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Volume 105
Issue 8S
Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering
Volume 105, Issue 8S, 1958
Volumes & issues:
Volume 105, Issue 8S
1958
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- Author(s): J.S. McPetrie
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, page: 1 –1
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0001
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): F.A. Kitchen and G. Millington
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 2 –6
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0002
- Type: Article
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The paper describes the origin of the Gibraltar–United Kingdom circuit working on forward scatter in the ionosphere. Aerial input powers up to 40kW have been used and observations made on frequencies in the range 37 to 70Mc/s and at distances in excess of 1100 miles. The scope of the work undertaken by various interested organizations is outlined and the main conclusions are given in relation to the claims that have been made for this mode of transmission by the pioneer workers in the United States. Special reference is made to the serious interference problems arising from the reception of signals from other stations and noise sources by reflection from sporadic-E ionization, particularly in lower latitudes. Similar troubles, including the effect of back scatter and round-the-world echoes, have been met owing to normal F-layer reflection as the sunspot cycle has progressed from a minimum to a very high maximum of activity. - Author(s): P.H. Cutler and D. Williams
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 7 –11
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0003
- Type: Article
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The paper describes a scatter signal analyser which enables level time-structure measurements to be made on scatter propagation signals. The analyser consists of several different units, the most important which is a level comparator of the sampling type whose speed response is sufficient to deal with the highest fading rates anticipated. The various units may be interconnected in different ways, and paper explains how the analyser may be used to measure amplitude distributions, median aerial gains, signal auto- and cross-correlations, fading rates and, in some circumstances, error rates. - Author(s): E. Fitch and R. Ruddlesden
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 12 –18
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0004
- Type: Article
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In ionospheric scatter communication systems the angle of elevation at which signals should be transmitted and received depends on the circuit length, the height of the ionospheric scattering layer and the refraction which occurs in the troposphere. The effect of variations of these parameters is discussed, and it is shown that probable variations of ionospheric height and refraction are unimportant for circuits up to about 1100 miles in length.The concept of optimum height of aerial above a smooth reflecting foreground is introduced and is shown to be applicable to the partially incoherent wave which results from the scattering process.The additional question of adequate overlap of those regions of the ionosphere visible from the transmitting and receiving aerials is considered, leading to recommendations for circuit design. It is shown that the design of very long circuits presents difficult problems, and that to secure consistent performance on such circuits it might be advantageous to use two aerial systems at different heights. - Author(s): D. Williams
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 19 –26
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0005
- Type: Article
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The paper reports measurements of amplitude distribution, lateral correlation, diversity effects and error rates of ionospheric scatter signals at a frequency near 70Mc/s. The results are discussed and it is concluded that a markedly non-Gaussian signal occurs at some times. The effects of signal structure are examined, and it is shown that the only effect is that some loss of diversity action would need to be included when deducing the performance of a link from the median signal and noise levels The signal/noise ratio required for various error rates in a non-diversity system is derived, together with information of use in estimating the feasibility of h.f. communication links. Some information on the diurnal variation of cosmic-noise intensity is given. - Author(s): G.A. Isted
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 27 –35
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0006
- Type: Article
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The problem of radio interference is particularly acute when consideration is being given to ionospheric scatter communication. This is mainly brought about because of the low level of scatter signals and the consequent need for high-gain receiving aerials.A wide variety of both man-made and natural interference has been encountered in the United Kingdom during an investigation into the behaviour of scatter transmissions from Gibraltar. Furthermore, specific surveys have been made which have yielded valuable information concerning disturbances at other geographical locations.The problem resolves itself mainly into two categories: (a) disturbances which have their sources in the vicinity of the receiving aerial, and (b) disturbances which are propagated over great distances. Type (a) can be largely overcome by adequate separation of the receiving site from disturbing sources, and by careful design of the receiving aerial; type (b) could be overcome by raising the operating frequency. - Author(s): G.A. Isted
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 36 –44
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0007
- Type: Article
