Online ISSN
1751-8792
Print ISSN
1751-8784
IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation
Volume 6, Issue 9, December 2012
Volumes & issues:
Volume 6, Issue 9
December 2012
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- Author(s): H.J.F. Moen ; S. Kristoffersen ; T. Sparr
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 803 –812
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2012.0099
- Type: Article
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p.
803
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Matched filter concepts are extensively used in radar applications to maximise target detection. Usually, the receiver filter is matched to the transmitted signal, which is optimum for a point target return. For extended targets it is possible to do better by matching with the returned target signal. However, in most cases, the returned target signal is not known a priori. The authors propose a method to approximate the filter matched to the signal returned from an unknown extended target. A genetic algorithm is used to optimise filter output signal-to-noise ratio on a pulse-to-pulse basis. The gain, relative to the result from a filter matched to the transmitted signal, is dependent on the actual backscatter profile of the target. Tests on three different target profiles, derived from real high-resolution radar data, verify the performance of the method. The signal-to-noise ratio threshold for a given detection rate is found to be lowered by 2–3 dB on these target signatures, where each profile consists of 20 backscatterers. Furthermore, the steady increase in available computational resources would most likely make real-time applications of the novel evolutionary radar filter possible in the near future. - Author(s): S. Grosdidier and A. Baussard
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 813 –821
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2012.0062
- Type: Article
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813
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In this study, high-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) is considered for target detection. These systems, commonly used for oceanographic purposes, are of interest in maritime surveillance because of their long range detection capabilities compared with conventional microwave radar. Unfortunately, the received signals are strongly polluted by different noises. In this contribution a target detection method based on morphological component analysis (MCA) is investigated. Basically, MCA is a source separation technique based on multiscale transforms and the sparsity representation. The authors goal is to extract the target signatures from the range-Doppler image and then to take the final decision through a simple rule. This study introduces the issue of ship detection from HFSWR images and gives an overview of the MCA approach. Then, the algorithm used for target detection is depicted. Comparisons with a classical constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) detection method, the so-called greatest of cell averaging-CFAR, are given through receiver operating characteristic curves computed from simulated data. - Author(s): A. Aubry ; A. De Maio ; M. Piezzo ; A. Farina ; M. Wicks
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 822 –833
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2012.0029
- Type: Article
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In this study, the authors consider the problem of cognitive transmit signal and receive filter design for a point-like target embedded in a high-reverberating environment. The authors focus on phase-only waveforms, sharing either a continuous or a finite alphabet phase, hence they devise constrained optimisation procedures that sequentially improve the Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), accounting for a similarity constraint between the transmitted signal and a prescribed radar waveform. The computational complexity of the proposed algorithms is linear with the number of iterations and polynomial with the receive filter length. At the analysis stage, the performance of the techniques is assessed in the presence of a homogeneous clutter scenario. - Author(s): F. Soldovieri ; L. Lo Monte ; D. Erricolo
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 834 –845
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0248
- Type: Article
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An inverse scattering approach is presented to detect, localise and estimate the geometry of buried dielectric targets, in a 2D scenario, by exploiting magnetic sources as transmitting antennas. Explicit formulas to compute the scattered field from dielectric anomalies are derived for both homogeneous and half-space background scene. A linear inverse scattering approach is formulated and analysed for both the scenarios; finally, the performance of the two proposed approaches is tested against full-wave finite-differences in time-domain (FDTD) data simulating the exact scattering phenomenon. - Author(s): J. Xu ; J. Yu ; Y.-N. Peng ; X.-G. Xia ; T. Long
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 846 –857
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0132
- Type: Article
