Micro & Nano Letters
Volume 12, Issue 7, July 2017
Volumes & issues:
Volume 12, Issue 7
July 2017
Structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO nanofilms deposited over PS substrate
- Author(s): Reza Shabannia and Abbas Mohammed Selman
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 422 –424
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0753
- Type: Article
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The research successfully revealed the fabrication of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofilms with hexagonal (002) structure grown on porous silicon (PS) substrate using chemical bath deposition method. Their structural, optical, and electric characteristics were investigated through X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. FESEM showed that ZnO nanofilms were formed on top and inside the pores of PS substrate with hexagonal shape. The strong ultraviolet emission of ZnO nanofilms is also presented at ∼383 nm near the band edge energy levels which can be applied in semiconductor device both photoelectron devices and chemical sensors. In addition, current–voltage (I–V) characteristics revealed that the current level for ZnO nanofilms was about three times larger than for PS layer.
Electrodeposited nanoscale zinc oxide particles: facilitating the electron transfer of immobilised protein and biosensing
- Author(s): Abdolmajid Bayandori Moghaddam
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 425 –429
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0563
- Type: Article
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The electron transfer of redox-active sites of immobilised haemoglobin (Hb) has been studied by voltammetric experiments. The electrode surface was modified by nanoparticles (NPs) to make a suitable substrate for electric wiring of protein molecules and efficient electron transferring. Hence, the Hb/zinc oxide NPs/platinum electrode was prepared by chronoamperometric deposition of the NPs and immobilisation of protein molecules. The electrochemical behaviour of the prepared biosensor was quasi-reversible and showed a pair of redox peaks with a formal potential (E 0′) of 214 mV. Additionally, the electron transfer rate constant (ks ) of immobilised Hb was about 0.621 s−1. Biocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide was also examined on the prepared biosensor. Result indicated to good sensitivity, wide linear range and low detection limit of 6 μM.
Nanosphere of Pb-modified bismuth-based borate photocatalysts
- Author(s): Jie Yang ; Xiaolong Pan ; Ruge Quhe ; Ke Bi ; Sen Lin ; Ce Liang ; Chongchong Yao ; Yinxiao Du ; Jun Liu ; Dongyu Fan ; Hujiang Yang ; Yonggang Wang ; Ming Lei
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 430 –434
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0762
- Type: Article
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Bi2− x Pb x O2(BO2OH) nanospheres are synthesised by means of one-step hydrothermal route by embedding Pb2+ to Bi2O2 2+ layers. The obtained materials are characterised by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet (UV)–vis diffuse reflectance, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity is measured by decomposition of rhodamine B under UV-light irradiation. Photocatalytic performance is boosted after inducing Pb impurity into pure Bi2O2(BO2OH) lattice, because the impurity energy level could capture the holes and restrain the recombination of electron–hole pairs. Electronic properties of the fabricated nanospheres are investigated via first-principle calculations. The highest photocatalytic performance is found in the modified Bi2O2(BO2OH) with a doping concentration of Bi/Pb = 1.5/0.5, which outperformed the pure even the commercial P25.
Synthesis of YSZ/TiO2 core–shell feedstock powders via the air plasma spray method
- Author(s): Mohammad Reza Dadfar ; Mohammad Reza Rahimipour ; Mohammad Reza Vaezi ; Abolfazl Gholamzadeh
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 435 –438
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0751
- Type: Article
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The core–shell structures can improve material properties and easier material selections for applications in new purposes. In this study, yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ)/TiO2 feedstock powders were synthesised via the air plasma spray method to investigate morphology changes, phase transformations and formation of core–shell structure. X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDS were used for phase analysis, morphology and core-shell characterisation, respectively. Results revealed that YSZ/TiO2 core–shell powders can be employed using the plasma spray method. SEM images showed that entire TiO2 nanoparticles had melted around YSZ powder. The shell thickness was estimated between 1 and 5 μm. In the plasma process the YSZ monoclinic phases transformed to the tetragonal phases, but no changes were observed in the cubic phases.
