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Volume 149
Issue 3
IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution
Volume 149, Issue 3, May 2002
Volumes & issues:
Volume 149, Issue 3
May 2002
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- Author(s): G.P. Harrison and H.W. Whittington
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 249 –255
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020173
- Type: Article
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p.
249
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Gaseous emissions from fossil-fuelled electricity generation are major contributors to climate change. Limiting the extent of such change will depend, among other things, on the continuing and increased use of renewable sources, including hydropower. Paradoxically, climate change itself may alter the availability of this natural resource, adversely affecting the financial viability of both existing and potential schemes. A model is described to assess the relationship between changes in climate and the viability, technical and financial, of hydropower development. A case study is presented, both to validate the model and to predict the impact of climate change on a large potential scheme in Africa. - Author(s): S.N. Liew and G. Strbac
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 256 –262
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020218
- Type: Article
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p.
256
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Connections of embedded wind generation (EWG) in the rural distribution system are susceptible to voltage rise. Current operating policy, based on the passive operation of the distribution network, limits the capacity of connected generation based on extreme conditions of minimum load and maximum generation. It is demonstrated that an active distribution network will allow considerably greater penetration of EWG. Three alternative control strategies are evaluated to increase the penetration level of EWG: EWG generation curtailment during low demand; reactive power management using a reactive compensator; and area-based OLTC co-ordinated voltage control. The application of these schemes is illustrated on a rurally connected 11 kV wind farm in a realistic 265-node generic distribution system model. Advanced optimal power flow is used to quantify the benefits of alternative control schemes for various EWG penetration levels. The impact of these schemes on network losses is also assessed. - Author(s): B.H. Li ; S.S. Choi ; D.M. Vilathgamuwa
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 263 –273
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020212
- Type: Article
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p.
263
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(11)
The feasibility of achieving dynamic voltage restoration without the use of the injection transformer is investigated. The configuration of a proposed transformerless dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) features separate energy storage capacitors for phase-to-phase isolation, cascaded switches/inverters for the voltage boosting functions and a dynamic energy replenishing charging circuit. Comparison of the scheme with the conventional DVR is conducted in terms of voltage regulation property, power losses, reliabilities, costs and ride-through capabilities. The transformerless DVR is seen to be advantageous over the conventional DVR in many aspects. Simulation results also demonstrate the effective dynamic performance of the DVR scheme. - Author(s): K.-Y. Huang and H.-T. Yang
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 274 –282
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020214
- Type: Article
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p.
274
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An effective algorithm for handling constraints to solve the generator maintenance scheduling (GMS) problem is presented. The proposed algorithm of constraint logic programming (CLP) synthesises logic programming, constraint satisfaction technique (CST), and branch and bound search schemes to provide an efficient and flexible approach to the problem. The constraints of the problem cannot only be conveniently managed by the logic programming but also be actively used to reduce the search space by the CST. Once the infeasible solutions are pruned away from the search space, the depth-first branch and bound search strategy is then used for determining the optimal solution. The practical GMS problem of Taiwan Power (Taipower) system is solved by the proposed CLP algorithm for demonstrating its effectiveness. To exhibit the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, the results obtained are compared with those from the established methods of simulated annealing (SA) and lagrangian relaxation (LR). - Author(s): S. Hänninen ; M. Lehtonen ; T. Hakola
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 283 –288
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020209
- Type: Article
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p.
283
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(6)
The characteristics of the earth faults and related disturbances, recorded in medium voltage overhead distribution networks during the years 1998–1999 are described. Altogether 316 real cases were analysed. The use of subharmonic oscillation and harmonic distortion was investigated, as a means of anticipating faults. Arcing faults made up at least half of all the disturbances, and were especially predominant in the unearthed network. Fault resistances reached their minimum values near the beginning of the disturbances. The maximum currents that allowed for autoextinction in the unearthed network were comparatively small. - Author(s): T. Bi ; Y. Ni ; C.M. Shen ; F.F. Wu
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 289 –294
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020280
- Type: Article
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p.
289
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Fault section estimation (FSE) of large-scale power networks can be implemented effectively by the distributed artificial intelligence (AI) technique. In this paper, an efficient multiway graph partitioning method is proposed to partition the large-scale power networks into the desired number of connected subnetworks with balanced working burdens in performing FSE. The number of elements at the frontier of each subnetwork is also minimised in the method. The suggested method consists of three basic steps: forming the weighted depth-first-search tree of the studied power network; partitioning the network into connected, balanced subnetworks and minimising the number of the frontier nodes of the subnetworks through iterations so as to reduce the interaction of FSE in adjacent subnetworks. The relevant mathematical model and partitioning procedure are presented. The method has been implemented with the sparse storage technique and tested in the IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and 118-bus systems, respectively. Computer simulation results show that the proposed multiway graph partitioning method is effective for the large-scale power system FSE using the distributed AI technique. - Author(s): V.A. Maslennikov ; S.M. Ustinov ; J.V. Milanović
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 295 –299
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020105
- Type: Article
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p.
