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Volume 145
Issue 3
IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution
Volume 145, Issue 3, May 1998
Volumes & issues:
Volume 145, Issue 3
May 1998
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- Author(s): C.A. Gerrard ; J.R. Gibson ; G.R. Jones ; L. Holt ; D. Simkin
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 217 –224
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981930
- Type: Article
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p.
217
–224
(8)
The implementation of a multiple point electric field measurement system for monitoring voltage changes on three-phase power systems is described. To prove the viability of the technique an array of electric field sensors has been installed at ground level below a scale model of such a three-phase busbar system. The electric field at each sensor position is shown to be the same as that below a full-size system provided that the dimensions and voltages are scaled in the same proportions. Using the outputs of the array of sensors the voltages on the individual conductors have been determined, in real time, over extended periods. The deduced voltages agreed with direct measurements obtained using conventional resistive divider networks; in particular, events occurring on a single conductor were reliably detected. As the sensor array is not directly connected to the high voltage system measurements of voltage are made without the use of cumbersome and expensive insulating structures. Hence the technique can be used where cost or physical location difficulties preclude the use of conventional methods. - Author(s): S. Limyingcharoen ; U.D. Annakkage ; N.C. Pahalawaththa
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 225 –232
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19982000
- Type: Article
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p.
225
–232
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A fuzzy logic approach is applied to co-ordinate three control inputs: in-phase voltage control, quadrature voltage control, and shunt compensation, of a unified power flow controller to improve the transient stability of a power system. The fuzzy rules for the controller are created based on a bang–bang control strategy whose objectives are minimising the first swing, damping the oscillations at an optimum rate, and maximising the transient stability margin. The proposed controller also incorporates a technique of reducing the chattering of generator output which naturally results from the application of bang–bang control. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic based controller provides satisfactory performance, meeting the design objectives. The results also show the robustness of the controller. - Author(s): K.-C. Liu and N. Chen
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 233 –238
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981889
- Type: Article
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p.
233
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(6)
The paper presents a new synchronous closing control, the voltage-peak closing method, to reduce shunt capacitor inrush currents and overvoltages. Switch timing and precharged voltages for energising a single capacitor bank, a back-to-back capacitor bank and a three-phase capacitor bank are presented. The effects of switch-closing speed and timing deviation are discussed. Two examples are illustrated to show the excellent performance. - Author(s): N.A. Katić and M.S. Savić
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 239 –244
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981897
- Type: Article
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p.
239
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(6)
The existing methodology for overhead line lightning protection design does not take into account customer and utility costs of line outages. In the paper a new concept of line lightning protection design based on economic optimisation is presented. Different tower types are analysed and for various undelivered energy participation factors optimal line design suggested. In line lightning flashover rate estimation both direct and induced surges are analysed. - Author(s): B.C. Smith and J. Arrillaga
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 245 –250
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981992
- Type: Article
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p.
245
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The single-phase load flow is efficiently optimised for the rapid solution of power flow and voltages in large systems. The three-phase load flow, at present treated simply as an extension of the single-phase load flow, is primarily used to calculate asymmetry at fundamental frequency throughout the transmission system. A new three-phase load flow, radically different from the single-phase load flow, is proposed. The new load flow is more suited to the analysis of power quality problems in the transmission system. A mixed combination of sequence and phase component mismatches is used, with emphasis on robust convergence rather than speed. It is shown that the three-phase load flow will find one of two solutions at each load busbar, one of which corresponds to abnormal levels of zero sequence voltage. The abnormal solution can be avoided by ensuring a path for zero-sequence current from the load. - Author(s): W. Xu ; Y. Liu ; J.C. Salmon ; T. Le ; G.W.K. Chang
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 251 –256
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981980
- Type: Article
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p.
251
–256
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A noniterative method for solving load flow equations is presented in the paper. The method is based on the Taylor series expansion of the inverse load flow function. Formulas to compute the Taylor series are derived and associated solution algorithms are developed. Load flow results can be obtained by simply calculating and summing the significant terms of the series. The proposed method is evaluated using four test systems. Potential applications of the method are discussed. - Author(s): K.L. Lo and T.X. Zhu
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 257 –264
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981925
- Type: Article
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p.
257
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Numerical illustrations of Arnold diffusion for an example power system are presented using Hamiltonian formation. The existence of stochasticity and Arnold diffusion is confirmed by the calculation of maximum Lyapunov exponents. It is revealed numerically that the random-like motion of Arnold diffusion can carry the system state arbitrarily close to any region of the phase space consistent with energy conservation, while the ordinary chaos is only inhabited in a specific region of the whole phase space. Some analysis of the reason for Arnold diffusion and implication are also included. - Author(s): Y.M. Sun ; H.L. Jiang ; D. Wang
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 265 –270
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981919
- Type: Article
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p.
