms, the basic elements of digital protection and the fundamentals underlying the commonest algorithmic forms, particularly as applied to line protection. It deals with the fundamentals of travelling-wave techniques and their application to transmission lines, and with digital differential protection of transformers and lines.</p>1995-01-01T00:00:00ZVacuum Switchgear
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo018e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book provides a broad perspective of vacuum switchgear drawn from the author's many years of experience in this field. Allan Greenwood describes the development of the technology from the earliest beginnings to the most recent designs now on offer by leading companies around the world. The book starts with a solid foundation in the physics of the vacuum arc, in vacuum breakdown and in the fundamentals of current interruptions in vacuum. For the user there is an exhaustive chapter on applications, which spans all devices from contactors through switches and reclosers to power circuit breakers. Maintenance is also addressed. There are four chapters on different aspects of design and another on testing, which should appeal to the designer. The chapter on manufacturing concentrates on the interrupter as its manufacture is so entirely different from that required for oil and gas-blast circuit breakers. The treatment is comprehensive so the book will be useful to users, designers and manufacturers alike, and to students who wish to become acquainted with the subject.</p>1994-01-01T00:00:00ZEnergy Storage for Power Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pben006e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Based on the study of energy storage this book comprehensively covers the various types of secondary storage systems (storing energy until it is needed), and discusses the multidisciplinary problem of choice of their types and parameters.</p>1994-01-01T00:00:00ZElectrical Safety: a guide to causes and prevention of hazards
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo019e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book explains the hazards associated with electricity in its many forms, including electromagnetic radiation. It describes methods of reducing risks to health and to the environment, giving rules and codes of practice to be followed. Guidelines are also given for the use of electrical equipment in specialised environments (such as locations subject to explosive gases and flammable dusts), the guarding of machine tools and the control of earth currents. Human safety and care for the environment are of increasing concern and the broad scope of the book makes it essential reading for those involved in engineering and technology at all levels; no specialised knowledge of electro-technology is presumed. It is a reference book for personnel responsible for their company's safety policy and for municipal authorities (particularly in Commonwealth countries) and other bodies concerned with technical training, industrial development and planning.</p>1994-01-01T00:00:00ZUninterruptible Power Supplies
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo014e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Valuable data, essential services and production process plants are typical assets that can be lost or seriously disturbed by power supply breaks or contamination. An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can avoid potentially catastrophic havoc caused by electricity supply line disturbances. Behind this protection, however, is the need for a sound UPS design based on a thorough specification to achieve reliable and consistent functioning. This book is a comprehensive guide to the various types of UPS systems available and how they may be specified and applied effectively. It should be beneficial to design engineers working on commercial premises and industrial processes that employ sensitive electronic equipment; to building services and their consulting engineers; and to facilities managers concerned with computer installations and telecommunication systems. Essentially written for practising electrical engineers, the text will also be of value to students in computer technology and telecommunications as well as building services and design.</p>1992-01-01T00:00:00ZStatistical Techniques for High-Voltage Engineering
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo013e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book sets out statistical methods that can be used in the preparation, execution, evaluation and interpretation of experiments of a random nature. It also includes the assessment of test methods used in high-voltage engineering from a statistical standpoint, and contains detailed sections on breakdown statistics of typical electrical insulating arrangements. Separate special areas of mathematical statistics - such as statistical trial planning, questions of reliability, and stochastic processes - are mentioned briefly. The extensive bibliography points the way to more advanced work. Emphasis is placed on easy comprehension, clarity, visual representation and practical relevance, and each process is explained using at least one example. The book is written from the engineer's point of view: mathematical eduction is dispensed with, while mathematical logic and terminological accuracy are ensured. This book is directed both at the practising engineer and at the student of electrical engineering at the stages of study involving independent creative experimental activity. Physicists and mathematicians encountering problems of application will also find the book invaluable.</p>1992-01-01T00:00:00ZElectricity Economics and Planning
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo016e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book is unique in gathering under one over all the elements of electricity economics and planning, both for the traditional approach and for the new developments of the 1990s, e.g. privatisation, competition, deregulation and more efficient markets and pricing. All the fundamental institutional aspects of electricity in the 1990s are also discussed, particularly relevant at a time when the utilities of the developed world are being restructured, those of the ex-centrally planned economies are being profoundly reorganised and those of developing countries have enormous debt problems. The book describes how these challenges of the 1990s are to be understood and met.</p>1992-01-01T00:00:00ZTidal Power
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pben005e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book describes how large tides develop in particular places and how the energy could be extracted by building suitable barrages.</p>1991-01-01T00:00:00ZConduction and Induction Heating
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo011e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">Offers a theoretical and practical treatment of both conduction and induction heating, comprising four parts: conduction theory, induction theory, heat flow, and practice.</p>1990-01-01T00:00:00ZSF6 Switchgear
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo010e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">An extensive review of developments in SF<sub>6</sub> switchgear covering fundamental properties of SF<sub>6</sub>, interrupter types, characteristics and associated operating mechanisms, arc modelling and computer aided methods for interrupter design and evaluation.</p>1989-01-01T00:00:00ZVariable Frequency AC Motor Drive Systems
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo008e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">AC motors. Power switching devices. The six-step voltage source inverter for induction motors. The pulse width modulated voltage source inverter for induction motors. The six-step current source inverter drive. The six-step synchro-convertor system for synchronous motors. The current source inverter for the capacitor self-excited induction motor. The cycloconvertor. The slip energy recovery system for wound rotor induction motors.</p>1988-01-01T00:00:00ZInsulators for High Voltages
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo007e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book provides a guide to the whole field of high voltage insulators as used in electrical power networks, traction and production. It covers historical development of the shapes - sometimes strange ones - of modern types, describes the principles materials both ceramic and polymeric and their fabrication, explains the physical principles of contamination and flashover, and reviews the mass of data on research and testing.</p>1988-01-01T00:00:00ZIndustrial Microwave Heating
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo004e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book offers a broad coverage of the theory and practice of industrial microwave heating.</p>1988-01-01T00:00:00ZPower Circuit Breaker Theory and Design
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo001e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This title discusses, in depth, the wide range of technologies that are involved in power circuit breaker design by analysing the theoretical and practical problems.</p>1982-01-01T00:00:00ZElectrochemical Power Sources: primary and secondary batteries
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pben001e
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This book discusses in detail the manufacturing processes, the performances under different condition of operation and the services for which batteries are mainly used.</p>1980-01-01T00:00:00Z