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The recordings of ionospheric scatter signals received at East Hanningfield, Essex, from the experimental transmitter at Gibraltar have been analysed, but, because of some disturbing factors, great care had to be exercised in accepting certain data.In general, the mean signal levels are a maximum between 0400 and 1200 G.M.T., while a fairly well-defined minimum occurs at about 1800 G.M.T. Signal bursts of duration greater than 1 min appear to have a diurnal variation similar to that of the observed mean signal levels.The time relationship between the first appearance of an identifiable burst at two receiving stations separated by a distance of 70 miles has been investigated. On an east-west route the mean lag at the west station is just over 2 min, the range being from +11 to −6 min; the latter represents a lag at the east station.A pronounced seasonal variation in mean signal levels has been disclosed by the analysis. Two sharply defined minima occur, one centred on March, the other on October; of the two maxima, that which occurs in December is the higher.The variation of transmission loss with frequency derived from the analysis confirms the American data obtained at a similar mean latitude. Compared with 37 Mc/s, the mean signal levels for corresponding months show a reduction of 10 dB for 48 Mc/s and 19 dB for 70 Mc/s. - Author(s): D.H. Shinn
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 45 –52
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0008
- Type: Article
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The required polar diagram depends on four factors, namely the size and shape of the zone in the ionosphere which can be seen from both terminals, the effect of the angle through which the radiation is scattered, the allowable multi-path delay and the interference. Diagrams showing the mutually visible zone are presented for path lengths between 1200 and 1800km. The available information on the scattering properties of the ionosphere suggests that there is not much advantage in reducing the beam width in the horizontal plane below about 30° (between 3 dB points). Diagrams showing the delay in transmission for paths off the great circle are presented. The required polar diagram in the horizontal plane is discussed in detail for a path length of 1200km. For the polar diagram in the vertical plane it is important to ensure that the lowest lobes from each terminal overlap well, and that as much power as possible goes into the lowest lobe; rules for achieving this are given. Protection against interference to or from distant stations is discussed. Requirements for the reflecting surface (land or sea) are investigated, and it is shown that horizontal polarization is preferable; the size and allowable roughness of the surface are specified. - Author(s): W.C. Bain
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 53 –55
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0009
- Type: Article
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A study has been made of the angular distribution in the horizontal plane of the energy reaching Slough from a v.h.f. transmitter at Gibraltar by scattering in the ionosphere. The mean bearing of the energy distribution is found to vary with time of day, and is, on the average, zero in the middle of the day and 7° west by night with reference to the great-circle path. The spread in bearing of the incident energy at any time has a standard deviation with a mean value of about 6°. - Author(s): R.W. Meadows
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 56 –64
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0010
- Type: Article
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The paper reports measurements made at Winkfield, near Slough, on signals received from a transmitter at Gibraltar operating on 37.3 Mc/s. A diurnal variation of the mean bearing of meteor-trail reflections is found, and the angles of elevation are consistent with those to be expected from the path geometry. The rates of reception are found to be consistent with an inverse amplitude law for the weaker reflections and with an inverse fourth-power law for the strongest. The bearing of the strong persistent reflections obtained from sporadic-E ionization lies close to the great-circle bearing. Applications to practical transmissions are briefly considered. - Author(s): G.S. Kent
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 65 –69
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0011
- Type: Article
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Observations have been made on short bursts of signal received at Cambridge from the Kirk o'Shotts television transmitter at a distance of 480 km. The time distribution, the distribution of amplitudes and the direction of arrival of these bursts are studied. The characteristics which would be expected if the bursts were produced by reflections from ionized meteor trails are examined and good agreement is found between these and the experimental results. - Author(s): P.J. Brice
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 70 –72
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0012
- Type: Article
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Measurements have been made at Banbury over a period of a year of the strength of the high-level signals occasionally received from an Iceland transmitter operating on a frequency of 37 Mc/s. The results have been analysed and used to prepare curves of the estimated quasi-maximum values of field strength likely to be received over distances of 700–2000 km in north-west Europe and for frequencies of between 30 and 70 Mc/s. - Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 73 –77
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0013
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): D. Williams ; G.A. Isted ; W.C. Bain ; R.W. Meadows ; G.S. Kent
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 77 –78
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0014
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): G.A. Isted
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 79 –83
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0015
- Type: Article
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The paper describes experiments, carried out between 1928 and 1936 by Guglielmo Marconi, which demonstrated that transmission beyond the horizon by means of microwaves was practicable. Further more the influence of tropospheric mechanisms on radio-wave propagation was recognized by him at the time. - Author(s): R.A. Rowden ; L.F. Tagholm ; J.W. Stark
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 84 –90
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0016
- Type: Article
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The paper describes beyond-the-horizon tropospheric wave propagation measurements made by the B.B.C. Research Department during the years 1946–57. Initially, the data were used to assist the B.B.C. in planning common-frequency working within the United Kingdom for v.h.f. sound broadcasting and television, and later became a contribution towards the collection of data organized internationally by the C.C.I.R. and used by that body in the preparation of field-strength/distance curves representing average tropospheric conditions. - Author(s): J.K.S. Jowett