265
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Fault diagnosis of an extra high voltage (EHV) transmission line is of great importance to the restoration decision system of power systems. At present, the research of neural networks (NNs) in this problem area still has some limitations. This paper details the development and building of an intelligent system of NN groups with a time–space property for EHV transmission line fault synthetic recognition and performance analysis. The structure of each NN model is divided according to the principle of dynamic time interval on the basis of analysing the interrelation and indefinite operating sequences of all apparatus in the case of faults occurring in the transmission line. Simulation results on the system show that this system can perform fault synthetic recognition exactly and has a forecast fault function. - Author(s): J.A. Sullivan
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 271 –280
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981696
- Type: Article
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p.
271
–280
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With no international standard for the method of calculating earthing grid and rod resistances, engineers are faced with a variety of national standards incorporating apparently differing formulae; without critical examination the effects of those differences are unclear. This paper collects many of the basic formulae for comparison of their differences and their deficiencies. To overcome such deficiencies as exist, new formulae are presented that are suitable for use with a ‘two-layer ground’ model that also is presented. A method of expressing the effective resistance of rods in heterogeneous ground, to determine a combined grid and rod resistance, is set out. The results of a rigorous survey using programs incorporating these features are presented in chart form to show trends and precise differences. A suggested list of preferred formulae is presented as an adequate basis for design calculations. - Author(s): Y.-Y. Hong ; Y.-L. Hsu ; Y.-T. Chen
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 281 –287
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981947
- Type: Article
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p.
281
–287
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The active power line conditioner (APLC) is considered to be a very efficient type of active power filter that compensates the voltage waveform distortion caused by nonlinear loads in power systems. A new approach is based on a previously presented two-level algorithm, the three-phase optimal harmonic power flow (TOHPF), to investigate the determination of locations and sizes of three-phase (3phis) APLCs. The objective is to minimise the new APLC investment cost, the 3phis voltage distortion, and the system 3phis MW losses while satisfying the 3phis power flow equations, 3phis harmonic power flow equations, 3phis security constraints, and the harmonic standard. The master level of TOHPF determines the compensator/tap settings and the new APLC locations/sizes; the slave level of TOHPF includes subproblems which involve cases of fundamental and harmonic frequencies separately. Test results for an 18-bus distribution system show the applicability of the proposed method. - Author(s): S. Jonnavithula and R. Billinton
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 288 –292
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981943
- Type: Article
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p.
288
–292
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Selection of the optimum generation reserve depends on both economic and reliability considerations. A new approach to select the optimum generator additions in a bulk power system by minimising the total costs is presented in the paper. This includes investment, operational costs and unreliability costs in the form of outage costs. The proposed approach uses the Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition approach to minimise the total costs. - Author(s): K.S. Smith and L. Ran
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 293 –299
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981922
- Type: Article
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p.
293
–299
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PWM inverter induction motor drives with capacitive DC links are becoming more common. Using circuit analysis, physical measurement and numerical simulation, the paper investigates the generation of power-system harmonics by the PWM drive. It is shown that its harmonic characteristics differ from other nonlinear power-system loads and the drive can be more accurately represented as a voltage rather than a current type of harmonic source. This has implications for both analytic harmonic evaluation and practical filter design. In the paper, a modulation function model is developed which can be used to assess the impact of a PWM drive on a power system, when only limited design data are available. - Author(s): M. Parniani and M.R. Iravani
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 301 –307
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981885
- Type: Article
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p.
301
–307
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The paper presents a comprehensive robust control design procedure for static VAR compensators (SVCs). Variations of system operation conditions are represented by an unstructured uncertainty model. Structured singular value optimisation together with model reduction techniques are used to design a low order controller which provides fast and stable voltage regulation under all system conditions. To demonstrate its effectiveness, the proposed design procedure is successfully applied to a weak radial system with multiple SVCs. - Author(s): A. Ishigame ; J. Zhao ; T. Taniguchi
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 308 –314
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981886
- Type: Article
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p.
308
–314
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The paper presents an analysis and control method for a high speed phase shifter (HSPS) involved in an interconnected power system. An HSPS is visualised as an ideal HSPS connected in series with its reactance. To include the dynamic characteristics of the HSPS into the power system, the terminal power characteristics of the HSPS are represented as node power injections. Resulting from the representation, the effects of HSPSs are obtained as additional bus power injections at generator internal buses. This shows that power modulation in interties by HSPSs can cause generator output modulation and is an effective method of power system stabilising control. Also, sensitivity is derived to directly assess the effectiveness of power modulation on generator outputs due to HSPSs. Based on the sensitivity coefficients, a stabilising control strategy expressed in terms of generator rotor speed deviations has been proposed. - Author(s): S.M. Chandekar and S.G. Tarnekar
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 315 –319
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981865
- Type: Article
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p.
