IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation
Volume 11, Issue 4, 18 March 2017
Volumes & issues:
Volume 11, Issue 4
18 March 2017
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- Author(s): Shanmugam B. Vignesh ; Nasimuddin ; Arokiaswami Alphones
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 444 –449
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0366
- Type: Article
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A generalised stubs-integrated-microstrip (SIM) antenna with wide coverage circularly polarised (CP) radiation is proposed for radio-frequency energy harvesting applications. The antenna consists of a microstrip patch radiator with four integrated asymmetric/symmetric-stubs and a coaxial feed. Four stubs are integrated at the corners of a square microstrip radiator. The stub lengths or stub gaps from the microstrip radiator are optimised for wide-beam CP radiation. Four different combinations of asymmetric/symmetric based SIM antennas are designed, fabricated, and tested. The proposed antennas are able to cover upper-half area with CP radiation across the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth.
- Author(s): Homayoon Orazi and Hadi Soleiman
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 450 –456
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0715
- Type: Article
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In this study, the dual-reverse-arrow fractal (DRAF) geometry is applied to the sides of a slotted microstrip triangular patch to design ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed with and without notch bands. It is shown that the proposed DRAF geometry has the capability of both reducing the antenna size, but without decreasing its bandwidth and also maintaining the other antenna radiation characteristics. It is shown that the antenna is miniaturised by 40% compared with the simple triangular patch. Furthermore, in order to prevent any interference of the proposed antenna with the wireless system of high performance radio LAN (HiperLAN)/2, a notch band is created by cutting two similar slots in the T-shaped CPW-feed. Such an antenna has applications in UWB systems. Two prototype DRAF antennas are fabricated and measured, which verify its desirable features.
- Author(s): Herbert L. Thal Jr
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 457 –463
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2015.0436
- Type: Article
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Expressions for the stored energy and Q factor of an antenna in terms of its radiated spherical modes and reflection coefficient have been extended to include the effects of loss. Three variations are given for excitation by matched, voltage, or current generators, and the importance of the proper phase reference for the radiated fields is emphasised. Two low-Q, self-resonant spherical antennas are used to illustrate the application of the energy formulae with and without loss. The results for these examples are validated by direct integration of the electric energy and by self-consistency of the radiation and dissipation terms. Approximation equations appropriate for processing experimental data are derived, and their predictions are compared with the actual Q’s for the examples. Estimates of the lossless Q’s are determined from the lossy data.
- Author(s): Slawomir Koziel and Adrian Bekasiewicz
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 465 –470
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0144
- Type: Article
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Reusing existing results in order to facilitate optimisation of structures for various sets of performance requirements such as operating frequencies is an attractive concept. When implemented properly, it can lead to considerable speedup of the microwave design process. In general, re-design of microwave structures is a challenging task, particularly for compact components where considerable electromagnetic (EM) cross-couplings make the relationships between geometry parameters and the structure responses complex. In this study, the authors address geometry scaling of miniaturised dual-band couplers by means of inverse surrogate modelling. It allows for fast estimation of the optimum values of structure dimensions corresponding to required operating frequencies, independently for each band. The inverse surrogate is constructed based on a set of reference designs obtained by optimising the equivalent circuit model of the coupler, and subsequently corrected using output space mapping to accommodate the discrepancies between the network model and the EM-simulation one. As demonstrated using a compact dual-band microstrip branch-line coupler example, geometry scaling is possible in a wide range of operating frequencies and at a very low cost of just a single EM simulation of the structure at hand. Numerical results are validated through physical measurements of fabricated coupler prototypes for several test cases.
- Author(s): Bybi Puthenkalapurayil Chacko ; Gijo Augustin ; Tayeb A. Denidni
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 471 –476
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0237
- Type: Article
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A low-profile, beam tilted microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with broad-useful bandwidth and improved gain is presented. The proposed design comprises of a rectangular MPA and a square-loop unit-cell-based metasurface superstrate with different effective refractive index regions. The beam tilting is achieved by the phenomenon of phase difference produced by the superstrate having different refractive index regions. The experimental results display a maximum beam tilt of 27° in the E-plane at 5 GHz with a slight frequency dependability of 0.013°/MHz. The proposed design also offers a broad-useful bandwidth of 11% centred at 4.82 GHz, while maintaining relatively low antenna height of 0.06λ. Moreover, uniform field distribution due to superstrate provides a maximum gain of 8.4 dBi with a variation ≤1.3 dB.
