Online ISSN
1751-9578
Print ISSN
1751-956X
IET Intelligent Transport Systems
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2012
Volumes & issues:
Volume 6, Issue 4
December 2012
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- Author(s): W. Vandenberghe ; E. Vanhauwaert ; S. Verbrugge ; I. Moerman ; P. Demeester
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 347 –354
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0221
- Type: Article
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Trajectory information reported by certain vehicles (Floating Car Data or FCD) can be applied to monitor the road network. Policy makers face difficulties when deciding to invest in the expansion of their infrastructure based on inductive loops and cameras, or to invest in a FCD system. This paper targets this decision. The provided FCD functionality is investigated, minimum requirements are determined and reliability issues are researched. The communication cost is derived and combined with other elements to assess the total costs for different scenarios. The outcome is to target a penetration rate of 1%, a sample interval of 10 seconds and a transmission interval of 30 seconds. Such a deployment can accurately determine the locations of incidents and traffic jams. It can also estimate travel times accurately for highways, for urban roads this is limited to a binary categorization into normal or congested traffic. No reliability issues are expected. The most cost efficient scenario when deploying a new FCD system is to launch a smartphone application. For Belgium, this costs 13 million EUR for 10 years. However, it is estimated that purchasing data from companies already acquiring FCD data through their own product could reduce costs with a factor 10. - Author(s): V. Psaraki ; I. Pagoni ; A. Schafer
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 355 –363
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2012.0056
- Type: Article
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This study assesses the technical feasibility, economic affordability and social acceptability of low-greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intelligent transport systems (ITS) that could be implemented in the European road infrastructure over the next 40 years for passenger and freight traffic. Three ITS applications are considered: driver assistance systems and the automated highway system (AHS) for passenger traffic and commercial vehicle operations for freight traffic. These technologies are anticipated to lead to a more efficient use of the existing road network, while potentially reducing GHG emissions generated by vehicles. The impact of ITS on road capacity and vehicle's CO2 emissions is determined. Assessment is based on a reference system, which consists of the average new vehicle in the road network of the EU-27 countries. The various opportunities offered by the selected ITS technologies are specified and the major constraints for reducing GHG emissions are identified. Cost-effectiveness and sensitivity analysis is carried out. The results are validated by a suitably designed expert-based survey. It is found that ITS have the potential to improve capacity and reduce emissions. The most significant benefits are offered by the deployment of AHS. Social acceptability issues such as privacy and liability need to be further addressed to facilitate wide deployment of ITS. - Author(s): J. de Oña ; P. Gómez ; E. Mérida-Casermeiro
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 364 –371
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0102
- Type: Article
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This study presents a method for the automatic detection of malfunctioning traffic count stations (TCS) in a transport system. First, double linear optimisation is used to detect inadmissible errors in the recordings of a series of TCS and next, the TCS that are most likely to be failing are identified. The method has been applied to an urban traffic network showing success rates up to 93% in identifying the TCS that are failing. - Author(s): X. Zhou and Y. Lu
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 372 –379
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0108
- Type: Article
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It has been recognised that a model predictive control (MPC) approach can be successfully applied to many areas in the signal control of urban traffic networks. In this study, the authors propose a novel distributed MPC algorithm with decomposition of the signal control problem in the urban traffic networks. The objective of each subsystem takes into account the information of neighbouring subsystems, being this way affected by their non-local decisions. The proof is also given to show that the solution of the new approach will converge to a global optimum after adequate iterations. Moreover, the simulation result shows that our method solves the problem with an acceptable solution performance. - Author(s): R. Blokpoel ; J. Vreeswijk ; D. Leistner
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 380 –387
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0147
- Type: Article
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This study presents a new way of routing vehicles through a network. Current routing algorithms base their advice on measurements of probe vehicles and sometimes do predictions based on historical data. However, if all vehicles would follow up that advice, those predictions would not be valid anymore. As a result, oscillations could arise, in turn causing traffic jams. The micro-routing algorithm presented in this study takes previous advice into account for the next advice and is able to interact with traffic light control programmes. In simulation, a reduction of travel time up to 30% and a reduction in the number of stops up to 46% were achieved without any oscillations. This shows high potential for solving congestion and reducing CO2 emissions. Furthermore, a brief review of literature on route choice behaviour and driver response to route advice gives the reader some insight into driver compliance factors. As the major requirements of high reliability, predicted information and prescriptive information are met, also from a compliance perspective the micro-routing algorithm is expected to be effective. - Author(s): G. Mbiydzenyuy ; J.A. Persson ; P. Davidsson ; P.O. Clemedtson