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This study proposes the Space–time Radon–Fourier transform (STRFT) for wideband digital array radar (DAR). It is a novel coherent detection technique that jointly realise wideband digital beamforming (DBF), range compression and long-time coherent integration. The likelihood ratio detector (LRT) is first derived based on the three-dimensional (3D) signal model of moving targets, which is the output of the STRFT on the 3D range-compressed echoes. Some transform properties of the proposed STRFT are also discussed. This include the 3D impulse response, 3D translational invariance, multi-target linear additivity, linear SNR gain in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), as well as the 3D correlation function of transformed AWGN. Also, the fast implementation of STRFT is proposed in the element-pulse-range frequency domain, which is realised via the two dimensional Chirp-Z transform (CZT) based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) operators. The proposed method may remarkably reduce the computational burden for modern wideband DAR. Finally, some numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. - Author(s): Y. Liu ; Y. Deng ; R. Wang ; H. Yan ; J. Chen
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 858 –866
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0288
- Type: Article
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Frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system is widely used for earth observation and space detection, where short revisits time at low cost are desirable, or small size is required. Therefore a FMCW SAR raw signal simulator is required to quantitatively support the design of a SAR mission operating in the FMCW mode, to help mission planning, test processing algorithms and analyse jamming and noises. Time-domain SAR raw signal simulation can be easily conceived, but it is extremely time and memory consuming. In this study, an efficient FMCW SAR raw signal simulation approach for extended scene is proposed based on chirp-Z transform (CZT). This is the first time that a FMCW SAR simulator is proposed in the two-dimensional frequency domain. By taking advantage of fast Fourier transform, the proposed approach highly reduces the computational load with respect to the time domain approach. Furthermore, CZT algorithm can accurately simulate the range-variation of the range cell migration term, which guarantees the precision of the proposed approach. Wavenumber domain algorithm is applied to focus the conceived raw signal. Finally, point targets, the electromagnetic imaging and real FMCW image are used to validate the proposed simulation approach. - Author(s): Z. Zhao ; X. Wan ; Q. Shao ; Z. Gong ; F. Cheng
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 867 –872
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2012.0011
- Type: Article
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In digital radio mondiale (DRM)-based high frequency (HF) passive bistatic radar, target echoes need to be detected against the direct-path wave and multipath echoes. A novel approach is proposed to reject the direct-path wave and multipath echoes. The signal is projected into a subspace orthogonal to the clutter subspace carrier by carrier, exploiting the fact that the direct-path wave and multipath echoes at the same carrier in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform are totally correlated. Simulation and experimental results following the theory analysis verify the performance of the new approach. - Author(s): S. Deng ; P. Li ; J. Zhang ; J. Yang
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 873 –880
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0332
- Type: Article
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Power lines are an important target type in topographic mapping, as well as in post-disaster and post-strike damage detection. A method of detecting power lines from polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (POLSAR) data using the coherence between the co- and cross-polarisation is proposed based on the azimuth symmetry of the clutter. First, the scattering of power lines is analysed from the aspects of radar cross-section and polarimetric response. Next, the covariance and coherence between the co- and cross-polarisation of power lines and clutter are characterised, and a constant false-alarm rate detector based on the coherence statistics is proposed. In order to obtain a high accuracy, the coherence is estimated in the Hough domain, and the proposed method is improved by considering the sign of the polarimetric orientation angle and using only the real part of the coherence. In addition, the coherence in the special case of azimuth symmetrical power lines is estimated using rotated scattering matrix. Finally, the proposed detector is demonstrated using both simulated and real P-band POLSAR data. - Author(s): X. Wang ; W. Yu ; X. Qi ; Y. Deng ; Y. Liu
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 881 –890
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0337
- Type: Article
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To obtain sufficient resolution, the operating band of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) must extend over several tens of megahertz. Consequently, SAR reception occurs across frequency bands allocated for other broadcasting stations and SAR often suffers radio frequency interference (RFI). This study proposes a novel approach to suppress RFI in SAR. The authors combine the classical spectral analysis method singular spectrum analysis, with an efficient subspace tracking method fast approximated power iteration (FAPI) which has the most economical computational cost among state-of-the-art algorithms. Furthermore, they supply a gap of FAPI so that it can achieve rank tracking based on eigenvalues distribution of the covariance matrix of the observed SAR record and in that way can detect the number of RFIs along the SAR azimuth time. The proposed algorithm is a time domain processing method and performs on SAR range records one-by-one. Finally, well-focused SAR imagery is obtained from the ‘decontaminated’ SAR data using classical SAR imaging algorithms. The proposed algorithm could be applied in complicated interference circumstances no matter the styles of RFI. Imaging results of artificial and real data have proved the validity and robustness of this algorithm. - Author(s): H. Yu ; G. Huang ; J. Gao