- Author(s): Mohammad Baharian ; Hamid Rajabalipanah ; Mohammad H. Fakheri ; Ali Abdolali
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 477 –482
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0514
- Type: Article
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The wall-effect compensation is one of the most annoying steps in modern through wall imaging (TWI) problems. Presence of wall not only increases the computational burden due to clutter rejection and complex imaging algorithms, but also blurs the reconstructed image. To mitigate this drawback, different wall-clutter rejection methods have been subject of numerous researches in recent years. However, these wall-clutter rejection methods mainly focus on removing the first strong reflection of wall. In this study, a novel wall-removal method (not only wall-clutter rejection) based on transformation optics (TO) is addressed. This is the first time that TO has been applied to TWI problem. Using this new method, TWI is cast to a free space imaging problem which is computationally more effective and results in more focused images. Real-time imaging is also more available in this case. Without loss of generality, a two-dimensional TWI configuration is assumed to evaluate the provided technique. A single point-like scatterer hidden behind a wall is used to obtain the imaging system point spread function resulted by the proposed technique. Finally, it is shown that the presented method is valid even for lossy walls. Reconstructed images show satisfactory focusing that highlight the capabilities of presented method.
- Author(s): Fayçal Meddour and Zohir Dibi
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 483 –489
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0304
- Type: Article
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An efficient small size electromagnetic energy harvesting sensor for low-DC-power applications is proposed. The sensor consists of two main parts: a dual polarisation square patch antenna used to collect the RF energy at a central frequency of 2.45 GHz, and two voltage doublers rectifier circuit for the RF-to-DC conversion. The overall size of the design is 50 × 50 × 6.2 mm3. Firstly, the antenna is designed using high-frequency structure simulator software; followed by the design of the rectifier circuit in advanced design system. After simulations, a sensor prototype is fabricated using F4B as the antenna substrate. Measurements show that the sensor achieves a comparatively high maximum measured efficiency of 41% for a power level of −10 dBm. The sensor has a simple structure, it is compact sized, light weight, and presents a high RF-to-DC conversion efficiency for low-RF-power levels which can be used to charge different low-DC-power devices.
- Author(s): Hossein Shirinabadi ; Mehdi Ahmadi-Boroujeni ; Ehsan Arbabi ; Karim Mohammadpour-Aghdam
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 490 –494
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0444
- Type: Article
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An efficient and low cost approach to realise a non-planar dual-polarised log-periodic dipole array antenna (LPDA) using printed circuit board technology is proposed which achieves a high bandwidth and operational frequency. The proposed antenna utilises a very short transition from a coaxial cable to a balanced four-conductor transmission line to realise an ultra-wide bandwidth balun and input impedance matching. An analysis of the utilised four-conductor transmission line alongside its comparison to two-conductor transmission line of a planar LPDA is also presented. Two prototypes of the antenna operating over the frequency ranges of 1–13 GHz and 1–18 GHz were designed, fabricated, and tested. An average gain of 6.7 dBi is obtained. Measured voltage standing wave ratio, cross-polarisation and front-to-back ratio of both prototypes are better than 2.6, −14, and 22 dB respectively.
- Author(s): Abhishek Sharma and Animesh Biswas
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 496 –502
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0515
- Type: Article
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A two-element multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna having wideband characteristics is presented. The wideband operation is achieved by using a mushroom shaped dielectric resonator excited by a conformal trapezoidal patch. In order to realise two-element MIMO configuration, two wideband radiators are arranged orthogonally which offers polarisation diversity. The measured bandwidth (VSWR ≤ 2) for Port1 is 61% (5.08–9.50 GHz), whereas for Port2 it is 65% (4.89–9.61 GHz). The isolation between the two ports is better than 20 dB for the desired frequency band. The antenna exhibits broadside radiation with cross polar level below 15 dB. The peak gain of antenna varies from 3.34 to 7.40 dBi at Port1 and from 2.34 to 7.9 dBi at Port2. Moreover, the various MIMO performance metrics including envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain, channel capacity loss and total active reflection coefficient are investigated. The ECC is less than 0.01 and capacity loss is under 0.5 bps/Hz throughout the operating bandwidth. The results confirm that the antenna offers effective MIMO/diversity performance. The proposed antenna can be suitable for WLAN and upper ultra wideband frequency band applications.
