Online ISSN
1751-8792
Print ISSN
1751-8784
IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation
Volume 6, Issue 3, March 2012
Volumes & issues:
Volume 6, Issue 3
March 2012
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- Author(s): R. Klemm
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 3, p. 123 –129
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0077
- Type: Article
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123
–129
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Recognition of convoys of ground vehicles and estimation of the cross-range convoy length component during tracking by radar is discussed in this study. Radar with multi-channel array antenna is assumed. Such antenna offers the potential of spatial and space–time signal processing. For estimation of the cross-range length component generalised power estimators are used. In presence of ground clutter such techniques require an moving target indication (MTI) function including clutter suppression. In the case of moving radar space–time clutter suppression such as space–time adaptive processing (STAP) is required. It is shown that the direction of motion as well as the cross-range of the convoy can be retrieved from data obtained during tracking. - Author(s): Z. Zenghui ; Z. Jubo ; W. Yongliang
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 3, p. 130 –136
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0128
- Type: Article
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Space–time adaptive processing (STAP) is an advanced technique for airborne radar to mitigate clutter and detect moving targets effectively. Based on adaptive radar theory, the degrees-of-freedom of a STAP processor should be larger than that of a clutter. In this study, the local degrees-of-freedom (LDOF) of clutter for reduced-dimensional STAP (RD-STAP) methods with subarray configurations are studied. The LDOF formulas are proposed and verified by simulations. With these formulas, the LDOFs of clutter will collapse under certain radar configurations, which are favourable for clutter mitigation. Therefore these formulas could be used as guidance for STAP radar to choose appropriate system parameters and processing methods. - Author(s): H. Haghshenas and M.M. Nayebi
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 3, p. 137 –148
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0123
- Type: Article
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In noise radars, measuring the cross-correlation between transmitted and received signals is a common method of signal processing. However, it brings a lot of unwelcome sidelobes that can mask weak echoes of far targets. There are many classical and modern methods of masking effect removal which are based on signal processing in the receiver side. In this study, a method of waveform design is presented and its ability to reduce masking effect is compared with that of radars using purely random waveforms. The method starts with choosing an arbitrary subsequence and continues with attaching new subsequences to the previous ones in a way that the sidelobe levels reduce. In addition, the performance of applying the well-known CLEAN algorithm to a purely random waveform and the presented waveform are considered in detail. Moreover, the waveform randomness is measured and compared with purely random waveforms. By means of computer simulations, it is illustrated that the proposed waveforms can produce smaller correlation sidelobes, while preserving their randomness characteristics. - Author(s): M. Radmard ; S.M. Karbasi ; B.H. Khalaj ; M.M. Nayebi
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 3, p. 149 –156
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0137
- Type: Article
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Efficient combination of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and passive coherent location (PCL) ideas is expected to improve performance of localisation schemes. While using multiple antennas at transmit and receive sides provides spatial diversity, it is possible to obtain similar performance by using multiple transmitters, already transmitting standard signals (such as digital TV) in the environment (also known as illuminators of opportunity). However, in this case, it is not always possible to ensure that signals of different transmitters are orthogonal to each other. In such cases, resolving signals of multiple transmitters reflected from multiple objects is not a trivial problem. One such scenario arises when transmitters of a single frequency network (SFN) are used. Consequently, in order to obtain the desired diversity gain, it is necessary to develop proper techniques to assign each echo arriving at the receiver to a given transmitter and a specific object to be localised. In this paper, we propose a scheme that addresses the association problem in an efficient way. Also, we consider the case of multiple antennas only at the transmit side while using a single receiver, which is the case of a multi-input single-output (MISO) system, a subset of MIMO systems, in general. - Author(s): H. Kuusniemi ; J. Liu ; L. Pei ; Y. Chen ; L. Chen ; R. Chen
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 3, p. 157 –164
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0247
- Type: Article
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This study discusses a simple multi-sensor multi-network positioning system that integrates global positioning satellite (GPS) measurements, accelerometers and a digital compass with wireless network localisation utilising a pedestrian motion model and dead reckoning. The feasibility of the multi-technology system for seamless outdoor to indoor pedestrian navigation is discussed with the emphasis on reliability issues and adaptability requirements. The multi-sensor multi-network positioning system is developed for challenging navigation environments such as indoors and deep urban canyons. This study considers how to estimate and improve such a multi-sensor multi-network system's reliability and estimate its accuracy. An outdoor to indoor pedestrian test is conducted. Adaptive filtering performance of the multi-technology solution as well as general measurement quality monitoring and error detection when an over-determined solution is at hand is shown. Reliability estimation utilising adaptation in the form of environment detection to estimate the final positioning accuracy is also presented. - Author(s): J. El Khoury ; R. Guinvarc'h ; R. Gillard ; B. Uguen