295
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An optimisation-based method for modelling uncertainties in a power system for small-disturbance stability studies is discussed. The proposed method enables robust co-ordinated tuning of a power system stabiliser for a variety of operating conditions and uncertainty in model parameters. The proposed technique allows the evaluation of the ranges of damping of critical system modes and stability limit uncertainty due to the uncertainties in the power system model. A numerical example for two test power systems illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. - Author(s): M. Rahman ; R. Thottappillil ; M. Berg ; H. Hillborg
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 300 –304
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020072
- Type: Article
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p.
300
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- Author(s): Y.Z. Sun ; M. Cao ; T.L. Shen ; Y.H. Song
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 305 –309
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020174
- Type: Article
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p.
305
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A method of pre-feedback to formulate the generalised forced Hamiltonian system model for speed governor control systems is proposed. Furthermore, passivation controllers are designed based on the scheme of Hamiltonian structure for single machine infinite bus and multimachine power systems. In particular, in the case of multimachine systems, all the variables in the control law are only relevant to the state variables of the local generator, which means that a decentralised controller is achieved. Simulation results of a four-machine system show that the controller can enhance power system transient stability. - Author(s): A.M. Gaouda ; S.H. Kanoun ; M.M.A. Salama ; A.Y. Chikhani
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 310 –318
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020119
- Type: Article
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p.
310
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A systematic method for analysing power system disturbances in the wavelet domain is described. Wavelet domain capabilities in detection, classification and measurements of various power system disturbances are presented. The distortion event is mapped into the wavelet domain and extracted from the measured signal. The duration of the distortion is measured in a noisy environment and its energy and RMS value evaluated. The proposed algorithm is applied to various power system disturbances. - Author(s): V.V. Terzija and H.-J. Koglin
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 319 –325
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020247
- Type: Article
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p.
319
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The results of an investigation into the long arc in free air is presented. The long arc in free air is initiated under laboratory conditions in the FGH-Mannheim high-power test laboratory (Germany). Based on the arc voltage and the arc current data records obtained in the laboratory, the main features of the arc are derived. In the second stage of the research, a new arc model is developed. The arc is modelled as a current dependent voltage source with the characteristic distorted rectangular waveform. Examples of computer simulations of the arc using new models are given. The main features of the simulated arc are also described. Features of the real and modelled arc are given in the time and the spectral domains. The interaction between the arc and the network is analysed. Through computer simulation, a typical example of an arcing fault on an overhead transmission line is given. Finally, the least squares error estimation method for arc model parameter estimation is presented. The unknown model parameters are successfully estimated from the computer-simulated and laboratory-obtained data. - Author(s): Y.-C. Huang ; H.-T. Yang ; K.-Y. Huang
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 326 –330
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020219
- Type: Article
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p.
326
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An abductive network model (ANM)-based diagnosis system for power transformers fault detection is presented that enhances the diagnostic accuracy of the power transformer incipient fault. The ANM formulates the diagnosis problem into a hierarchical architecture with several layers of function nodes of simple low-order polynomials. The ANM links the complicated and numerical knowledge relationships of diverse dissolved gas contents in the transformer oil with their corresponding fault types. The proposed ANM has been tested on the Taipower company diagnostic records and compared with the previous fuzzy diagnosis system, artificial neural networks as well as with the conventional method. The test results confirm that the ANM possesses far superior diagnosis accuracy and requires less effort to develop. - Author(s): F.S. Wen and A.K. David
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 331 –339
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020211
- Type: Article
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p.
331
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The new electricity market behaves more like an oligopoly than a laissez-faire market due to special features such as, a limited number of producers, large investment size (barrier to entry), transmission constraints and transmission losses which discourage purchase from distant suppliers. This makes it possible for only a few generating companies to service a given geographic region. In an imperfect market each power supplier can increase its own profit through strategic bidding. The problem of building optimally co-ordinated bidding strategies for competitive suppliers in energy and spinning reserve markets is addressed. Each supplier bids a linear energy supply function and a linear spinning reserve supply function to the energy and spinning reserve markets, respectively, and the two markets are dispatched separately to minimise customer payments. Each supplier chooses the coefficients in the linear energy and spinning reserve supply functions to maximise total benefits, subject to expectations about how rival suppliers will bid. A stochastic optimisation model is first developed to describe this problem and a genetic algorithm based method is then presented to solve it. A numerical example is utilised to illustrate the essential features of the method. - Author(s): S. Osowski and K. Siwek
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 340 –344
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020194
- Type: Article
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p.