- Author(s): Shaoqing Hu ; Xiaodong Chen ; Deshuang Zhao ; Yuan Yao
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 503 –512
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0503
- Type: Article
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This study presents a single-feed wideband circularly polarised (CP) monopole antenna backed with a cavity for the application in global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). The measured results indicate that it has a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 75.02% from 1.062 to 2.337 GHz and a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 67.40% from 1.21 to 2.44 GHz. The proposed antenna was tested and validated on a multi-mode GNSS receiver in open field. In addition, extensive analysis conducted on the preliminary antenna's operation has revealed that the ‘frequency independence’ of phase difference between two orthogonal electric field components is crucial to a wide CP bandwidth. It is anticipated that the design principle and procedure of the proposed antenna can be extended to the development of other wideband CP antennas.
- Author(s): Pablo Padilla ; José Manuel Fernández ; José-Luis Padilla ; Juan F. Valenzuela-Valdés ; Manuel Sierra-Castañer
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 513 –518
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0390
- Type: Article
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This study presents a lightweight planar patch-array reflectarray at Ku-band for satellite communications. The reflectarray is composed of two separate planar structures: the radiating interface formed by a planar multi-layered broadband patch array, and a phase shifting device formed by 3 dB/90° couplers. The radiating element is a multi-layered patch structure, designed to provide circular polarisation (CP). Each array cell phase is controlled by open-ended shifting lines of variable length connected to the 3 dB/90° couplers. The use of this kind of couplers maintains the same CP received/transmitted: the design imposes that if a right-hand CP (RHCP) [or left-hand CP (LHCP)] is received coming from the feeder, the same RHCP (or LHCP) configuration is re-radiated by the reflectarray. Additionally, the feeding horn can be moved in the x or y axes, so that the feeder angular position let re-define the radiation pattern and its pointing direction. Finally, measurements of a lightweight portable planar reflectarray prototype are provided and very good agreement is observed when compared with theoretical results.
- Author(s): Vincent Fusco ; Yuan Ding ; Neil Buchanan
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 519 –523
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0527
- Type: Article
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A novel retrodirective array (RDA) architecture is proposed which utilises a special case spectral signature embedded within the data payload as pilot signals. With the help of a pair of phase-locked-loop based phase conjugators the RDA's response to other unwanted and/or unfriendly interrogating signals can be disabled, leading to enhanced secrecy performance directly in the wireless physical layer. The effectiveness of the proposed RDA system is experimentally demonstrated.
- Author(s): Xiaoming Chen and Shuai Zhang
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 524 –528
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0192
- Type: Article
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Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in multipath environments suffer from high correlations (in the presence of small angular spreads of propagation waves and similar antenna patterns) and power imbalances (due to cross-polarisation discrimination of the propagation channel and possibly different antenna efficiencies). A simple performance metric that takes into account of the antenna-channel impairments on the MIMO system will be of great value for MIMO antenna characterisations. In this study, a generalised multiplexing efficiency (ME) is derived, which takes into account antenna pattern and polarisation mismatches in arbitrary multipath environments. In addition, it is shown that the generalised ME can characterise not only the throughput (or coded error rate) degradation but also the degradation of uncoded error rate. For verifying the generalised ME, the authors use both the correlation-based channel model (where correlations and power imbalances can be readily specified) and the more realistic WINNER+channel model (where correlations and power imbalances have to be indirectly controlled by changing the antenna setup).
