Online ISSN
1751-9667
Print ISSN
1751-9659
IET Image Processing
Volume 5, Issue 5, August 2011
Volumes & issues:
Volume 5, Issue 5
August 2011
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- Author(s): W. Yang ; G. Giakos ; J. Oakley
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, page: 355 –355
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2011.9059
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): P. Liu ; K. Kazaura ; P. Dat ; K. Wakamori ; M. Matsumoto
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 356 –362
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0242
- Type: Article
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The application of very fast image detectors to the fine tracking system of free space optical (FSO) communication has been demonstrated in several projects. In the near surface of the earth, the influence of the atmosphere on the optical communication system must be considered. The optical communication system must be designed to be able to suppress the influence of atmospheric turbulence. The authors have used the high-speed CMOS image sensor for the fine tracking system of 15 km FSO communication demonstration. In this study, the authors present the atmospheric influence on the fine tracking detector, and find out the tracking algorithm for the fine tracking detector to detect the centre of the received spot. On analysis of atmosphere turbulence influenced and the experiment data, the authors find that using centroid algorithm in the fine tracking system is better than the centre of mass algorithm. They proposed a new centroid algorithm in the fine tracking system and use this algorithm in the demonstration system. They found it can minimise the atmosphere turbulence influence. - Author(s): D. Yang ; Y. Yang ; C. Yang ; J. Zhao ; Z. Sun
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 363 –368
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0392
- Type: Article
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Different substrate types, such as seagrass, sand, stone and silt, can be identified by detecting substrate reflectivity. In this study, high-resolution remote sensing data of Quickbird were used to map seagrass distribution in the northeast coast of the Xincun Bay. Radiance transfer model in optical shallow water was used to retrieve bottom reflectivity; relationship between hyperspectral band and leaf area index (LAI) was used for processing satellite remote sensing data to retrieve distribution and density of submerged seagrass. Hyperspectral results showed that spectral bands at 550, 650 and 675 nm were sensitive to LAI. Based on the relationship between LAI and hyperspectral bands, Bands 2 and 3 of Quickbird could be used for retrieving seagrass distribution. Satellite results showed that seagrass was mainly distributed in clusters in the northeast coast of the Xincun Bay, tens of metres away from the bank. Density gradient was very clear, with coverage between 40 and 60% occupied by a great part of seagrass bed and with coverage greater than 80% distributed in stripe pattern in the main seagrass bed. The accuracy of seagrass retrieval was more than 80%, and the density of seagrass could also be distinguished evidently. - Author(s): X. Hui-yuan ; X. You ; Z. Zhi-jian
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 369 –374
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0153
- Type: Article
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In order to implement 3D measurement in different measurement systems with line structured-light sensor, the extrinsic matrix for transforming the position between the structured-light sensor and the measurement platform must be calibrated. An extrinsic calibration method, achieved by measuring the fixed point (the centre of a standard ball) of the measuring system with the sensor in different positions, was proposed. In order to calculate the coordinate of the ball centre in the laser plane frame more accurately, the images containing fewer pixels were filtered and the noise around the slice was removed. Experimental study was carried out on a four-axis coordinate measuring machine (CMM) with a ball supplied by CIMCORE and showed that the method is simple; it can also be used in a non-orthogonal measurement system. - Author(s): Z. Xiao ; T. Hu ; J. Xu ; L. Wu
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 375 –381
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0230
- Type: Article
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Millimetre-wave (MMW) radiometric imaging has established itself in a wide range of military and civil applications, but the fact that the radiometric temperature contrast between different objects indoors is low restricts the commercial application of MMW radiometric imaging to some extent. Based on the particular analysis of MMW radiometric imaging model suitable for concealed contraband detection on personnel, the method of adopting MMW noise source to illuminate the scene of being imaged to improve the radiometric temperature contrast, just like the flash lamp of camera, is proposed in this study. In addition, the choice of both the ways of illumination and the excess noise ratio (ENR) of the noise source is analysed. Then the image degradation model is discussed and the projection onto the convex sets (POCS) algorithm for MMW radiometric image super-resolution restoration is depicted in detail. In addition, a series of experiments are carried out both indoors and outdoors, with the dual-channel radiometric imaging system that has been implemented at W-band with the mode of two-dimensional planar scanning. The experimental results are presented and analysed to validate the significance of the imaging model and it is indicated that the radiometric imaging system is capable of detecting metal objects hidden underneath clothing, and the method of adopting noise illumination can improve the quality of radiometric images. - Author(s): B. Zhou ; J. Zhang ; S. Wang
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 382 –393
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0228