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 388 –396
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0168
- Type: Article
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This study describes transport telematic services (TTSs) for road-based heavy goods vehicle (HGV) transport and suggests a method for assessing the societal value of different TTSs. For decision making related to the selection of services to promote by potential investors, for example, governmental organisations and service providers, quantified service value can simplify the decision process by enabling comparison between TTSs. Moreover, these values can serve as inputs to quantitative analysis of service architectural system designs. The authors suggest a method for assessing the societal values of TTSs using potential saving indicators (PSIs), estimated in the context of Swedish HGV freight transport. To illustrate the proposed method, 32 services are analysed, and their societal values were quantified and compared for the Swedish HGV market. Results based on estimated values of PSIs and potential percentage savings indicate the following HGV-based TTSs to be of high societal potential: transport resource optimisation, dynamic traffic information, navigation, road hindrance warning, theft alarm and recovery, accident warning information, intelligent speed adaptation, eCall, en-route driver information, transport order handling, road user charging and sensitive goods monitoring. - Author(s): P.M. Valero Mora ; M.L. Ballestar Tarín ; A. Tontsch ; I. Pareja Montoro ; M. Sánchez García
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 397 –403
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0085
- Type: Article
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Distraction is regarded as one of the most important sources for traffic accidents, being a contributing factor in about 10–12% of accidents according to traditional crash studies. The use of electronic devices inside the car is a source of driver distraction that has generated a big concern in recent times. One major negative consequence of the in-vehicle use of these devices is a decrease of attention to stimuli in traffic. In order to study the consequences on driving performance, 43 subjects drove the driving simulator SIMUVEG while introducing directions in a navigator. Drivers’ capability of keeping longitudinal and lateral control of the vehicle as well as awareness of the road scene was evaluated in this sample of drivers. Analysis of the measures revealed significant reduction of lateral and longitudinal control and of awareness of the visual environment, providing evidence of the negative consequences of interacting with electronic devices while driving. - Author(s): V.R. Tomás ; I. Martí ; A. Sáez ; J.J. Martínez
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 404 –412
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0128
- Type: Article
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Road safety is one of the most important concerns of road authorities. In order to improve road safety, traffic managers develop traffic management and control strategies. The use of advanced traffic management systems is to support road managers in daily traffic management tasks. However, it is important to test in advance, the traffic strategies to evaluate the results and their suitability to the current situation. In this study, a test-bed based on multi-agent is presented. The purpose of this test-bed is to be able to test several traffic information strategies in case of adverse weather situations. It consists in a knowledge model implemented by a set of basic agents. These agents are easily configurable and extensible to aid in-depth research in this field. The test includes agents to control variable message signal, weather stations, data collection stations etc. The test-bed interface is based on Google maps providing a realistic environment that facilitates the implementation of the tested strategies in the real world. - Author(s): R. Ranta ; Y. Decoster ; P. Orlewski
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 413 –420
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0144
- Type: Article
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The aim of this study is to propose a complete instrumentation and signal processing method able to detect the presence of a person seated on the rear bench of a vehicle. The sensor is based on a piezoelectric film (EMFI sensor), designed to detect mechanical vibrations. In order to avoid confusion between humans and heavy objects or empty seats, the authors focused on the extraction of a biological signature from the acquired signals. This physiological pattern was extracted using an original wavelet denoising algorithm and was used further as a matched filter, in order to detect human presence in the vibration signals. Physiologically significant features were extracted from the output of the (on-line) filtering process and fed further-on into a classical Bayes-based classifier. After training, the proposed method yielded very promising results, the output of the classifier being almost error-free for different acquisition conditions (stopped and on-road vehicle, new and artificially aged sensor). - Author(s): G. Owojaiye and Y. Sun
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 421 –432
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0113
- Type: Article
