IET Nanobiotechnology
Volume 9, Issue 4, August 2015
Volumes & issues:
Volume 9, Issue 4
August 2015
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- Author(s): Sunita Dashrath Bansod ; Manisha Subrashrao Bawaskar ; Aniket Krishnarao Gade ; Mahendra Kumar Rai
- Source: IET Nanobiotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 4, p. 165 –171
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0042
- Type: Article
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Many scientists have focused their research on the role of nanotechnology for the control of human pathogens, but there are also many topical pathogens present in animals, which infect animals and transfer to humans. Topical therapy is extremely important for the management of dermatological condition in animals. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in combination with herbal oils against animal skin infections which may be responsible for causing infections in human beings. Here, the authors synthesised and characterised the AgNPs from Azadirachta indica. The oils were extracted from medicinal plants including Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon martini, Eucalyptus globules, A. indica and Ocimum sanctum and the antifungal and antibacterial activity of plant oils along with AgNPs were evaluated. An excision wound model was used for the study of wound healing activity in rabbits. AgNPs functionalised oil has demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial activity against pathogens present on the skin of animals. The nano-functionalised antimicrobial oils were used in the formulation of shampoo, soap and ointment for veterinary dermatology. Antimicrobial products of plant origin with AgNPs are valuable, safe and have a specific role in controlling diseases. The authors believe that this approach will be a good alternative therapy to solve the continuous antibiotic resistance developed by many bacterial pathogens and will be utilised in various animal contacting areas in medicine.
- Author(s): Cínthia Caetano Bonatto ; Graziella Anselmo Joanitti ; Luciano Paulino Silva
- Source: IET Nanobiotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 4, p. 172 –177
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0010
- Type: Article
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172
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Microemulsion-based animal oils, alone or associated with polymers have been extensively used in pharmacy, medicine and cosmetics, since the major lipid constituents of the oils show several biological activities. Despite showing antimicrobial activity, there are no reports in the literature regarding the effects of bullfrog oil on cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. The aim of the present study was to synthesize, characterise and evaluate the in vitro effects on melanoma cell line (B16F10) of bullfrog oil microemulsions associated or not with chitosan, surfactant and bullfrog oil (CSBO) and surfactant and bullfrog oil (SBO), respectively. The microemulsions were developed and their physical–chemical characteristics were evaluated by light microscopy, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy and zeta potential. The microemulsions showed regular spherical shapes, high polydispersity and excellent (+82.2 ± 1.0 mV) to low (−16.0 ± 0.5 mV), colloidal stability. The systems significantly decreased the in vitro cell viability of melanoma skin cancer by up to 90.2% (CSBO) and 91.8% (SBO); while free bullfrog oil showed no effects. The results obtained from microemulsions of bullfrog oil indicate the potential of the microemulsions developed, alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, for future use in biomedical approaches aiming towards cancer therapy.
- Author(s): Ravi Mani Tripathi ; Rohit Kumar Gupta ; Akhshay Singh Bhadwal ; Priti Singh ; Archana Shrivastav ; B.R. Shrivastav
- Source: IET Nanobiotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 4, p. 178 –183
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0043
- Type: Article
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178
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The catalytic reduction of methylene blue was studied using biosynthesised gold–silver (Au–Ag) alloy nanoparticles (NPs). The fungal biomass of Trichoderma harzianum was used as a reducing and stabilising agent in the synthesis of Au–Ag alloy NPs. The synthesised NPs were well characterised by UV–vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The plausible synthesis mechanism involved in the formation of Au–Ag alloy NPs was also discussed with diagrammatic representation. A series of experiments was performed to investigate the catalytic activity of the as-prepared Au–Ag alloy NPs and found that the alloy NPs show excellent catalytic activity.
- Author(s): Mehrdad Khatami and Shahram Pourseyedi
- Source: IET Nanobiotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 4, p. 184 –190
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0052
- Type: Article
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184
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The biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was conducted using date palm pit aqueous extract. The first visible sign of the synthesis of AgNPs was the change in colour of reaction mixtures from yellowish to reddish brown. The resulting synthesised AgNPs were characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The UV-visible spectra gave surface plasmon resonance at 428 nm. XRD confirmed that the silver particles formed in our experiments were in the form of nanocrystals. TEM images revealed the formation of AgNPs with spherical shape and sizes in the range between 1–40 nm. DLS showed nanoparticles with an average size of 27 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the role of different possible functional groups (carboxyl, amine, aromatic and hydroxyl) in the formation of AgNPs. AgNPs were stable at 28°C in vitro for over a year without any precipitation or decreased production of antimicrobial effect. Then, the antifungal and antibacterial activities of synthesised AgNPs were investigated. The synthesised AgNPs showed significant inhibitory effects on Rhizoctonia solani (AG2_2) cultures, so that the concentration of 25 µg/ml prevented approximately 83% of the mycelium growth of the fungus. Then, the broth macro-dilution method was used for examining antibacterial effect of AgNPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericide concentration against Klebsiella pneumonia (PCI 602) and Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606) were recorded as 1.56 and 3.12 µg/ml AgNPs, respectively.