Roller embossing process for the replication of shark-skin-inspired micro-riblets
- Author(s): Chunfang Guo ; Qianqian Tian ; Hairui Wang ; Jianxing Sun ; Liqun Du ; Minjie Wang ; Danyang Zhao
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 439 –444
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0759
- Type: Article
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The riblet structures of shark skin have a significant biological function for drag reduction, which has been verified. However, it is difficult to fabricate large-scale bionic shark skin surface with high precision and low cost. The real shark skin micro-riblets were first measured and approximately simplified to obtain shark-skin-inspired micro-riblets. Numerical simulations were performed to explore the drag-reduction effect of the micro-riblets surface. According to the simplified micro-riblets, a nickel mould with negative micro-structures was manufactured by Ultra-Violet Lithographie, Galvanoformung and Abformung technique. Roller embossing process was adopted to replicate shark-skin-inspired micro-riblets, capable of transferring the micro-riblets to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films. After embossing experiments, the effect of process parameters on roller embossing qualities including mould temperature, rolling pressure and rolling speed, evaluated by the depths of riblets embossed on the polymer films, were investigated. The results showed that the roller embossing process is a feasible and effective method to continuously replicate shark-skin-inspired micro-riblets on polymer substrates. Moreover, the optimal process parameters were determined, including mould temperatures of 70°C (for PVC) and 60°C (for PET), compression ratios of 1.22 (for PVC) and 1.53 (for PET) and rolling speed of 1 r/min.
Preparation of a nanosilica cross-linker and investigation of its effect on properties of guar gum fracturing fluid
- Author(s): Zifeng Zhang ; Peisong Liu ; Hao Pan ; Mengyun Zhao ; Xiaohong Li ; Zhijun Zhang
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 445 –449
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0655
- Type: Article
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The development of hydraulic fracturing has created a huge demand for fracturing fluids with high performance and low formation damage in recent years. A nanosilica cross-linker precursor (NCP) was prepared by introducing boric acid to the surface of organic silica compound (C9H23NO3Si, a silane coupling agent), the carrier. As-obtained NCP was transformed into nanoparticles (NPs) with a diameter of 10–35 nm by self-aggregation. The resultant NPs were used to crosslink low concentration of guar gum solution in order to improve the rheological and breaking properties of the fracturing fluid made of the NPs-cross-linked guar gum gels. Findings indicate that boric acid chemically reacts with the amino group of the silane coupling agent forming N–B bond via infrared analysis. The viscosity of NPs-cross-linked guar gum gels increases with the increase of particle size of NPs, which means that the particle size of NPs has a significant effect on the cross-linking efficacy, the guar gum gels cross-linked by a proper mass fractions of NPs exhibits good temperature resistance and shear resistance via rheometer. Moreover, the NPs-cross-linked guar gum gels possesses better breaking behaviour than the one cross-linked by borate.
Street nanotexturing of n-GaN for enhancing light extraction in GaN LEDs
- Author(s): Chia-Liang Hsu ; Amarendra Kumar ; Kunal Kashyap ; Max Ti-Kuang Hou ; Jer-Liang Andrew Yeh
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 450 –452
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0701
- Type: Article
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The output power of conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is enhanced by 9% at 120 mA current without alterations to the existing fabrication techniques and to the multi-quantum well (MQW) junction. The output power is improved by nanotexturing the street of the n-gallium nitride (GaN) layer that was unexploited, for the enhancement of the optical or electrical properties. The nanotextured street enhances the light extraction exclusively near the street of the n-GaN layer by reducing the reflections from the LED surface. Similar light output patterns and I–V characteristics for LEDs with and without street nanotexturing were observed, confirming that the enhanced light extraction has been achieved without a change in the spatial distribution of light or in the properties of the MQW junction. A new approach for the output power enhancement of all types of existing LEDs is provided.
