IET Science, Measurement & Technology
Volume 10, Issue 3, May 2016
Volumes & issues:
Volume 10, Issue 3
May 2016
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- Author(s): Bing Kang ; Tiexin Hou ; Zhengliang Bu ; Xiangyu Guan ; Naiqiu Shu ; Zipin Li ; Xiaowen Wu
- Source: IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Volume 10, Issue 3, p. 159 –166
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2014.0280
- Type: Article
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p.
159
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To overcome disadvantages of the conventional electric energy measurement system (CEEMS) in 10 kV distribution network, the study presents a high-voltage electrical energy meter (HVEEM) comprised of signal sensors, two measurement units, a synthesis unit, power supplies, and extended communication devices. With measurement chip circuit boards floating at 10 kV potentials, HVEEM accomplishes electrical energy measurement at the primary side. With the whole structure, HVEEM can be calibrated as a whole, and the synchronisation error makes no difference on its whole error. As the core component, the capacitive voltage divider (CVD) acts as not only the voltage sensor but also the power supply. The stability of CVDs, which is almost not affected by temperature, can be improved by the manner of voltage accelerated ageing for a certain time. CVDs for power supplies are able to output enough power for measurement chip circuit boards even if a single-phase ground or an opening fault occurs. The tests both in the laboratory and the field prove that HVEEM has substantial advantages over CEEMS especially in accuracy and reliability.
- Author(s): Elham Kowsari ; Behrooz Safarinejadian ; Jafar Zarei
- Source: IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Volume 10, Issue 3, p. 167 –176
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0010
- Type: Article
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167
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In this study, two fault detection methods are proposed for non-linear systems. In these methods, Gaussian process (GP) is integrated into extended Kalman filter (EKF) and square root cubature Kalman filter (SCKF), which are called GP-EKF and GP-SCKF, respectively. The most important advantage of the proposed methods is that there is no need to know the accurate model of the system. Therefore, these methods are considered as non-parametric approaches of fault detection in non-linear systems. Moreover, by applying these methods, it is possible to detect the fault with high accuracy at early stage. First, GP-EKF and GP-SCKF are proposed for non-linear state estimation, and then GP-SCKF is compared with the GP-EKF and the results of this comparison prove the superiority of GP-SCKF regarding the complexity of computations and accuracy. In addition, simulation results show a good performance of GP-EKF and GP-SCKF in non-linear system's fault detection. To illustrate performance of these algorithms in state estimation and fault detection, they are used in aircraft tracking system. Both of the proposed methods are able to detect the sensors faults at early stage.
- Author(s): Chung-Dann Kan ; Wei-Ling Chen ; Chia-Hung Lin ; Pong-Jeu Lu ; Yi-Chun Du
- Source: IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Volume 10, Issue 3, p. 177 –184
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0030
- Type: Article
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p.
177
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Veno-venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an upgraded configuration that provides well-oxygenated blood to the systemic and pulmonary circulations. Sufficient sized cannulas, gas exchange capability, and other equipment should be selected to fulfil the desired extracorporeal supporting flow for temporary life support. Therefore, an accurate prediction model is used to screen the optimal combinations of cannula sizes and determine adequate extracorporeal flow for gas exchange. Prediction models use a substitution-rate matrix to choose optimal combinations under hemodynamic stability, and a generalised regression neural network to estimate the desired pump speed required to maintain sufficient flow. Experimental studies are used to validate the proposed model and suggest further modifications in the base/reference for the intensive care unit.
- Author(s): Mohammad Hassan Khooban ; Taher Niknam ; Mokhtar Sha-Sadeghi
- Source: IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Volume 10, Issue 3, p. 185 –192
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0033
- Type: Article
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185
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The control of electrical vehicles (EVs) should be designed robustly and adaptively to improve the system on both dynamic and steady-state performances, because EV systems are basically time variant (e.g. the operation parameters of EV and the road condition are always varying) that make the operation of controlling an EV difficult. In this study, general type-2 fuzzy logic sets and the modified harmony search algorithm techniques for adaptive tuning of the most popular existing proportional–integral (PI) controller is integrated in order to address these uncertainties. Although it is computationally expensive to carry out general type-2 fuzzy systems, it can be examined as a composition of several interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems with a corresponding level of α for each by using a new plan which is presented, general type-2 fuzzy set. The controller uses the linguistic rules directly. The achieved results are compared with optimal fuzzy-PI controller and optimal interval type-2 fuzzy-PI controller results which are the most recent researches into in the present issue to evaluate the proficiency of the proposed controller. The simulation results demonstrate the successfulness and effectiveness of the proposed controller.