- Author(s): Mohammad Amin Zarandi ; Payam Zahedi ; Iraj Rezaeian ; Alireza Salehpour ; Mehdi Gholami ; Behrooz Motealleh
- Source: IET Nanobiotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 4, p. 191 –200
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0030
- Type: Article
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191
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In this work, N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) samples from virgin chitosan (CS) were synthesised and CMCS/polyethylene oxide (PEO) (50/50) blend nanofibrous samples were successfully electrospun from their aqueous solution. The electrospinning conditions to achieve smooth and fine diameter nanofibrous mats were optimised via D-optimal design approach. Afterwards, vitamin C and phenytoin sodium (PHT-Na) were added to these samples for producing wound dressing materials. H-nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared tests for the evaluation of functionalised CS, morphology and biodegradability studies of CMCS/PEO blend nanofibrous samples were applied. The kinetic and drug release mechanism for vitamin C and PHT-Na drug-loaded electrospun samples were also investigated by UV-vis spectrophotometer and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The results showed an approximately similar drug release rate of the two drugs and followed Higuchi's kinetic model. The stem cells viability and their adhesion on the surface of the samples containing PHT-Na and vitamin C were carried out using MTT assay and the best cells' biocompatibility was obtained using both drugs into the CMCS/PEO nanofibrous samples. Moreover, the in vivo animal wound model results revealed that the electrospun samples containing vitamin C and PHT-Na (1%) had a remarkable efficiency in the wounds' closure and their healing process compared with vitamin C/PHT-Na (50/50) ointment. Finally, the histology observations showed that the wound treated with optimised electrospun samples containing two drugs enabled regeneration of epidermis layers due to collagen fibres accumulation followed by granulating tissues formation without necrosis.
- Author(s): Sugumaran Sam Jaikumar ; Rathinam Yuvakkumar ; Rangaraj Suriya Prabha ; Gopalu Karunakaran ; Venkatachalam Rajendran ; Sun Ig Hong
- Source: IET Nanobiotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 4, p. 201 –208
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0015
- Type: Article
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This study reports on a facile and economical synthetic method to prepare nano molybdenum by solid-state reaction technique. Metallic nano molybdenum was synthesised from molybdenum trioxide, molybdenum IV oxide and molybdenum VI oxide through thermal decomposition technique. Metallic nano molybdenum prepared from molybdenum IV oxide was used to study the catalytic effect of molybdenum nanoparticles on the growth of Anabaena sp. The increase in concentration of nano molybdenum from 0.1 to 100% in BG11 (N−Mo− + nano Mo) medium increases heterocyst frequency. The chlorophyll and protein content in Anabaena sp. was found to improve when compared with bulk molybdenum particles and showed a positive influence to be used as a nano nutrient for Anabaena sp.
- Author(s): Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi ; Nader Nezafati ; Leila Hajibaki ; Masoud Mozafari ; F. Moztarzadeh ; Saeed Hesaraki ; Ali Samadikuchaksaraei
- Source: IET Nanobiotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 4, p. 209 –214
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0011
- Type: Article
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209
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This study aims to detect the optimum antibacterial activity of silver-doped bioactive glasses (Ag-BGs) for prevention of post-transplant infections in tissue engineering. The results have shown that the Ag-BG samples had broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy in an Ag concentration-dependent manner. The 2% Ag-BG had the highest effect during the first 10 min to 72 h. The minimum inhibitory concentration of 2% Ag-BG was estimated to be 2 mg/ml for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and 2.66 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). A concentration of 0.5% Ag-BG repressed growth of E. coli after 1 h, but did not have any detectable antibacterial effect for longer periods. Evaluation of the effects of prepared Ag-BG on human osteoblast cells viability showed that 1 and 2% samples changed the cell proliferation rate in masses of more than 3.33 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Moreover, in a typical manner, the release of Ag ions from the glass structure started immediately, continued steadily and affected bacterial growth when it reached its critical concentration in the medium. This systematic study can illustrate the optimum antibacterial property of the Ag-BG samples in masses of 3.33 and 2 mg/ml for 1 and 2% Ag, respectively, for prevention of post-transplant infections.
- Author(s): Barbara Moreno-Murguía ; Jorge R. Soto-Mercado ; Juan B. Morales-Malacara ; Victor M. Castaño
- Source: IET Nanobiotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 4, p. 215 –219
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0025
- Type: Article
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p.
215
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Rice husk was employed as a source for producing silica micro- and nanoparticles through its digestion by soil fauna. Although many physicochemical methods for producing nanostructures have been studied, the biological processes remain mostly unexplored. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide with continuous control of reaction pH allowed removal of lignin bonds while preserving most of the cell wall and the silica present in the rice husk. The accessibility of lignocellulose was achieved without removing appreciable amounts of lignin, so this agricultural byproduct can be employed as feeding material for microarthropods Folsomia candida (Collembola). When these microarthropods are placed on a substrate of treated rice husk, more than 85% of degraded material is obtained, as compared to the untreated rice husk substrate, while the silica particles obtained show a slight decrease in average size.