- Type: Article
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The temperature information is of great significance for the study of flame structure, soot distribution and combustion mechanism. It is also vital to combustion control. This study presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a flame imaging system based on optical sectioning method to reconstruct the steady-state temperature field of candlelight. A three-dimensional luminous object can be regarded as a combination of a series of two-dimensional luminous sections; hence, based on the superposition theorem, the original luminosity distribution of each section can be retrieved from the focused and the defocused images taken by adjusting the focus plane on each of the sections with a single charge coupled device camera. From the relationship between the grey level of image and the temperature, the temperature profile of each section can be reconstructed. The experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed method, which can be used as a new measurement and diagnostic tool for quantitative characterisation of steady-state flame. - Author(s): L. Shen ; S. Jia ; Z. Ji ; W.-S. Chen
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 394 –401
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0251
- Type: Article
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The authors propose to extract local texture features for image-based coin recognition in this study. A set of Gabor wavelets and local binary pattern (LBP) operator are employed to represent texture information. Concentric ring structure is used to divide the coin image into a number of small sections. Statistics of Gabor coefficients or LBP values within each section is then concatenated into a feature vector to represent the image. A circular shift operator is proposed to make Gabor features robust against rotation variance. Matching between two coin images is done via distance measurement. The nearest-neighbour classifier is used to classify a given test coin. The public MUSCLE database consisting of over 10 000 images is used to test our algorithms; results show that significant improvements over edge distance-based methods have been achieved. The authors have also analysed the performance of the system on recognising unregistered coins and the analysis suggests further improvement could be achieved if physical properties like diameter and thickness are included for feature representation. - Author(s): Y. Tanimoto ; K. Nanba ; A. Tokuhiro ; H. Ukida ; H. Yamamoto
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 402 –409
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0248
- Type: Article
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In order to clarify the side-transfer ability of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients, it is necessary to analyse the side-transfer motion of SCI patients. This study describes a method for easy detection of the body position during the transfer motion using a simple human body model and side- and front-view images taken by using two charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. The proposed simple human body model consists of five cuboids, nine columns and two elliptical cylinders. First, the wheelchair size was measured at the 11 points on its right side using a side-view image. Next, the wheelchair position was detected from the centre position of the right back wheel, and the gap angle between the platform and the wheelchair was detected from the edge position of both back wheels on the side- and front-view images. The positions of the 11 parts of the body model were estimated by matching each part to the side- and front-view images, and then the gravity centre of the body was calculated. Finally, the two images and the centre of gravity calculated every 1 s during the transfer motion were used to realise the movement of the body during the transfer motion. - Author(s): X. Gao ; D. Ding ; T. Bai ; S. Katayama
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 410 –419
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0231
- Type: Article
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Visual sensing is an attractive approach to detect the weld position in an arc-welding process, which provides information for seam tracking. However, it is difficult to accurately detect the weld position adjacent to a molten pool because of strong arc disturbances. A novel algorithm based on the weld-pool image centroid is presented to improve the seam-tracking ability. The molten pool images are taken by a camera arranged ahead of the welding torch and the centroid is extracted as a parameter to detect the weld position. It is worth noting that the centroid corresponds to the thermal distribution of the molten pool affected by the offset between the arc and the seam centreline. Therefore the offset between the arc and the seam centreline can be estimated by this centroid. The least square linear regression method is employed to correlate the relationship between the centroid and the offset under different welding conditions. For further analysis of the centroid characteristics, a non-linear neural network is designed with three input variables which are the position, displacement and moving velocity of the centroid, respectively. This neural network model shows higher accuracy of weld detection. In comparison with directly detecting the weld position, the centroid can be measured and computed easily. This algorithm is expected to provide a promising vision model to improve the accuracy of seam tracking in real time, and subsequently to ensure good welding quality. - Author(s): F. Xie ; G. Xu ; Y. Cheng ; Y. Tian
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 420 –428
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0303
- Type: Article