- Author(s): Marco Peccarisi ; Tommaso De Marco ; Francesco Conversano ; Paola Pisani ; Luigi Spedicato ; Antonio Greco ; Daniele Panetta ; Giulio Guido ; Vanna Bottai ; Piero A. Salvadori ; Sergio Casciaro
- Source: IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Volume 10, Issue 3, p. 193 –199
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0041
- Type: Article
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193
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between selected quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters and human femur microstructure properties, as quantified by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The authors employed an innovative custom-designed experimental set-up, which allowed the insonification of each portion of an excised femoral head sample, simultaneously including trabecular region, cortical layer and cartilage in their physiologic morphological configuration. Thirty different, uniformly distributed, regions of interest were analysed for the calculation of apparent integrated backscatter (AIB), integrated reflection coefficient (IRC) and several micro-CT parameters. QUS data acquisitions were performed through both single-element ultrasound transducers at two different frequencies (2.25 and 3.5 MHz) and a clinically available 128-element echographic probe. Obtained results showed that AIB was strongly correlated with trabecular network properties (|r| up to 0.80) and IRC had appreciable linear correlations with cortical bone density (|r| up to 0.57). The agreement between single-element transducers and echographic probe, combined with the innovative approach of considering the entire femoral head in its physiological shape with all its components (cartilage, cortical layer, trabecular region), encourages the clinical translation of the proposed approach as a possible new method for early osteoporosis diagnosis.
- Author(s): Mohmmad Alrewq and Alhussein Albarbar
- Source: IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Volume 10, Issue 3, p. 200 –206
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0046
- Type: Article
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200
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Fuel cells (FCs) use hydrogen as their prime fuel source, which promotes them as one of the attractive options for clean energy generators. Though they have been around for some time, their characteristics are not yet fully understood. This study offers a thorough investigation into the characteristics of proton exchange membrane (PEM) type of FCs based power system. This study first presents a concise explanation of the working principles of the PEM electrolyser and FCs supported by novel modelling using MATLAB. The simulation results are then validated by a series of experiments carried out on operational 500 mW FC followed by detailed performance parameters of such type of FCs. Parameters affect the efficiencies of each part of the system are investigated and the total system's efficiency is then calculated. The efficiency of the electrolyser and PEM FC was found to be 85 and 60%, respectively. Polarisation curve has been used in order to evaluate FC's performance. From the polarisation curve, it is noted the efficiency of the FC increases with increasing pressure and temperature. The activation losses are reduced when the temperature increased. Moreover, the mass transfer is enhanced toward reducing the PEMFC's resistance.
- Author(s): Yang Jin ; Chen Haowen ; Li Xiang
- Source: IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Volume 10, Issue 3, p. 207 –214
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0069
- Type: Article
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p.
207
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The fractal dimension has been used in the monostatic radar to improve the target detection performance, especially in non-homogeneous clutter environments. In this study, the application of fractal dimension is extended to multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar. A target detection method for MIMO radar using the fractal dimension measurements is developed. Two types of fractal dimension definitions, i.e. Hausdorf dimension and box-counting dimension are explained and the characteristics of the box-counting dimension are analysed in detail. Then, a fractal dimension estimation-based detector is presented and its performance is analysed for colocated MIMO and statistical MIMO. The simulations results verify the theoretical founding of the proposed target detector for MIMO radar based on the fractal dimension estimation.
- Author(s): Hai Zhang ; Lei Ao ; Yong Fang ; Wei Rao ; Baohong Liu
- Source: IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Volume 10, Issue 3, p. 215 –220
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0072
- Type: Article
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p.
215
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A printed arc coupler has been proposed for avoiding and suppressing the spurious mode in the permittivity measurement cavity. Geometric parameters such as radius of arc (r), the central angle of the arc (θ), and the height of the board (t) are varied and their effects are investigated. Due to the central symmetry design of the coupler, the cavity has a clear TE011 mode, when r, θ, and t modify the resonance magnitude of the system. Simulation and experimental results show reasonable agreement. The error introduced due to coupling will be reduced. This method has the advantages of simple setting of the apparatus and fast tuning of the coupling.
- Author(s): Wei Lee Woon ; Ayman El-Hag ; Mustafa Harbaji
- Source: IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Volume 10, Issue 3, p. 221 –227
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0076
- Type: Article
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p.