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A regularisation procedure for neural-network reduction in order to obtain the best results for load forecasting in a power system is presented. The OBD pruning method was applied in the solution. The numerical experiments were concentrated on the prognosis of the load in the power system. Two kinds of experiments are described: a 24-hour forecast and the forecast of the daily mean of the load. It was shown that the application of the regularisation of the neural network employed for prediction resulted in a significant improvement of the forecasting accuracy. - Author(s): J.M. Ramírez ; R.J. Dávalos ; I. Coronado
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 345 –351
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020210
- Type: Article
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p.
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The closed-loop characteristic polynomial is applied to design and co-ordinate multiple stabilisers to enhance power system damping. The proposed solution indirectly takes into account different operating conditions to design robust stabilisers based on local measurements. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated through digital simulations on a three-machine power system including a TCSC and a UPFC. Results illustrate that the designed stabilisers contribute significantly to improve the power system dynamic behaviour over different loading conditions. - Author(s): M.M. Farsangi ; Y.H. Song ; W.L. Fang ; X.F. Wang
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 352 –358
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020203
- Type: Article
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p.
352
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The design of a robust control for the second generation of FACTS devices such as STATCOM, SPFC and UPFC using a H∞ loop-shaping design via a normalised coprime factorisation approach, where ‘loop-shape’ refers to the magnitude of the loop transfer function L = GK as a function of frequency is presented. Since this method is based on classical loop-shaping ideas, it is relatively easy to implement. Furthermore, comparing it with the other methods of H∞ robust control, it is more flexible and is not limited in its applications. Simulation of the system following a disturbance is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. - Author(s): X. Wang ; Y.H. Song ; Q. Lu ; Y.Z. Sun
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 359 –366
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020075
- Type: Article
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p.
359
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Financial transmission rights (FTR) is a market-based approach to transmission congestion management, which is essentially based on the locational marginal pricing (LMP) theory. FTR auction is an important method of allocating transmission capabilities to the market participants who value them most. A DC power flow model is applied to the FTR auction. To improve the result and the revenue of the FTR auction, two types of series FACTS devices are modelled as additional power injection at buses in the presented linear optimisation problem of FTR auction. Some new special treatments have been done on the TCSC operating limits to keep the auction problem linear. The impacts of controlling different FACTS devices on auction results are shown by detailed studies of an eight-bus test system and the IEEE 30-bus test system. - Author(s): Y. Wang ; Y.L. Tan ; G. Guo
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 367 –372
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020283
- Type: Article
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p.
367
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A robust nonlinear co-ordinated generator excitation and thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) controller is proposed to enhance the transient stability of power systems. For the convenience of modelling, the TCSC is located at the midpoint of the transmission lines in a power system. A nonlinear feedback law for the generator is first found, which linearises and decouples the power-system model. Robust nonlinear control theory is then employed to design the nonlinear co-ordinated controller that consists of two controllers, the generator excitation and the TCSC controllers. The proposed co-ordinated controller is designed, based on local measurements, and the design of the resulting controllers is independent of the operating point. Simulation results show that the proposed controller can ensure transient stability of the power system under a large sudden fault, which may occur at the generator busbar terminal. - Author(s): I.F. Gonos ; F.V. Topalis ; I.A. Stathopolos
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 3, p. 373 –376
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020343
- Type: Article
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p.
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The phenomenon of flashover in polluted insulators has not yet been described accurately through a mathematical model. The main difficulty lies in the definition of the constants of the arc, which is formed in the dry bands when the voltage exceeds its critical value. The authors present a complex optimisation method based on genetic algorithms for the determination of the arc constants, using experimental results from artificially polluted insulators. First the well known model of Obenhaus for pollution flashover is used. This model results in a system of equations which cannot be solved with conventional arithmetic methods. The application of genetic algorithms enables the definition of the arc constants, resulting also in the calculation of the critical conditions at the beginning of the pollution flashover mechanism. In this way a mathematical model is established, which simulates accurately the experimental results.
Vulnerability of hydropower projects to climate change
Maximising penetration of wind generation in existing distribution networks
Transformerless dynamic voltage restorer
Effective algorithm for handling constraints in generator maintenance scheduling
Earth faults and related disturbances in distribution networks
Efficient multiway graph partitioning method for fault section estimation in large-scale power networks
Method for considering uncertainties for robust tuning of PSS and evaluation of stability limits
Comment: Effect of surface charge on hydrophobicity levels of insulating materials
Passivation controller design for turbo-generators based on generalised Hamiltonian system theory
Wavelet-based signal processing for disturbance classification and measurement
Long arc in free air: laboratory testing, modelling, simulation and model-parameters estimation
Abductive network model-based diagnosis system for power transformer incipient fault detection
Optimally co-ordinated bidding strategies in energy and ancillary service markets
Regularisation of neural networks for improved load forecasting in the power system
Use of an optimal criterion for co-ordinating FACTS-based stabilisers
Robust FACTS control design using the H∞ loop-shaping method
Optimal allocation of transmission rights in systems with FACTS devices
Robust nonlinear co-ordinated excitation and TCSC control for power systems
Genetic algorithm approach to the modelling of polluted insulators
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