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This study presents a robust and reliable method of human posture recognition for visual surveillance systems. In order to recognise the human body, a recognition method is developed based on the skeleton of moving object. To obtain the skeleton of object, the authors describe some thinning algorithms for binary images, including one pass thinning algorithm, Zhang's thinning algorithm, Rosenfeld's thinning algorithm and a new thinning algorithm. Three performance measurements are chosen to evaluate these thinning algorithms. Comparing the performance results the authors found that the proposed thinning algorithm had managed to produce several improvements, including high thinness, connectivity, robustness to noise and low time consuming. Moreover, the skeleton obtained by the proposed thinning algorithm is one-pixel width and more smooth. Next, three different postures such as standing, bending and crawling will be estimated by using support vector machines as a classifier, which the histograms of horizontal and vertical projections are selected to define the feature. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the human body and posture estimation algorithm have a robust and real-time performance, and is useful for the discrimination of human postures. - Author(s): G. Livanos ; M. Zervakis ; G.C. Giakos ; K. Valluru ; S. Paturi ; S. Marotta
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 429 –439
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0315
- Type: Article
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Contrast measurements become of increasing importance in digital imaging, where region of interest differences can be effectively identified, processed and segmented. The image contrast among different structures varies with the material properties, material composition and geometrical parameters, and it is difficult to be determined only from its physical, electrical or optical parameters. The novelty of this study consists in fusing statistical analysis with polarimetric principles. As a result, quantification of image contrast in terms of Stokes parameters together with the modelling of intensity distribution for the corresponding target areas can be proved a powerful tool for analysing the different properties of operational modalities and/or materials depicted in digital images. By fusing the above concepts, the authors explored the intrinsic potential of an efficient molecular imaging technique aimed at increasing the optical contrast of a structure surrounded by a scattering medium. - Author(s): P. Chen ; H. Qian ; W. Wang ; M. Zhu
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 440 –447
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0126
- Type: Article
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Gaussian particle filter algorithm provides a framework to estimate the state of a moving object. However, it is a known fact that parameters like noise variance and particle number affect the effectiveness of the filter greatly. To improve the performance of Gaussian particle filter in contour tracking, the authors propose a parameter adapting mechanism. To simplify the filter's implementation, a variant sampling method is also proposed. This sampling method combines sampling step with prediction step by taking advantage of the Gaussian assumption and by exploring the linear structure of the system dynamic model. Finally, comparative experiments are provided, which demonstrate the merits of the proposed algorithm. - Author(s): R. Chen ; X.R. Lin ; T.H. Ding
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 448 –456
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0234
- Type: Article
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Segmenting iris texture from an input image is an important step for recognising iris pattern. It is still a difficult task to localise available texture regions from non-ideal iris images captured in non-cooperative situations such as lighting variations, on-the-move and off-angle view. To address this problem, this study presents a novel algorithm for accurate and fast iris segmentation. An adaptive mean shift procedure is built to find the rough position of the iris centre. According to the localisation result, a circle is set as the initial iris contour. After combining the statistical texture prior modelled as Markov random field, a merged active contour model is established in terms of level set theory. Under the MAC model, the initial contour is iteratively driven to real iris boundaries. During the curve evolving process, eyelids, eyelashes, reflections and shadows can be simultaneously detected and labelled in iris regions. The novelty of the proposed method mainly includes developing a new modified mean shift procedure for fast and robust iris localisation, and successfully incorporating the local probabilistic prior, boundary and region information into the designed active contour model for accurate texture segmentation. Extensive experimental results on various challenging iris images show that our method can effectively and accurately perform iris segmentation with low computational complexity and has very promising applications in non-cooperative recognition systems. - Author(s): T. Maruyama and H. Yamamoto
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 457 –465
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0240
- Type: Article
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Mammographic X-ray equipment uses a radiographic grid to remove the scatter radiation and improve image contrast. The grid causes striped lines to appear on the film and may degrade diagnostic information. This study deals with the mechanism of the gridline appearance, the gridline image on the mammographic film, and a method for eliminating the gridlines. In this study, the background noise caused by the radiographic grid is investigated by using a one-dimensional Fourier transform and the characteristics of the gridlines on the X-ray film are clarified. In addition, a new method that reduces the background noise caused by the radiographic grid on mammographic film is proposed by using non-linear image filtering. To eliminate gridlines effectively, the region of the filter is considered and V-filtering and median filtering are performed as methods of image filtering. In an experiment using a breast phantom, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the microcalcification region is calculated. The SNR of the image processed by median filtering after the V-filtering is increased. The value of the power spectrum at a frequency that represents the periodic noise made by the gridlines is decreased. The validity of image filtering is confirmed. This proposed image-filtering method is found to be useful for eliminating gridlines in the X-ray image. - Author(s): T.T. Dang ; S.K. Nguyen ; T.D. Vu ; S. Higuchi