221
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Ageing power systems infrastructure and concerns about climate change have increased interest in the next generation of grid infrastructure, known as the smart grid (SG). This study studies a particularly critical SG application: intelligent monitoring of power transformers for the early detection of insulation failure. Specifically, the focus is on the use of machine learning algorithms to distinguish between different types of partial discharges, which are closely correlated with insulation failure. Measurements made using acoustic emission sensors are used to train and test different classification algorithms. In an earlier study, high classification accuracies were achieved using training and test datasets collected under similar measurement conditions. However, under different conditions, classification accuracy was greatly reduced. Experiments using the latest classification techniques were performed, producing significant improvements in classification accuracy. A possible reason for these results could be a form of overfitting, and further experiments were conducted to test this hypothesis.
- Author(s): Xishan Wen ; Zhiqiang Feng ; Hailiang Lu ; Xuefang Tong ; Lei Lan ; Wenguang Chen ; Bo Tan
- Source: IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Volume 10, Issue 3, p. 228 –233
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0082
- Type: Article
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The spark discharge in the soil is a key factor that affects the impulse characteristics of grounding devices under the lightning current. However, since soil is inhomogeneous medium consisted with humid-air, ionic liquid, and soil particles, the developing process of the soil sparkover is very complicated. In this study, the polyester-based sensitive films are used to observe the morphology features of the soil sparkover in the plate electrodes. According to the observed images, the spark discharge in the soil can be divided into partial discharge and arc discharge. The change of instantaneous resistance can be explained by the three stages of soil ionisation/deionisation. Moreover, the distinct images of the sparkover around the rod electrode buried horizontally in the grounding pool are obtained by the proposed method. The distribution of discharge points, developing process, and feature of the soil sparkover are analysed.
- Author(s): Xiaomin Zhang ; Ping Cheng ; Yanke Ci ; Si Tian
- Source: IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Volume 10, Issue 3, p. 234 –238
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0086
- Type: Article
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234
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In modern warfare, communication carrier frequency of opponent's communication radar should be frequently measured, so as to make demodulation and obtain its binary communication information for declassification. To make demodulation on opponent's communication signal, certain method must be adopted to estimate the frequency of such communication microwave signal. Therefore, the measurement of the frequency of unknown microwave signal is an important application in military warfare. In this study, a new microwave frequency measurement method is proposed based on the detection of unknown microwave signal's phase shift. Theoretical analysis has been made. The formula of theoretical derivation can prove the feasibility of the project. Relevant experimental verification has been conducted. The final experiment in this study also proves the practicality and feasibility of the method.
- Author(s): Yang Zhou ; Panlong Wu ; Xingxiu Li
- Source: IET Science, Measurement & Technology, Volume 10, Issue 3, p. 239 –246
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0143
- Type: Article
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p.
239
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X-ray pulsar-based navigation (XNAV) is a navigation method using celestial X-ray source observations for spacecraft orbit determination. However, if the measurements are not reliable due to any kind of malfunction, the performance of XNAV may result in considerable errors and even divergence. In this study, a new algorithm called robust extended Kalman filter (REKF) is proposed for the lunar satellite autonomous navigation system, which is robust against measurement malfunctions. First, the satellite dynamic model applied perturbations is derived under the J2 perturbation of the Moon. The pulse time-of-arrival (TOA) is used to build the observation model. Second, the performance of XNAV system is discussed by analysing the transformation error of TOA, system observability and controllability. Then, an adaptive measurement noise scale factor (AMNSF) is designed by using the innovation sequence in REKF. Meanwhile, the gain matrix is modified by adding the AMNSF to reduce the influence of malfunction and enhance the robustness of XNAV system. Finally, the simulation results show the proposed navigation scheme is valid and feasible, and it is appropriate for lunar satellite autonomous navigation.
High-voltage electrical energy meter with measurement chips floating at 10 kV potentials
Non-parametric fault detection methods in non-linear systems
Optimal flow adjustment of veno-venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with an adaptive prediction model: cannula sizes screening and pump speeds estimation
Speed control of electrical vehicles: a time-varying proportional–integral controller-based type-2 fuzzy logic
In-vitro study of human proximal femur microstructure: analysis of the relationship between micro-computed tomography data and quantitative ultrasound parameters
Investigation into the characteristics of proton exchange membrane fuel cell-based power system
Fractal detector design and analysis for multi-input multi-output radar system
Printed arc coupler in a circular cylindrical measurement cavity for suppressing degenerate modes
Machine learning techniques for robust classification of partial discharges in oil–paper insulation systems
Sparkover observation and analysis of the soil under the impulse current
Microwave frequency measurement method using microwave phase detection
Autonomous navigation for lunar satellite using X-ray pulsars with measurement faults
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