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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are a target technology for intelligent transport systems (ITS) because they offer benefits of low-cost, simple installation and ease of deployment. In order for WSN to achieve trademark performance in traffic monitoring, and compete effectively with present day traffic surveillance systems, certain design requirements must be met. In this study, the authors identify vital design issues that must be considered to facilitate deployment of WSN for traffic monitoring. The authors classify these design issues into four different categories namely, sensing modality, power conservation, network reliability and security. The authors conduct their investigation via extensive study of the recent literature and comprehensive survey of existing WSN-based ITS technologies. The authors conclude each discussion by presenting open research issues. The authors then discuss two promising application areas for traffic monitoring WSN namely, active traffic management and integrated traffic management. - Author(s): A. D'Ariano ; M. Pistelli ; D. Pacciarelli
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 433 –443
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0182
- Type: Article
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This study addresses the real-time problem of aircraft conflict detection and resolution in a terminal manoeuvring area (TMA). The problem is to take conflict-free airborne decisions on take-off and landing operations at a congested airport. Aircraft control actions at air segments and runways include timing, sequencing, holding and routing. Rescheduling and rerouting decisions aim at balancing the runway workload while minimising delay propagation. This problem can be viewed as a job shop scheduling problem with additional real-world constraints. Two formulations are analysed in which air segments, runways and holdings are modelled explicitly. In the first formulation the entrance time of each aircraft in the TMA is fixed, in the second it can be defined by the procedure. A truncated branch and bound algorithm computes aircraft schedules with fixed routes. The branch and bound is then incorporated in a tabu search scheme for aircraft rerouting. The solution approach is tested on the Rome Fiumicino airport, the main Italian airport, under congested traffic conditions and for several aircraft delay configurations. Computational results show a significant delay reduction when real-time rerouting is allowed in combination with rescheduling with respect to real-time rescheduling with fixed routes. The improvement is larger for the second formulation. - Author(s): Y. Yang ; M. McDonald ; P. Zheng
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 444 –452
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2012.0008
- Type: Article
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This study investigates the relationship between drivers' eye movements and their driving performance, when drivers interact with in-vehicle systems. The impact of a set of in-vehicle visual tasks (VT) on drivers' workload, task performance and eye movements was studied in an on-road experiment with 41 subjects (29 male and 12 female), using an instrumented vehicle. The degree of distraction was differentiated into three groups by cluster analysis based on two sets of selected drivers' eye movement parameters. The results showed that the in-vehicle VT had a negative effect on driving performance, accompanied by a change in drivers' visual behaviour, including a reduction in speed, a higher speed deviation and less predictable steering behaviour. At the same time, a decrease of looking ahead was replaced by viewing the touch screen, and a significant increase in drivers' saccade was observed as the task difficulty level increased. The groups that were the most significantly affected by VT demonstrated a significantly worse driving performance. It is therefore concluded that the deteriorated performance caused by distraction can be diagnosed by visual behaviour change, and it is possible to use eye movements to monitor the change in driving performance. - Author(s): P. Pellegrini ; L. Castelli ; R. Pesenti
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 453 –462
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0179
- Type: Article
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In this study, the authors propose the formalisation of the Simultaneous Slot Allocation Problem (SSAP), that extends, in two directions, the current way of allocating airport slots in Europe. The SSAP requires, first, to perform the slot allocation at all airports simultaneously and, second, to respect airspace sector capacities. The authors solve the SSAP with two algorithms based on metaheuristics, namely Iterated Local Search and Variable Neighborhood Search, and with an algorithm based on an integer linear programming model. They compare these algorithms on randomly generated instances and show that for small instances metaheuristics are competitive with the integer linear programming model. Nevertheless, the integer linear programming model is unable to solve medium or large instances because of memory and computation time requirements. Metaheuristics, instead, can deal with large instances, allocating slots to more than 99.8% of flights. - Author(s): D. Bauer
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 463 –473
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0156
- Type: Article
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This study proposes the estimation of origin–destination (OD)-matrices depending on the time of the day from high frequent entry and exit counts at a pedestrian infrastructure. These matrices are important input for infrastructure management both for pedestrian flow simulations in the planning stage as well as crowd control in the real-time application. Estimation is based on explicit models for the temporal dependence for long-term observations, where the models are adapted from the dynamic freeway OD-matrix estimation approach. Since pedestrian counts currently are subject to non-negligible measurement errors, the estimation uses the generalised method of moments estimation scheme to account for the errors-in-variables problem. Assumptions under which the method produces consistent and asymptotically normal estimators are provided, which are in line with empirically derived characteristics of pedestrian counters. In addition an approximation is provided, which shows superior finite sample properties in return for an asymptotic bias. The suitability of the method is demonstrated using a simulation study as well as a real-world application. - Author(s): R. Öörni and R. Kulmala