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 891 –899
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0205
- Type: Article
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In this study, a constrained total least-squares (CTLS) algorithm for estimating the position and velocity of a moving source with sensor location uncertainties that uses the time difference of arrival and frequency difference of arrival measurements of a signal received at a number of sensors is proposed. The CTLS method, as a natural extension of LS when noise occurs in all the data and the noise components of the coefficients are linearly dependent, is more appropriate than the LS method for the above problem. By utilising the Lagrange multipliers technique, the known relation between the intermediate variables and the source localisation coordinates has been exploited to constrain the solution. In addition, the Lagrange multipliers can be obtained efficiently and robustly, which can allow real-time implementation as well as ensure global convergence. After a perturbation analysis, the bias and covariance of the proposed CTLS algorithm are also derived, indicating that the proposed CTLS algorithm is an unbiased estimator, and it could achieve the Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) when the measurement noise and the sensor location errors are sufficiently small. The simulation results show that the proposed estimator achieves remarkably better performance than the TLS and two-step weighted least squares approach, which makes it possible that the CRLB is attained at a sufficiently high noise level before the threshold effect occurs. - Author(s): M. Shen ; X. Meng ; L. Zhang
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 900 –904
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0359
- Type: Article
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In this study, the effects of non-side-looking airborne radar clutter dispersion for space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is considered. An efficient adaptive algorithm is presented for mitigating the clutter range-dependence performance loss by pre-eliminating the short-range clutter before clutter covariance estimation. Owing to the improved training sample selection strategy, this approach is able to reduce the adaptive degrees of freedom into elevation sum and difference beams, thereby improving the convergence rate and the adaptive beam pattern. Simulation results are demonstrated that the clutter range dependence can be significantly alleviated by using this proposed approach, thus the STAP performance is enhanced. In addition, this approach is computationally efficient, and favorable for engineering application. - Author(s): W. Xu ; F. Sun ; J. Li
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 905 –912
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0291
- Type: Article
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As the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) becomes more popular in various ocean applications, its navigation technique has attracted great attention since it is often crucial that the vehicle position be known precisely. Selection of a practical navigation scheme is a tradeoff between performance, space/power budget and cost. In this study, a low-cost, small-size navigation system for an AUV carrying synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) is presented. An integrated navigation method is also developed based on the extended Kalman filter, in which two novel processes, track-based compass calibration and adaptive beamforming-based SAS micro-navigation, are incorporated. For compass calibration, the heading bias caused by hard iron interferences is estimated through a surface calibration run; for displaced phase centre antenna-based micro-navigation, sway estimation is done by applying adaptive beamforming to the overlapped phase centre array. A number of AUV field tests were implemented and the results demonstrate that a relative navigation error of as low as 0.23% of the travelling distance in circular runs can be achieved using the developed approach. - Author(s): H. Yan ; F. Li ; W. Robert ; M.J. Zheng ; C.G. Gao ; Y.K. Deng
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 913 –920
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2012.0067
- Type: Article
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A novel algorithm is proposed to extract moving targets using the phase information of the radar echoes in multichannel wide-area surveillance radar system. The algorithm is based on the recently proposed relaxed version of principal component pursuit (PCP) method, which is for the first time introduced into radar signal processing community. In the algorithm, after pre-processing and channel combination, the combined phase matrix of radar echoes can be expressed as the superposition of three matrices: low-rank phase matrix of ground clutter, sparse phase matrix of moving targets and entry-wise phase matrix of the noise component. This expression fits well with recently proposed the relaxed version of PCP method. Therefore accelerated proximal gradient algorithm can be applied to stably extract sparse phase matrix of moving targets. Both simulation and real data processing results verify the effectiveness of this proposed new algorithm. - Author(s): Y. Wang