315
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The paper suggests an analytical method to ascertain the performance of uncompensated and series capacitor-compensated 500 kV line working below the minimum allowable frequency of 48.5 Hz. The method is based on the assumption that the ABCD generalised circuit constants of a long line change both in magnitude and phase angle. This is accounted for in the analysis. Results of such an analytical work tally with the experimental test results. This method also highlights the effects of change of location of a series capacitor on the receiving end voltage, active and reactive powers transferred by the line and on power factor of system load during the under-frequency operation. This study shows that the under-frequency operation of the power system is associated with the reduction in overall power factor of system load and rise in receiving-end voltage of the line. It also concludes that a judiciously located series capacitor results in minimum loss of revenue to the supply utility and minimum rise in receiving-end voltage in a series capacitor-compensated long line. - Author(s): E.F. El-Saadany ; M.M.A. Salama ; A.Y. Chikhani
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 320 –328
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981888
- Type: Article
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p.
320
–328
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The widespread application of power electronics is increasing the number of electrical loads that distort the current and voltage waveforms in electrical distribution systems. Analysis of voltage and current harmonic distortion in a realistic distribution system was carried out. The dependence of the distortion levels on the interaction between load voltage and current harmonics, loading conditions, source impedance X/R ratio, and changing the load position, has been investigated. An iterative approach is implemented in order to study the effect of voltage and current harmonic interactions on the net system distortion. Calculation of the nonlinear load susceptances at different frequencies is presented. A hybrid reactance one-port compensator is designed to reduce the harmonic distortion in practical single-phase and balanced three-phase distribution systems having different types of nonlinear loads. The harmonic analysis is carried out in the time domain to accurately represent the system nonlinearity and voltage dependency. - Author(s): R.A. Gallego ; A. Monticelli ; R. Romero
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 329 –335
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981895
- Type: Article
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p.
329
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The paper presents an extended genetic algorithm for solving the optimal transmission network expansion planning problem. Two main improvements have been introduced in the genetic algorithm: (a) initial population obtained by conventional optimisation based methods; (b) mutation approach inspired in the simulated annealing technique. The proposed method is general in the sense that it does not assume any particular property of the problem being solved, such as linearity or convexity. Excellent performance is reported in the test results section of the paper for a difficult large-scale real-life problem: a substantial reduction in investment costs has been obtained with regard to previous solutions obtained via conventional optimisation methods and simulated annealing algorithms; statistical comparison procedures have been employed in benchmarking different versions of the genetic algorithm and simulated annealing methods. - Author(s): H. Ambriz-Pérez ; E. Acha ; C.R. Fuerte-Esquivel ; A. De la Torre
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 145, Issue 3, p. 336 –344
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19981944
- Type: Article
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p.
336
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The paper addresses the issue of unified power flow controller (UPFC) modelling within the context of optimal power flow (OPF) solutions. The nonlinear optimisation problem is solved by Newton's method leading to highly robust iterative solutions even for cases of large-scale power networks, where hundreds of variables are to be optimised. It is shown in the paper that networks modified to include several UPFCs are solved with equal reliability. The UPFC model itself is very flexible, it allows the control of active and reactive powers and voltage magnitude simultaneously. It can also be set to control one or more of these parameters in any combination or to control none of them. Considerable progress has been achieved in UPFC modelling intended for conventional load flow studies but this is the first time that the more complex issue of UPFC modelling intended for OPF solutions has been addressed.
Measurements of power system voltages using remote electric field monitoring
Fuzzy logic based unified power flow controllers for transient stability improvement
Voltage-peak synchronous closing control for shunt capacitors
Technical and economical optimisation of overhead power distribution line lightning protection
Improved three-phase load flow using phase and sequence components
Series load flow: A novel non-iterative load flow method
Arnold diffusion in a particular multi-machine power system
Fault synthetic recognition for an EHV transmission line using a group of neural networks with a time–space property
Alternative earthing calculations for grids and rods
Three-phase active power line conditioner planning
Cost–benefit analysis of generation additions in system planning
PWM drives: Voltage-type harmonic sources in power systems
Optimal robust control design of static VAR compensators
Representation and control of high speed phase shifter for an electric power system
Performance of uncompensated and series capacitor-compensated 500 kV long transmission line under subnormal frequency conditions
Reduction of voltage and current distortion in distribution systems with nonlinear loads using hybrid passive filters
Transmision system expansion planning by an extended genetic algorithm
Incorporation of a UPFC model in an optimal power flow using Newton's method
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