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 91 –96
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0017
- Type: Article
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Following a brief historical review of theoretical and practical deductions concerning the characteristics of v.h.f. tropospheric propagation beyond the horizon, an account is given of a series of measurements made since 1948 by the Post Office at receiving sites within the United Kingdom. Particular attention is given to the concept of angular distance and to the effect of path profile on the median levels of field strength, as well as on the range of fading observed. Simple transmission laws deduced from the observed data enable empirical curves of field strength versus distance to be drawn for various percentages of the time. - Author(s): B.J. Starkey ; W.R. Turner ; S.R. Badcoe ; G.F. Kitchen
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 97 –105
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0018
- Type: Article
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Field-strength measurements at distances extending far beyond the horizon from a transmitter on a frequency of 91.3Mc/s have been carried out in an aircraft flying at heights of about 10000ft.It is shown that the results obtained and other experimental data can be explained more readily on the assumption that the mechanism of tropospheric propagation over such distances is due to reflections from discrete discontinuity layers in the atmosphere up to the height of the tropopause than by the theory of forward scatter due to turbulence. - Author(s): F.A. Kitchen ; E.G. Richards ; I.J. Richmond
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 106 –116
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0019
- Type: Article
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Investigations have been made of the characteristics of metric radio transmissions in the trans-horizon region, at ranges up to 400 nautical miles. These indicate the essentially continuous existence of troposphere-supported signal components in this region, although their detailed characteristics are subject to variations.Under particular meteorological conditions, such as the formation of an elevated inversion layer, an additional propagation mode is present, leading to a composite signal at intermediate ranges. - Author(s): A.J. Buxton and M.O. Felix
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 117 –121
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0020
- Type: Article
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Any angle-modulated system suffers from a threshold when the instantaneous noise vector becomes equal to or larger than the carrier. This effect is a limiting factor in most f.m. scatter systems, since the signal to any one receiver will fall below threshold for a far from negligible part of the time.The paper shows that the threshold level depends only on the combined bandwidth of the r.f. and i.f. circuits, and is unaffected by the existence of the frequency-compression loop. Thus, such a receiver enables one to combine the large f.m. improvement of the wide deviation signal with the low threshold of the narrow i.f. band. - Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 122 –124
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0021
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): G.A. Isted ; J.K.S. Jowett ; B.J. Starkey ; W.R. Turner ; S.R. Badcoe ; G.F. Kitchen ; G.F. Kitchen ; F.A. Kitchen ; E.G. Richards ; I.J. Richmond ; A.J. Buxton ; M.O. Felix
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 124 –126
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0022
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): J.A. Saxton
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, page: 127 –127
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0023
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): B.C. Angell ; J.B.L. Foot ; W.J. Lucas ; G.T. Thompson
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 128 –142
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0024
- Type: Article
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The paper presents an account of an experimental study of beyond-the horizon radio scatter propagation at a frequency of 3480 Mc/s over a path of 173 statute miles between Start Point and Wembley. Details of the path and brief details of the transmitting, receiving and recording equipment are given.Propagation data, collected from May, 1956, to April, 1957, are presented. The performance of the link is measured by the hourly median transmission loss, L, defined as the ratio, expressed in decibels, of the power transmitted to that received. The diurnal and seasonal variations in L are discussed. The distribution of the amplitude of the received signal within a period of an hour is used to investigate the characteristic rapid fading of the scattered signal. Some attempt has been made to associate variations in L with general trends in the weather.Experimental estimates of the aerial coupling loss are given and compared with various theoretical predictions. Preliminary measurements on double diversity, using aerials which can be separated in the vertical direction by distances varying from 9 to 17 ft, are reported.The effects produced by aircraft flying through the beam are discussed, and a series of tests in which a naval aircraft flew both along and transversely across the transmission path are described. - Author(s): G.C. Rider
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 143 –152
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0025
- Type: Article
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A tropospheric scatter link has been in operation, for three months over a 98-mile path and for eight months over a 200-mile path at a frequency of 858 Mc/s. Received signals are shown to agree well with predictions of mean levels, whilst seasonal and diurnal variations are slightly less than was anticipated. Height/gain and space diversity tests are described, and a comparison is made of signals received at four sites of very different aspects within the same locality. The fast fading is in terms of fading range and fading rate, and an attempt is made to relate this information, together with the slower changes, to meteorological observations. A programme of synchronous beam rotation has been carried out, and tests of received polarization show the polarization to be well preserved in propagation. The disturbing effect of local flying is investigated and discussed. - Author(s): W.R.R. Joy