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 921 –928
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2012.0091
- Type: Article
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For inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging of manoeuvring target, the received signal in a range bin is very complicated, which will degrade the azimuth focusing quality greatly. In this study, the author characterises the received signal as multi-component cubic phase signal, and a new approach of parameters estimation for the cubic phase signal is presented. Combined with the range-instantaneous-Doppler and range-instantaneous-chirp-rate algorithms, the high-quality instantaneous ISAR images can be obtained. The results of simulated and real data demonstrate the validity of the new method proposed. - Author(s): T. Norouzi and Y. Norouzi
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 929 –936
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2012.0049
- Type: Article
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The challenge between one's own radar and an enemy's jammer is modelled as a game theory problem. Using this model, the equilibrium point of the game is studied under different conditions. Also regarding the costs of both war and peace situations, the best choice of each part of the game during peace and war time is illustrated and studied. - Author(s): D. Mušicki ; T.L. Song ; W.C. Kim ; D. Nešić
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 937 –944
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2012.0093
- Type: Article
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This study presents a complete algorithm for single target tracking in clutter, which addresses simultaneously: non-linear measurements; uncertain target detections; presence of random clutter measurements; and uncertain target existence. Proposed algorithm generalises the integrated track splitting (ITS) filter by extending the ITS functionality to highly non-linear measurements. The non-linear target tracking and estimation problems may also be solved by application of particle filters, albeit incurring a significant computational expense relative to proposed solution. In an environment without data association uncertainties proposed filter becomes a non-linear estimator. - Author(s): Y. Cao ; D.-Z. Feng ; P.-L. Shui ; C. Xiang
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 9, p. 945 –955
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0327
- Type: Article
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Since the spectrum of the ground clutter in the ground-based pulse radar is spatially–temporally decoupled, a simple pulse-to-pulse canceller is often used as a moving target indication filter for suppressing the ground clutter near the zero-Doppler frequency. In contrast, in the airborne phased-array radar, which is a typical single-input–multiple-output radar, the spectrum of the ground clutter is spatially–temporally coupled each other, and the two-dimensional pulse-to-pulse canceller (TDPC) for ground clutter cancellation has been developed by using the ground clutter model in the spatial–temporal domain. Based on the ground clutter model of multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) radar, the authors can extend the existing TDPC to more general form that can suppress the ground clutter in the MIMO radar. As the MIMO TDPC can be calculated offline by utilising the geometry knowledge of the ground clutter of MIMO radar, it can be used as an efficient and convenient ground clutter pre-filtering tool.
Improved radar detection using evolutionary optimised filter
Ship detection based on morphological component analysis of high-frequency surface wave radar images
Cognitive design of the receive filter and transmitted phase code in reverberating environment
Tunnel detection and localisation via multi-monostatic radio frequency tomography using magnetic sources
Space–time Radon–Fourier transform and applications in radar target detection
Efficient and precise frequency-modulated continuous wave synthetic aperture radar raw signal simulation approach for extended scenes
Multipath clutter rejection for digital radio mondiale-based HF passive bistatic radar with OFDM waveform
Power line detection from synthetic aperture radar imagery using coherence of co-polarisation and cross-polarisation estimated in the Hough domain
Radiofrequency interference suppression in synthetic aperture radar based on singular spectrum analysis with extended – FAPI subspace tracking
Constrained total least-squares localisation algorithm using time difference of arrival and frequency difference of arrival measurements with sensor location uncertainties
Efficient adaptive approach for airborne radar short-range clutter suppression
Integrated navigation for an autonomous underwater vehicle carrying synthetic aperture sonar
Moving targets extraction in multichannel wide-area surveillance system by exploiting sparse phase matrix
Inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging of manoeuvring target based on range-instantaneous-Doppler and range-instantaneous-chirp-rate algorithms
Scheduling the usage of radar and jammer during peace and war time
Non-linear automatic target tracking in clutter using dynamic Gaussian mixture
Two-dimensional pulse-to-pulse canceller applied in multiple-input–multiple-output radar
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