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Online ISSN 1752-1424 Print ISSN 1752-1416

IET Renewable Power Generation

Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2009

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Volume 3, Issue 3

September 2009

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  • Selected papers from EWEC 2008

    • Editorial: Selected papers from EWEC 2008
      Effect of the generation mix on wind power introduction
      • Author(s): P.J. Luickx ; E.D. Delarue ; W.D. D'haeseleer
      • Source: IET Renewable Power Generation, Volume 3, Issue 3, p. 267 –278
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-rpg.2008.0061
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 267 –278 (12)
        The specific needs and ensuing costs for wind power integration into electricity generation systems depend to a large extent on the operation, composition and behaviour of the electricity generation system. The differences in the considered systems greatly influence the outcomes regarding wind power integration. The generation mix is studied here. Analyses are performed using a mixed integer linear programming model so as to get more insight in the consequences of the design and operation of electricity generation systems including wind power by looking at three distinct case systems. The model takes into account a multitude of technical specificities of the operation of an electricity generation system. The results show several aspects that are strongly related to the composition of electricity generation systems that influence the integration of wind power in the systems. These aspects range from the composition of the system to more specific technical parameters of the power plants and their operation, such as the marginal power plant and the greenhouse gas emission levels. The results shed some light on the reasons for the divergence in wind power integration studies. Moreover, it can help in gaining insights in the future development of electricity generation systems where wind power is being introduced.
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      Comparison of integration solutions for wind power in the Netherlands
      • Author(s): B.C. Ummels ; E. Pelgrum ; M. Gibescu ; W.L. Kling
      • Source: IET Renewable Power Generation, Volume 3, Issue 3, p. 279 –292
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-rpg.2008.0080
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 279 –292 (14)
        In this study, a commercially available unit commitment and economic despatch (UC–ED) tool is extended for the simulation of wind power integration in an international environment. An existing generation unit database for the Netherlands is extended to include conventional generation portfolios of neighbouring areas to the Netherlands. Furthermore, wind power in Germany is modelled such that the spatial correlation between wind speeds at different locations in the Netherlands and Germany is maintained. These additions allow the assessment of the benefits of international exchange for wind power integration and a comparison with other integration solutions. The UC–ED tool is applied for annual simulations of a power system with generation portfolios foreseen for the year 2014. Four variants for international exchange possibilities are investigated for different wind power penetrations. The opportunities of the following integration solutions are assessed: use of conventional generation in isolated systems,use of international markets, flexible combined heat and power (CHP), pumped hydro energy storage, compressed air energy storage and interconnection to a hydro-based system. The solutions are placed in an order of potential with respect to technical, economical and environmental aspects. The results show that the advantages of international exchange for wind power integration are large and provide an alternative for the development of energy storage facilities.
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      Operating policies for wind-pumped storage hybrid power stations in island grids
      • Author(s): S. Papaefthimiou ; E. Karamanou ; S. Papathanassiou ; M. Papadopoulos
      • Source: IET Renewable Power Generation, Volume 3, Issue 3, p. 293 –307
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-rpg.2008.0071
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 293 –307 (15)
        Pumped storage is today viewed as the most suitable storage technology for achieving high wind penetration levels in multi-megawatt-sized autonomous island grids, where the technical constraints introduced by the conventional generating units impose limitations on the output of wind farms. In this study, an operating policy is proposed for hybrid wind–hydro power stations (HPSs) in island grids, to increase wind penetration levels, while at the same time minimising the impact on the conventional generation system and ensuring the viability of the HPS investment. The proposed operating strategy is applied to three different autonomous island systems using a dedicated logistic model, to evaluate the effect of the HPS on the overall operation and economics of the island systems and to assess the feasibility of HPS investments.
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      A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms
      • Author(s): M. Tsili  and  S. Papathanassiou
      • Source: IET Renewable Power Generation, Volume 3, Issue 3, p. 308 –332
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-rpg.2008.0070
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 308 –332 (25)
        This paper provides an overview of grid code technical requirements regarding the connection of large wind farms to the electric power systems. The grid codes examined are generally compiled by transmission system operators (TSOs) of countries or regions with high wind penetration and therefore incorporate the accumulated experience after several years of system operation at significant wind penetration levels. The paper focuses on the most important technical requirements for wind farms, included in most grid codes, such as active and reactive power regulation, voltage and frequency operating limits and wind farm behaviour during grid disturbances. The paper also includes a review of modern wind turbine technologies, regarding their capability of satisfying the requirements set by the codes, demonstrating that recent developments in wind turbine technology provide wind farms with stability and regulation capabilities directly comparable to those of conventional generating plants.
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      Multi-pole permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbines' grid support capability in uninterrupted operation during grid faults
      • Author(s): A.D. Hansen  and  G. Michalke
      • Source: IET Renewable Power Generation, Volume 3, Issue 3, p. 333 –348
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-rpg.2008.0055
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 333 –348 (16)
        Emphasis in this paper is on the fault ride-through and grid support capabilities of multi-pole permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbines with a full-scale frequency converter. These wind turbines are announced to be very attractive, especially for large offshore wind farms. A control strategy is presented, which enhances the fault ride-through and voltage support capability of such wind turbines during grid faults. Its design has special focus on power converters' protection and voltage control aspects. The performance of the presented control strategy is assessed and discussed by means of simulations with the use of a transmission power system generic model developed and delivered by the Danish Transmission System Operator Energinet.dk. The simulation results show how a PMSG wind farm equipped with an additional voltage control can help a nearby active stall wind farm to ride through a grid fault, without implementation of any additional ride-through control strategy in the active stall wind farm.
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      Operational experiences of STATCOMs for wind parks
      Contribution to frequency control through wind turbine inertial energy storage
      • Author(s): A. Teninge ; C. Jecu ; D. Roye ; S. Bacha ; J. Duval ; R. Belhomme
      • Source: IET Renewable Power Generation, Volume 3, Issue 3, p. 358 –370
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-rpg.2008.0078
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 358 –370 (13)
        An innovative way for wind energy to participate in some sort of frequency control using kinetic energy stored in the rotor for a fast power reserve that could be delivered in a short period (from several seconds up to a few tens of seconds) is presented. This kinetic-energy-based fast reserve is ensured despite wind speed variations – a disoptimisation of the power coefficient through the modification of the rotor speed set point or through the pitch control. In case of a frequency drop, the power coefficient could then be increased to produce more energy. This approach could help to reduce the dynamics and the depth of the frequency drops and therefore allow wind farms to participate in frequency control. Basic economic aspects of the provision of fast power reserve by wind turbines as a function of the amount of reserve considered are also discussed.
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