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 474 –481
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0206
- Type: Article
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Weather-related information and warnings are typically distributed to road users via mass media such as television, radio and Internet. The socio-economic benefits of these services should be known at least approximately before major decisions are made on service provision and related investments. This study presents a method for estimating a likely range of safety impacts obtained with weather-related information and warning services available to road users and the related socio-economic benefits. The theoretical framework behind the model is the principle that the number of accidents is dependent on the exposure to risk and the probability of accident occurrence. Information on the effects of road weather information and warning services on the safety of road users was collected by means of a literature study and expert interviews. The strength of the model lies in its ability to produce meaningful quantitative results with minimal amounts of collected information and the ease with which the model can be applied and adapted in various types of evaluation studies. The results obtained with the model will be most reliable in countries in which the factors contributing to weather-related accidents are similar to those in the Nordic countries. - Author(s): H.Y. Hsieh and N. Chen
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 482 –493
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2010.0153
- Type: Article
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Variation in outdoor light is a very important consideration when developing an intelligent vehicle recognition system. Previous researchers have focused on the development of recognition systems intended exclusively for either daytime or nighttime use. This is because a constant parameter threshold value cannot be used in an algorithm for a system working at different times in the day or night. However, this study presents a system that can be used for intelligent vehicle recognition at any time. This system automatically recognises whether the image outside the vehicle is a daytime image or a nighttime image. The algorithm used in this system includes a detection module for candidate daytime sky regions, a horizontal position search module to calculate the vanishing point of a road and a recognition module to determine whether the image is a daytime or a nighttime image. The detection module and the search module are used to find a system-defined feature region, and the recognition module is used to recognise feature values using Bayes classifier. Experimental studies demonstrated a recognition rate of 96.22% and confirmed the feasibility of the system for highway images, city images and mountain road images. - Author(s): G. Götzenbrucker and M. Köhl
- Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 494 –501
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0151
- Type: Article
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Fostering sustainable mobility is regarded as a major goal for the future development of cities. The advanced traveller information systems (ATISs), such as multi-modal route planners are envisioned as tools for enhancing more environment-friendly mobility behaviour. The authors' recent study that comprises methods of action research and Delphi forecasting, not only evaluates the actual effectiveness, but also the future expectations with regards to ATIS. Therefore the trans-disciplinary research project ‘ITSworks’ examined users' and experts' perspectives by working within the example of a multi-modal route planner called ‘AnachB’ set-up for the city area of Vienna (Austria). Within a ‘Test-setting’ 38 users tested the systems for several weeks, whereas 31 international experts discussed the potential of ATISs for promoting sustainable mobility in general.
Feasibility of expanding traffic monitoring systems with floating car data technology
Techno-economic assessment of the potential of intelligent transport systems to reduce CO2 emissions
Method to detect malfunctioning traffic count stations
Coordinate model predictive control with neighbourhood optimisation for a signal split in urban traffic networks
Micro-routing using accurate traffic predictions
Method for quantitative valuation of road freight transport telematic services
Effects of manually entering navigator destinations while driving in a simulator
Agent-based test-bed for road information systems
Detection of human presence in a vehicle by vibration analysis
Focal design issues affecting the deployment of wireless sensor networks for intelligent transport systems
Aircraft retiming and rerouting in vicinity of airports
Can drivers' eye movements be used to monitor their performance? A case study
Metaheuristic algorithms for the simultaneous slot allocation problem
Estimating origin–destination-matrices depending on the time of the day from high frequent pedestrian entry and exit counts
Model for the safety impacts of road weather information services available to road users and related socio-economic benefits
Recognising daytime and nighttime driving images using Bayes classifier
Advanced traveller information systems for intelligent future mobility: the case of ‘AnachB’ in Vienna
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