- Author(s): Xiong Chen ; Yongning He ; Lipeng Wan ; Wanzhao Cui
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 529 –534
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0413
- Type: Article
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The high-accuracy passive intermodulation (PIM) measurement shows great significance in PIM quality checking and related researches. As the key point to guarantee the test accuracy, the IM reference is essential in realizing precise PIM calibration. This paper presents a design of dual-port IM generator that can generate dynamic IM reference for this demand. The proposed generator employs a cascaded coupling network consists of two couplers, while a reverse biased Schottky diode is working as a tunable reflection IM source. The bias voltage and coupling coefficient are introduced to regulate the quiescent operation points of diode and the IM signal excitation strength respectively, they work together to put the IM reference signal on a desired level. Specially, a trimming strategy by using a compact terminal matching resistor is adopted to smartly regulate the IM tunable interval. These configurations can promote the utilization of this proposed IM generator to be flexible not only for design engineers but also for commercial users. The test results demonstrate that this generator can provide the tunable IM3 whose dynamic range can reach about 30 dB@2x43 dBm, 50 dB@2 × 31 dBm. Meanwhile, the significance of bidirectional dynamic IM reference signals is demonstrated.
- Author(s): Parisa Forouzannezhad ; Amir Jafargholi ; Alireza Jahanbakhshi
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 535 –541
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0378
- Type: Article
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This study presents a multiband compact microstrip antenna for portable wireless applications. The proposed antenna, in addition to wireless local area network and a global positioning system (GPS) channels, is utilised for inductive and capacitive near- and far-field ultrahigh-frequency and 2.4 GHz radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. The fabricated antenna works at 890 to 933 MHz, GPS-L1, and 2.4 GHz. Its linearly polarised radiation pattern provides a 1.2 to 2.5 dBi gain through the antenna bandwidth. A comparative study with other passive RFID reader conventional antennas shows that the proposed structure provides strong near E- and H-fields and simultaneous good impedance matching for far-field applications. Design details, simulated results, and a fabricated prototype are presented. The experimental results including radiation patterns, peak gain, and efficiency of the proposed antenna are presented. Comparisons between the simulation and measurement results show that the proposed antenna has a reasonable gain and radiation patterns.
- Author(s): Aliakbar Dastranj
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 542 –547
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0701
- Type: Article
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A compact and broadband printed monopole antenna (PMA) with a hybrid trapezoidal–elliptical radiator is proposed. An overlap region between the trapezoidal and elliptical patches is introduced to enhance the impedance bandwidth. Meanwhile, by etching two symmetrical quarter-elliptical slots on the ground plane and optimising the ellipticity ratio, further improvement in the impedance bandwidth is achieved. Measured results show that the antenna can cover the frequency range of 2.4–18.6 GHz (|S 11| < −10 dB) while its total size is only 25 × 25 × 1.2 mm3. In addition, omnidirectional radiation patterns, desirable gain, high radiation efficiency and nearly constant group delay are obtained. Compared with recent PMAs, the proposed antenna has a smaller size and wider bandwidth, simultaneously.
- Author(s): John L. Buckley ; Kevin G. McCarthy ; Domenico Gaetano ; Loizos Loizou ; Brendan O'Flynn ; Cian O'Mathuna
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 548 –556
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2015.0712
- Type: Article
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The authors present the design of a tunable 433 MHz antenna that is tailored for wearable wireless sensor applications. This study first presents a detailed analysis of the measured impedance characteristics of a chosen antenna under test (AUT) in varying proximity to a human test subject. Instead of limiting the analysis to the head and hand only, this analysis measures the AUT impedance at varying distances from 11 different body positions. A novel antenna equivalent circuit model is then developed that enables both the free-space and total on-body AUT impedance variation to be rapidly computed using a circuit simulator instead of the requirement for computationally intensive finite-element methods for example. The design and characterisation of a tunable matching network that enables AUT impedance matching for 11 different positions on the human body is then outlined. Finally, a fully-autonomous 433 MHz tunable antenna is demonstrated. The antenna occupies a small printed circuit board area of 51 × 28 mm and is printed on standard FR-4 material with the tuner completely integrated into the antenna itself. Prototype measurements show an improvement of 3.9 dB in power delivery to the antenna for a load voltage standing wave ratio of 17:1, with a maximum matching loss of 0.84 dB and S 11 (−10 dB) ≥ 18 MHz for all load conditions.