Energy director structure and self-balancing jig for the ultrasonic bonding of microfluidic chips
- Author(s): Jingmin Li ; Fanjian Meng ; Chao Liang ; Chong Liu
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 453 –457
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2017.0028
- Type: Article
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Ultrasonic bonding was widely used to seal polymer microfludic chips due to its high strength, low cost and good biocompatibility. However, in the process of ultrasonic bonding, the easy clogging of microchannels and the difficulty of controlling microchannel heights limit the use of ultrasonic bonding in mass fabrication. In this study, energy director's structure including director protrusion, bonding limited platform and bonding pool is designed and used. A self-balancing jig is designed to automatically adjust with the horn and produce an even bonding energy distribution. Ultrasonic bonding parameters including bonding pressure and bonding time are optimised. The tensile destruction test, leakage test and serum driving test are employed to measure the performance of the ultrasonic bonding chips. Results have shown that the energy director's structure and the self-balancing jig can obviously reduce the clogging of microchannels and improve the uniformity of microchannel heights. By using the optimised bonding parameters, the bonding strength has reached >2.5 Mpa, and channel leakage has not been observed under 0.7 MPa air pressure. The energy director's structure and the self-balancing jig presented here can provide an effective alternative for the mass ultrasonic bonding of microfluidic devices.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using AM extract
- Author(s): Rong Yang ; Wei-Jie Sun ; Xiao Qu ; Mao-Hua Wang
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 458 –460
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0822
- Type: Article
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In the present study, a simple and eco-friendly chemical direction for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using leaf extract of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) has been used. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the wurtzite hexagonal structure of ZnO nanoparticles. The transmission electron microscopy results suggested that the ZnO nanopowders were approximately spherical in shape and their size were found to be 35–38 nm. The calculated average crystalline size decreases from 38.54 to 11.68 nm when AM extract content increased from 0.5 to 1.5 wt%. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional groups of both leaf extract and ZnO nanoparticles. The experimental results showed the advantage of addition of the AM extract for controlling particle size.
Controllable preparation and photocatalytic activity of highly ordered ZnO nanoarrays
- Author(s): Xia Kong ; Yawei Hu ; Wei Pan
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 461 –465
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0819
- Type: Article
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Well-aligned ZnO nanotubular arrays (NTs) and nano rod-like arrays (NRs) were controllably fabricated on glass substrates through a facile hydrothermal method, and the prepared ZnO nanoarrays could be easily retrieved in the photodegradation of organic pollutants because ZnO is “growing” on the substrates. The morphology of ZnO nanoarrays could be governed by the cooling process and reaction time during the preparation. ZnO NTs tend to be formed by natural cooling, while ZnO NRs are apt to be constructed by sudden cooling. Furthermore, with the proceeding of the reaction, the ZnO nanoarrays display headless-pyramid configuration gradually. The ZnO nanoarrays prepared at 90 ºC for 4 h show excellent photocatalytic activity. In the presence of the prepared ZnO NTs and NRs, the degradation rate of methylene blue (MB) is up to 96.8% and 94.1% after 1 h UV irradiation, respectively. The better photocatalytic performance of ZnO NTs is ascribed to the highly ordered array and large specific surface area which could promote the transfer of photo-generated electrons and restrain the recombination of electron-hole pairs. The well-aligned ZnO nanoarrays in this study could be fabricated on different substrates. Moreover, they could potentially serve as excellent photocatalysts in waste water treatment.
Template synthesis of porous nanoZnO and its adsorption capability
- Author(s): Congda Jiao ; Fan Tang ; Maoquan Xue
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 466 –469
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2017.0014
- Type: Article
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Porous nanozinc oxide (ZnO) was successfully fabricated by a facile infiltration and calcination method with the help of a China rose petal template. The as-prepared products were studied by X-ray powder diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray diffraction results proved that the as-prepared product was the hexagonal phase of ZnO without any impurity. Both SEM and TEM images showed that the biomorphic structures of ZnO were constructed with many regular nanoparticles with diameter of about 20 nm. The as-synthesised porous nanoZnO displayed excellent waste water treatment performance with high removal capacities toward methyl orange. This novel biotemplate process provides an economical and environmentally friendly route to obtain advanced assembling biomorphic nanoarchitectures, and will make it possible for their potential application in the field of catalysis and other.