- Author(s): Sun A. Moon ; Bipinchandra K. Salunke ; Bassam Alkotaini ; Ezhaveni Sathiyamoorthi ; Beom Soo Kim
- Source: IET Nanobiotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 4, p. 220 –225
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0051
- Type: Article
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220
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Manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles were synthesised by the reduction of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) using Kalopanax pictus leaf extract at room temperature. A transparent dark-brown colour appeared after the addition of K. pictus leaf extract to the solution of permanganate. The time course of the reduction of KMnO4 and synthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles was monitored by means of UV–Vis spectra. The reduction of KMnO4 occurred after addition of plant extract with disappearance of KMnO4 specific peaks and emergence of peak specific for MnO2 nanoparticles. MnO2 nanoparticles showed absorption maxima at 404 nm. The electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses confirmed the presence of Mn and O in the sample. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed characteristic binding energies for MnO2 nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs revealed presence of uniformly dispersed spherical shaped particles with average size of 19.2 nm. The selected area electron diffraction patterns revealed the crystalline nature of MnO2 nanoparticles. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy spectra of pure MnO2 show the occurrence of O–Mn–O vibrational mode at around 518 cm−1. The phyto-synthesised MnO2 nanoparticles showed degradation ability of dyes (congo red and safranin O) similar to chemically synthesised MnO2 nanoparticles. This study shows simple and eco-friendly synthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles by plant extract and their utilisation for dye degradation for the first time.
- Author(s): Ankur Sarker ; Hafiz Md. Hasan Babu ; Sarker Md Mahbubur Rashid
- Source: IET Nanobiotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 4, p. 226 –238
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0056
- Type: Article
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p.
226
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Owing to the emergence of better characteristics such as parallelism, low power consumption and data compactness, DNA computing has drawn great attention in recent years. In this study, the authors realise an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Inputs and outputs of the proposed ALU keep the logical reversibility in computation processes. The proposed ALU is capable of performing four logical (AND, OR, EX-OR and NOT) with three arithmetic (addition, subtraction and multiplication) operations. They use DNA-based multiplexer to carry out final output. Compared to silicon-based computation, the proposed ALU is faster and requires less space and power due to parallelism, replication properties, compactness and formation of DNA strands. However, compared to one existing DNA-based system, fewer signals are required in each step. Besides, another existing DNA-based ALU requires five complex biological steps to compute, whereas the proposed ALU requires three biological steps. Also, the time complexities of that existing system are O(mln2 n) for addition and subtraction operations; O(m) for logical operations and O(m(ln2 n)2) for multiplication operation, while the proposed system has O(1) for logical operations and O(n) for others; here n is the number of bits and m is the number of test tubes for operands.
- Author(s): Sunita Bansod ; Manisha Bawskar ; Mahendra Rai
- Source: IET Nanobiotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 4, p. 239 –245
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0031
- Type: Article
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p.
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Isolation of protoplasts from leaves is useful in plant research. The standard reference methods for isolation of protoplasts are tedious, cause cell damage, are low-yield, time consuming and prone to microbial contamination. To overcome this problem, the authors used silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the control of microbial contamination and with low concentration of enzyme mixture for rapid release of protoplasts. The leaf explants were sterilised with 95% ethanol for 30 s followed by biologically synthesised AgNPs (1, 5, 10 and 15 mg/l) for 10 to 20 min. The authors found that 10 mg/l concentration of AgNPs treatment on explants showed remarkable inhibitory effect on microbial contamination with high level of tolerance. Moreover, during protoplasts isolation, the addition of 10 mg/l AgNPs in leaf incubation buffer yielded 34% viable protoplasts in 3 h. This is the first report of AgNPs synthesis from waste plant medium, which was applied for the sterilisation of explants and rapid isolation of protoplasts.
Development of shampoo, soap and ointment formulated by green synthesised silver nanoparticles functionalised with antimicrobial plants oils in veterinary dermatology: treatment and prevention strategies
In vitro cytotoxic activity of chitosan–bullfrog oil microemulsion against melanoma cells
Fungal biomolecules assisted biosynthesis of Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles and evaluation of their catalytic property
Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) pit aqueous extract mediated novel route for synthesis high stable silver nanoparticles with high antifungal and antibacterial activity
Drug release, cell adhesion and wound healing evaluations of electrospun carboxymethyl chitosan/polyethylene oxide nanofibres containing phenytoin sodium and vitamin C
Facile and novel synthetic method to prepare nano molybdenum and its catalytic activity
Detection and qualification of optimum antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of silver-doped bioactive glasses
Production of micro- and nanosilica from soil inhabiting Folsomia candida fed with treated rice husk
Biological synthesis of manganese dioxide nanoparticles by Kalopanax pictus plant extract
Design of a DNA-based reversible arithmetic and logic unit
In vitro effect of biogenic silver nanoparticles on sterilisation of tobacco leaf explants and for higher yield of protoplasts
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