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Online ISSN 1751-9578 Print ISSN 1751-956X

IET Intelligent Transport Systems

Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2011

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Volume 5, Issue 2

June 2011

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  • Selected papers from the 2nd European Conference on Human Centred Design in ITS

    • Editorial: Selected papers from the 2nd European Conference on Human Centred Design for Intelligent Transport Systems
      Assessing error recognition in automated driving
      • Author(s): W. Spiessl  and  H. Hussmann
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 5, Issue 2, p. 103 –111
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2010.0102
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 103 –111 (9)
        Technical progress in automated driving research is about to alter the way of driving from manual control towards supervision of automated control. Even if there is still a long way to go, it is worth exploring the ramifications an automated driving task implies. A shift of attention towards secondary activities in the car is acceptable as long as the automation is guaranteed not to fail. An interesting question appears when automation fails only in rare cases. In this study, the authors are exploring drivers’ ability of error recognition in an automated driving scenario with a focus on simultaneously performing secondary tasks. The authors use a newly developed method for this, the autonomous lane change test. The authors find clear effects of secondary tasks on automation supervision, with tasks requiring strong engagement to be most noticeable.
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      Usability evaluation as part of iterative design of an in-vehicle information system
      • Author(s): E. Mitsopoulos-Rubens ; M.J. Trotter ; M.G. Lenné
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 5, Issue 2, p. 112 –119
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2010.0117
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 112 –119 (8)
        The potential of in-vehicle information systems (IVISs) to cause driver distraction highlights the need to ensure that such systems are designed in such a way that driver safety is not compromised. The human-centred design approach has much to offer in this regard. Central to this approach is that interface design is an iterative process, and that information on usability is collected as part of this process thus helping to inform system design. This study presents a case study, where the usability of three IVIS display presentation concepts for a music selection device was examined in each of the two phases of design iteration. In Phase 1, data on usability were collected through a cognitive walkthrough approach involving four human factors experts. In Phase 2, data were collected as part of an experimental lab-based study involving 30 potential users. The approach was effective in highlighting areas for design improvement and was sufficiently sensitive in differentiating the concepts on the basis of their usability. Suggestions for a further phase of usability evaluation as part of a subsequent IVIS design iteration are offered.
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      Different forms of attentional disturbances involved in driving accidents
      • Author(s): J. Hoel ; M. Jaffard ; C. Boujon ; P. Van Elslande
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 5, Issue 2, p. 120 –126
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2010.0109
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 120 –126 (7)
        Attentional processes are necessary for any complex activity, such as driving. When a driver's attention is not optimal, driving errors can arise. The aim of this study is to highlight the involvement of attentional problems and their weight in accident production, using data from in-depth accident analyses. Three attentional disturbances are distinguished according to the task that competes with the driving activity: inattention, attention competition and distraction. Inattention is the defect most frequently represented (74%) compared with attention competition (18%) and distraction (8%). Overall, attentional disturbances mainly lead to detection failures (44.7%). In more than half of the cases, other factors are required for a driving error to emerge. The interest of studying human failures linked to attentional disturbances is that it provides a definition of driver's needs in terms of assistance, thus identifying which systems are the most relevant and, on the contrary, which might reduce the attention capacities required for driving.
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      Methods of evaluating electric vehicles from a user's perspective – the MINI E field trial in Berlin
      • Author(s): P. Cocron ; F. Bühler ; I. Neumann ; T. Franke ; J.F. Krems ; M. Schwalm ; A. Keinath
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 5, Issue 2, p. 127 –133
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2010.0126
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 127 –133 (7)
        In the present study the authors propose a methodological framework for user studies on electric vehicles (EVs) and present first results from a 1-year field study conducted in the Berlin metropolitan area. The objective of the current field study is to develop, adjust and apply psychologically founded methods of assessing the acceptance of EVs in everyday use. Based on these methods, it will be possible to identify factors influencing the acceptance of EVs and to outline changes, for example in attitudes or behaviour, of participants during their participation in test trials. Accordingly, we identified four pillars that are decisive in user evaluation of EVs: mobility, human–machine interaction (HMI), traffic and safety implications and acceptance. Results from the first study period indicate that a great part of daily mobility needs are satisfied although range of EVs is limited. Attitudes towards EVs are predominantly positive. As expected, ecological aspects such as CO2 emissions play an important role in the evaluation of EVs.
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      Exploring end-user experiences: self-perceived notions on use of adaptive cruise control systems
      • Author(s): N. Strand ; J. Nilsson ; I.C.M. Karlsson ; L. Nilsson
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 5, Issue 2, p. 134 –140
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2010.0116
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 134 –140 (7)
        This study explores end-user experiences of adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems. A qualitative approach has been applied and data have been collected by means of focus group interviews. A qualitative content analysis was carried out to analyse and interpret collected data. In total the study consists of three focus group sessions with five to seven participants in each. Themes explored include interaction between user and system, functional limitations and trust, and system effects on driving behaviour. Key findings include reported driving behaviour changes as, for instance, an increasing tendency to stay in the right lane as well as users’ conception of system functionality from which it can be concluded that end-users of ACC carry rough mental models of the system. A potentially hazardous situation for other road-users following the use of ACC is highlighted and discussed. In addition, some features desired by the end-users are discussed, for example, the call for conventional cruise control functionality when owing to weather conditions functional limitations are apparent.
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      Semi-autonomous advanced parking assistants: do they really have to be learned if steering is automated?
      • Author(s): I. Totzke ; S. Jessberger ; D. Mühlbacher ; H.-P. Krüger
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 5, Issue 2, p. 141 –147
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2010.0112
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 141 –147 (7)
        Several studies have demonstrated positive effects of advanced parking assistants (APA) on driver comfort and parking performance. However, learning effects while handling the APA system and possible transfer effects on manual parking have not yet been discussed. In this study, N=18 subjects parked parallel in a test area (26 manoeuvres) and in real traffic (nine manoeuvres). One half of the manoeuvres was done without a parking assistant, one half with a semi-autonomous APA system that utilises automatic steering. The APA system did not control speed by accelerating or braking. Parking performance and glance behaviour in selected manoeuvres were analysed as well as drivers' judgements and observations by an in-vehicle experimenter. Consistent with earlier studies, the APA system facilitates parking. Learning effects particularly appear in glance behaviour and maximum velocity during the first parking motion as also do the number of errors while handling the system. Using the APA system repeatedly might influence parking without an assistant as well: the more manoeuvres are carried out with the APA system, the more often the drivers look into the display during manual parking. The implications of this study are discussed.
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