Wettability evolution of different nanostructured cobalt films based on electrodeposition
- Author(s): Longlong Ju ; Han Xiao ; Lei Ye ; Anmin Hu ; Ming Li
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 470 –473
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2017.0015
- Type: Article
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The wettability evolution of eight different types of nanostructured cobalt films is investigated using galvanostatic electrodeposition. The morphology, which evolves from a plump, pea-like structure to cone, pyramid, shell, fluffy cone, fluffy shell and flower structures can be controlled by changing the anion type in the electrolyte or the deposition current density. A growth mechanism is proposed based on cathodic anomalous absorption theory, which explains both the influence of the anion type on the surface structure and the current-dependent morphology evolution. The contact angle and sliding angle of all films are measured, and fractions of water drop contact area with the surrounding air are calculated to illustrate the roughness induced wettability. The hierarchical (nano and micro) structures exhibit eminent superhydrophobicity compared with single dimensional surfaces, indicating this as an effective way to prevent transition from Cassie–Baxter mode to Wenzel mode.
Low-temperature synthesis of strain sensor based on flexible ZnO nanowire-cellulose paper composite
- Author(s): Indranil Biswas ; Piyali Roy (Kundu) ; Mousumi Majumder ; Suman Sau ; Ashim Kumar Chakraborty
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 474 –477
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2017.0114
- Type: Article
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ZnO nanowire was synthesised chemically at low temperature on a flexible three-dimensional and porous cellulose paper. The morphology and crystallography of the composite was characterised by field emission scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Performance of the developed ZnO nanowire-cellulose paper composite as strain sensor demonstrated good stability, high gauge factor and good repeatability. The results indicate the possible use of this sensitive and robust strain sensor in the fields of biomedical sciences, MEMS devices and structural health monitoring and other fields.
Oxidative degradation and morphological properties of gamma-irradiated isotactic polypropylene films
- Author(s): Sarah Mouaci ; Mohamed Saidi ; Nadia Saidi-Amroun
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 478 –481
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0812
- Type: Article
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Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) films of 25 μm thickness were subjected to gamma-ray irradiation for different doses (30, 60, 90 and 100 kGy) at ambient atmosphere and both molecular modifications and surface properties have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The occurrence of the oxidation process is identified and quantified by the FTIR. In addition, it is found that the carbonyl index increases with the absorbed dose which confirms that the irradiation process induces the diffusion of the oxygen into the iPP matrix. The AFM image (for virgin and higher dose irradiated samples) showed a dramatic change in the surface topography. The gamma radiation induces the formation of the nanostructured iPP surface. The roughness of the polymer surface, measured by AFM, increases after gamma irradiation. These results revealed that the oxidative degradation may be correlated with the morphological properties.
Process for fabricating microactuator membranes of piezoelectric inkjet print head using multi-step deep reactive ion etching process
- Author(s): Wenqiang Wang ; Chen Li ; Wencai Xu ; Helin Zou
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 482 –485
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0805
- Type: Article
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As part of an effort to develop piezoelectric inkjet print head (PIPH), a process for fabricating its Si-cups and actuator membranes of multi-layered structures was investigated. The manufacture of this device was enabled by the use of deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). Based on that, multi-step DRIE process was proposed to etch the multi-layered actuator membranes on silicon on insulator wafers. Due to the appropriate parameters of the etching process, undesirable effects, such as Si grasses, notching effect of Si-cups and the bowing formation on the sidewalls, were also avoided. The way to eliminate the over-etching of SiO2 membranes by controlling the appropriate platen power and process duration simultaneously was also presented. High quality PIPH actuator membranes were finally obtained, making great contributes to the successful inkjet test.
Exploring the behaviour of water nanodroplet on a coplanar electrowetting-on-dielectric: a molecular dynamics approach
- Author(s): Hoi Kei Chan ; Pui In Mak ; Shirley W.I. Siu
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 486 –489
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0824
- Type: Article
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Molecular dynamics simulation has been used to investigate the behaviour of a water nanodroplet on a hydrophobic surface under an applied electric field. The model system mimics a typical electrowetting-on-dielectric experiment of an open-plate coplanar electrodes system. Given the various strengths of the electrode-induced field, variations in contact angle of the droplet, hydrogen bonding and diffusion coefficient of the water molecules are disclosed. Their main findings are: (i) nanodroplet displays asymmetric electrowetting in contact angle measurement; (ii) water molecules and the entire droplet are slightly positively biased; (iii) more water hydrogen bonds are maintained in the positive side, in both the first and the second hydration layer to the surface; and (iv) water diffusion is higher in parallel to the surface than the normal direction.