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 3, p. 165 –171
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0173
- Type: Article
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A simple but general modelling of a floating high-frequency surface wave radar is presented. It deals with moving antenna systems and assesses the negative effects of antenna motion on the first-order Bragg lines. Various canonical types of movements are considered and simulation results are successfully compared with more specific models or measured data. A realistic configuration supported by experimental results is also addressed. - Author(s): J.D. Bryan ; J. Kwon ; N. Lee ; Y. Kim
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 3, p. 172 –179
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0101
- Type: Article
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The authors investigate the feasibility of classifying different human activities using ultra-wide band (UWB) radar. Eight human subjects performing eight different activities are measured using a UWB radar. The eight activities include walking, running, rotating, punching, jumping, transitioning between standing and sitting, crawling and standing still. The dimension of the UWB returns is reduced using principal component analysis (PCA). The time-varying UWB signatures are characterised within a time window through observing the variation of the PCA coefficients. A support vector machine (SVM) is used to classify the activities based on the signatures. A multi-class classification is implemented using a one-versus-one method. Optimal parameters for the SVM are found through a 4-fold cross-validation. The resulting classification accuracy is found to be more than 85%. The potential of classifying human activities with different ground planes and with cluttered environments is also investigated. To extract more information regarding the target motion, human walking style classification with the developed method is also discussed. - Author(s): H.-W. Li and J. Wang
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 3, p. 180 –189
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0075
- Type: Article
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This study investigates the problem of manoeuvring target tracking with passive coherent location (PCL) radar. The main challenge stems from the non-linearities of the dynamic state space and the non-Gaussian measurement noise. The contribution of the study is twofold. First, to deal with the problem of manoeuvring target tracking in the presence of glint noise, an interacting multiple model (IMM) particle filtering (PF) method using multiple time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements from several transmitter–receiver pairs are proposed and evaluated. Second, because tracking precision is sensitive to the configuration of transmitters and receiver stations, the authors provide insight into the influence of the configuration of transmitters and receiver stations on the tracking methods of PCL radar. Simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with conventional IMM algorithm and PF algorithm in different glint noise environments and various configurations of transmitters and receiver stations, the proposed method obtains better estimates of position, velocity and acceleration. - Author(s): G. Galati ; M. Leonardi ; I.A. Mantilla-Gaviria ; M. Tosti
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 3, p. 190 –201
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0197
- Type: Article
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The aim of this study is to analyse the accuracy of passive location systems by using the Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB). The study is focused on sensor networks derived from the well-known Multilateration (MLAT) systems, used for aircraft and vehicle surveillance. The measurement used in the standard MLAT configuration is the Time Difference Of Arrival, but it can be improved by using other types of measurement like angle of arrival, round trip delay or time integration. Here, the CRLB is used to model the system accuracy performance using different measurements and related to the target kinematics, to evaluate a possible system evolution. In this frame, the CRLB analysis is useful to define the basic limitations and the advantages of different system architectures as well as to optimise existing architectures by adding new measurement capabilities to some receiving stations. - Author(s): T. Wen-long ; L. Gao-peng ; X. Rong-qing
- Source: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Volume 6, Issue 3, p. 202 –211
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0121
- Type: Article
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Ionospheric clutter mitigation for high-frequency surface-wave radar using a two-dimensional array and beam space processing is presented here. The new antenna system with both azimuth and elevation angle resolving power is capable of exploiting the difference in both azimuth and elevation angles between wanted target echoes and unwanted ionospheric clutters, giving it an advantage over conventional one-dimensional linear arrays. In addition, the beam space processing can effectively preserve target echo energy during interference cancellation. Measured data from a real high-frequency surface-wave radar system is used to evaluate the performance of the new method.
Recognition of convoys with array radar
Local degrees of freedom of clutter for airborne space–time adaptive processing radar with subarrays
Suppressing masking effect in random signal radars by waveform design
Data association in multi-input single-output passive coherent location schemes
Reliability considerations of multi-sensor multi-network pedestrian navigation
Sea-echo doppler spectrum perturbation of the received signals from a floating high-frequency surface wave radar
Application of ultra-wide band radar for classification of human activities
Particle filter for manoeuvring target tracking via passive radar measurements with glint noise
Lower bounds of accuracy for enhanced mode-S distributed sensor networks
Ionospheric clutter mitigation for high-frequency surface-wave radar using two-dimensional array and beam space processing
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