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 153 –157
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0026
- Type: Article
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A survey is presented of the results obtained in a series of short-term experiments on the propagation of 10cm radiation over clear sea paths to distances well beyond the diffraction region, under a variety of weather conditions. Very slowly attenuated signals have been received consistently, under normal atmospheric conditions, from an initial threshold beyond the horizon when the diffracted signal is some 50dB below the corresponding free-space level. Analysis of the amplitude distributions of some of the received signals confirms that propagation to ranges in the extra-diffraction region was due to a scattering process. - Author(s): W.R.R. Joy
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 158 –164
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0027
- Type: Article
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A series of measurements on transmissions of 3.2cm wavelength at ranges far beyond the radio horizon has been made over various paths, at arbitrary periods of time. These have established the existence of an essentially permanent extra diffraction signal field Whilst its level does not change appreciably with time, the character of this signal can vary from that typical of a scattering process to that due to a coherent mode of propagation. Further, although the observed signal attenuation rate with distance is similar to that expected for a scattered field, the average level is found to be some 10–15 dB below that predicted from theory There appear to be factors affecting the long range propagation of 3.2cm waves through the lower atmosphere which are incompletely understood. Although no extensive analysis of meteorological conditions has been made, there is some evidence to show that the existence of extensive well-pronounced anticyclonic systems results in poor propagation conditions for the extra-diffraction signals. - Author(s): M.A. Johnson
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 165 –176
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0028
- Type: Article
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A comprehensive review is made of published work on the theory of beyond-horizon propagation of radio waves by means of oblique scattering from randomly-distributed irregularities of refractive index in the troposphere. A scattering theory is formulated which attempts to take as accurate account as possible of all effects likely to be important in practice, consisting of some new results combined with the best features of existing theories. Application of this theory to a Variety of experimental results yields generally good agreement. Possible causes of some discrepancies, and the likely relative importance of scattering and certain other long-distance propagation mechanisms, are discussed. - Author(s): E.G. Richards
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 177 –183
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0029
- Type: Article
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The expression for the scattering cross-section derived by Batchelor has been integrated over the useful scattering volume for transmitting and receiving aerials aligned on a great-circle path, and formulae have been derived for the transmission loss. The application of the theory to experimental results at 86, 3000 and 10000 Mc/s suggests that mean-square variations of refractive index of the atmosphere may be independent of height up to about 2200 ft and may then vary with the inverse square of height. - Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 184 –187
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0030
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): B.C. Angell ; J.B.L. Foot ; W.J. Lucas ; G.T. Thompson ; G.C. Rider ; W.R.R. Joy ; E.G. Richards ; M.A. Johnson
- Source: Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 8S, p. 187 –188
- DOI: 10.1049/pi-b-1.1958.0031
- Type: Article
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Introduction to the Symposium
Survey of the Gibraltar–United Kingdom ionospheric scatter measurements
A scatter-signal analyser
The choice of aerial height for ionospheric scatter links
The structure of high-frequency ionospheric scatter signals
Radio interference as a factor in ionospheric scatter communication
Analysis of Gibraltar–United Kingdom ionospheric scatter signal recordings
Polar-diagram requirements for aerials for communication by ionospheric scatter
The angular distribution of energy received by ionospheric forward scattering at very high frequencies
The direction and amplitude of reflections from meteor trails and sporadic-E ionization on a 1740 km north-south path at very high frequencies
Short bursts of amplitude of a 50 Mc/s wave received over a distance of 480 km
Amplitude of very-high-frequency signals reflected from the sporadic-E layer in North-West Europe
Discussion on “Ionospheric forward-scatter propagation” at the Symposium, 28th January, 1958
The authors' replies to the discussion on “Ionospheric forward-scatter propagation”
Guglielmo Marconi and communication beyond the horizon: a short historical note
A survey of tropospheric wave propagation measurements by the B.B.C., 1946–1957
The measurement and prediction of v.h.f. tropospheric field strengths at distances beyond the horizon
The effects of atmospheric discontinuity layers up to and including the tropopause on beyond-the-horizon propagation phenomena
Some investigations of metre-wave radio propagation in the trans-horizon region
The reduction of threshold by the use of frequency compression
Discussion on “Tropospheric propagation beyond the horizon—I” at the Symposium, 28th January, 1958
The authors' replies to the discussion on “Tropospheric propagation beyond the horizon—I”
Introduction to the Session on Tropospheric Propagation Beyond the Horizon—II
Propagation measurements at 3480 Mc/s over a 173-mile path
Some tropospheric scatter propagation measurements and tests of aerial siting conditions at 858 Mc/s
The long-range propagation of radio waves at 10 cm wavelength
Radio propagation far beyond the horizon at about 3.2 cm wavelength
A review of tropospheric scatter propagation theory and its application to experiment
The estimation of transmission loss in the trans-horizon region
Discussion on “Tropospheric propagation beyond the horizon—II” at the Symposium, 28th January 1958
The authors' replies to the discussion on “Trophospheric propagation beyond the horizon—II”
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