Conformation and electronic structure of DNA in carbon nanotubes: a molecular dynamics and first-principles study
- Author(s): Zha Goujun and Zhang Fayun
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 490 –493
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2017.0030
- Type: Article
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The conformation and electronic structure of DNA in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were studied by combining molecular dynamics and first-principles methods. It was found that the π orbital of the SWCNT inner wall induces a conformational change in single stranded DNA (ssDNA) and promotes the adsorption of general-sequence oligonucleotides on the inner walls of the SWCNTs due to π–π stacking interactions. Moreover, they found that the adsorbed oligonucleotides form a helix because of electrostatic and torsional interactions within the sugar–phosphate backbone.
Reduced graphene oxide@TiO2 nanorod@reduced graphene oxide hybrid nanostructures for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production
- Author(s): Longlu Wang ; Yue Li ; Yutang Liu
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 494 –496
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0747
- Type: Article
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The optimised geometrical configuration between TiO2 nanorods (NRs) arrays and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is essential for their application in catalysis of photoelectrochemical hydrogen production system. The scrupulous design of hierarchical nanoarchitectures by integration of multiple active materials can reinforce the light harvesting efficiency, enhance photocarrier generation and provide fast electron transport and efficient charge collection. Graphene film formed on the top surface and at the bottom of titanium dioxide nanorod (TiO2 NRs) arrays were scrupulously fabricated in this paper. More importantly, the hydrogen production rate of RGO@TiO2NR@RGO hybrid nanostructures was up to 800 μmol/h−1m2 (radiation intensity: 160 mW/cm2) which is over 2.5 times compared with bare TiO2NR.
Mapping of accumulation of SeNPs in developing zebrafish embryos and larvae: a new method using SEM with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer
- Author(s): Kalimuthu Kalishwaralal ; Subhaschandrabose Jeyabharathi ; Krishnan Sundar ; Azhaguchamy Muthukumaran
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 497 –499
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0692
- Type: Article
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Zebrafish embryos have been used as a popular and ideal model system for the study of drug delivery and nanotoxicology. In the present study, synthesised selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were characterised using scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer. Early blastula stage (48 h post-fertilisation) zebrafish embryos and larvae were treated with SeNPs, and SeNPs exposed embryos and larvae were fixed with 1% of formaldehyde and analysed for the accumulation of SeNPs in zebrafish. Here, a new method for studying SeNPs accumulation and surface distribution in zebrafish embryos and larvae using SEM-EDX mapping is reported.
White-light emission from Y2SiO5:Ce3+, Tb3+ and Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ phosphor blends: a predictive model
- Author(s): Dora-Luz Flores ; Everardo Gutierrez ; David Cervantes ; Marco Chacon ; Gustavo Hirata
- Source: Micro & Nano Letters, Volume 12, Issue 7, p. 500 –504
- DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2017.0154
- Type: Article
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In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in developing multifunctional materials that can be used in different areas, such as artificial lighting. White light-emitting diodes offer the possibility of efficient, safe, and reliable solid-state lighting. This study presents a synthesis and characterisation process of a white-light emitting phosphor based on the combination of rare earth-activated Y2SiO5:Ce3+, Tb3+ (YSO) and Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ (SSN) phosphors. The YSO phosphor was prepared by combustion synthesis, whereas the SSN phosphor was prepared by solid-state reaction under N2/H2 atmosphere. Photoluminescence measurements showed the contribution of a broad-band emission of Ce3+ ions located in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum, a well-defined green emission of Tb3+ ions with the main peak located at λ Em = 545 nm in the YSO phosphor, and a broad-band emission in the red region due to Eu2+ ions in the SSN phosphor. It is worth mentioning that excitation wavelength was in long UV radiation at 360 nm. In addition, a predictive model simulating and modelling the rare earths’ molar percentages to approximate to the D65 white light chromaticity coordinates is presented.
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