- Author(s): Rasoul Fakhte and Habib Ghorbaninejad
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 557 –563
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2015.0812
- Type: Article
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A new waveguide slot antenna using radiating surface as the superstrate has been proposed. A simple metal sheet as the ultimate radiating surface due to its larger size leads to higher gain compared with a standalone slot. The proposed configuration is composed of an extended wall on a waveguide, incorporating a slot together with a metal sheet as superstrate. The proposed antenna, which can be classified as a resonance cavity antenna, compared with the conventional one, has improved antenna gain and bandwidth simultaneously. Based on cavity model, the distribution of currents on the radiating surface has been explained. It has been shown that the proposed configuration enhances the antenna peak gain from 6.7 to 12 dBi and in the same time, antenna bandwidth from 5.8% to around 23% compared with the conventional one. The design method is straight forward and based on optimisation using simulation software. In addition to gain and bandwidth enhancement, the proposed configuration has some advantages in terms of simple design method and fabrication cost. To validate the simulation results, the proposed antenna is designed, fabricated and measured. Measured and simulated results are in good agreement that confirms the performance of the proposed structure.
- Author(s): Ali Mirala and Reza Sarraf Shirazi
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 564 –569
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0587
- Type: Article
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This study theoretically investigates the application of ultra-wideband (UWB) signals in crack detection as a microwave non-destructive testing technique which is well developed in frequency domain in recent decades. To analyse UWB signals, with traditional frequency-domain methods, is needed to cover a wide range of separate frequencies. Another approach is to solve the problem with time-domain (TD) techniques in which fields are assumed as general functions of time instead of single frequency harmonics. The advantages of such TD numerical techniques are first, their applicability for arbitrarily wide-frequency range by one-time execution, and second that they give the potential for detection of small changes in the received signal that corresponds to small but sometimes significant defects of specimen. As it will be shown, using UWB pulses is an efficient way for detection of fine cracks which are of practical importance.
- Author(s): Yuteng Zheng ; Yanwen Zhao ; Qiangming Cai ; Miaomiao Jia ; Zaiping Nie
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 570 –576
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0592
- Type: Article
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The multilevel accelerated Cartesian expansion algorithm (MLACEA) and its incorporation with multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) have been studied and used for solving practical problems. The algorithms are successful, but the authors found the truncation error of accelerated Cartesian expansion (ACE) is sensitive with the differential operator. Integral equations in electromagnetics always contain differential operators, so the precision will be influenced when trying to accelerate the method of moments with MLACE algorithm. The reason of why differential operator can influence the precision of the ACE is given, and also proved by numerical experimentation. To meet the requirements of piratical application, electric field integral equation is deeply investigated. The studies also extend to the hybrid algorithm MLFMA–MLACEA and performances are tested on different implementation.
Stubs-integrated-microstrip antenna design for wide coverage of circularly polarised radiation
Miniaturisation of UWB triangular slot antenna by the use of DRAF
Effects of loss on the determination of antenna energy and Q
Computationally-efficient surrogate-assisted dimension scaling of compact dual-band couplers
Tilted-beam MPA with broad-useful bandwidth
Removing the wall effects using electromagnetic complex coating layer for ultra-wideband through wall imaging
An efficient small size electromagnetic energy harvesting sensor for low-DC-power applications
Design of a printed non-planar dual-polarised log-periodic dipole array
Wideband multiple-input–multiple-output dielectric resonator antenna
Wideband circularly polarised cavity backed monopole antenna for global navigation satellite systems
Circularly polarised broadband planar lightweight reflectarray with eligible pattern for satellite communications in Ku-band
Spectral signature secured retrodirective array
Multiplexing efficiency for MIMO antenna-channel impairment characterisation in realistic multipath environments
Reflection modulation basis dual-port intermodulation generator for dynamic calibration application in passive intermodulation measurements
Multiband compact antenna for near-field and far-field RFID and wireless portable applications
Very small planar broadband monopole antenna with hybrid trapezoidal–elliptical radiator
Design of a compact, fully-autonomous 433 MHz tunable antenna for wearable wireless sensor applications
High gain and improved waveguide slot antenna using a metallic superstrate as main radiator
Detection of surface cracks in metals using time-domain microwave non-destructive testing technique
Differential operator acting on accelerated Cartesian expansion algorithm
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