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 466 –471
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0212
- Type: Article
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This study presents cross-point regions for lossless image compression on multiple bit planes (CRICM), an algorithm for losslessly encoding and decoding images, especially medical images, by optimising on the probability of bits on different bit planes of cross points that are neighbour points of grey levels 2n. Based on Gray coding, Gray codes of cross points are determined on an adjacent data set because images characteristically contain data that do not change much in a specific area, then this effect is generalised for real data without losing generality for their statistical properties. This is especially true for medical images that have many regions with the same grey levels. The Gray code transformation makes the bit states of cross points change from the original data bits, so firstly the probabilities of data bits on specific bit planes in cross-point regions and then the entropies of the messages are changed. These probabilities are estimated and compared with the probabilities of the original data bits. This change of probability has important effects on the encoding and decoding processes in lossless medical image compression. - Author(s): A. Fabijańska and D. Sankowski
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 472 –480
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0178
- Type: Article
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In this study an approach to impulse noise removal is presented. The introduced algorithm is a switching filter which identifies the noisy pixels and then corrects them by using median filter. In order to identify pixels corrupted by noise an analysis of local intensity extrema is applied. Comprehensive analysis of the algorithm performance [in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) index] is presented. Results obtained on wide range of noise corruption (up to 98%) are shown and discussed. Moreover, comparison with well-established methods for impulse noise removal is provided. Presented results reveal that the proposed algorithm outperforms other approaches to impulse noise removal and its performance is close to ideal switching median filter. For high noise densities, the method correctly detects up to 100% of noisy pixels. - Author(s): L. Nalpantidis ; A. Amanatiadis ; G.Ch. Sirakoulis ; A. Gasteratos
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 481 –492
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0262
- Type: Article
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In motion estimation, the sub-pixel matching technique involves the search of sub-sample positions as well as integer-sample positions between the image pairs, choosing the one that gives the best match. Based on this idea, this work proposes an estimation algorithm, which performs a 2-D correspondence search using a hierarchical search pattern. The intermediate results are refined by 3-D cellular automata (CA). The disparity value is then defined using the distance of the matching position. Therefore the proposed algorithm can process uncalibrated and non-rectified stereo image pairs, maintaining the computational load within reasonable levels. Additionally, a hardware architecture of the algorithm is deployed. Its performance has been evaluated on both synthetic and real self-captured image sets. Its attributes, make the proposed method suitable for autonomous outdoor robotic applications. - Author(s): A. Amanatiadis ; V.G. Kaburlasos ; A. Gasteratos ; S.E. Papadakis
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 493 –499
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0246
- Type: Article
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This article presents a comparative study between scale, rotation and translation invariant descriptors for shape representation and retrieval. Since shape is one of the most widely used image feature exploited in content-based image retrieval systems, the authors studied for each descriptor, the number of coefficients needed for indexing and their retrieval performance. Specifically, the authors studied Fourier, curvature scale space, angular radial transform (ART) and image moment descriptors for shape representation. The four shape descriptors are evaluated against each other using the standard methodology and the two most appropriate and available databases. The results showed that moment descriptors present the best performance in terms of shape representation quality while ART presents the lowest descriptor size. - Author(s): S. Xin and H. Wang
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 500 –507
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0258
- Type: Article
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Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) has being widely accepted as a laboratory and industry tool to analyse gas/liquid two-phase flow. For system optimisation and function extension and for getting more information of two-phase flow, a novel extensible ECT system based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) and digital signal processor (DSP) is designed. The new scheme can easily realise not only common single-frequency excitation and demodulation but also new multi-frequency excitation and demodulation. Firstly, a review of classical ECT systems is described, and function extension of our new ECT system is introduced compared to the old ECT system in our laboratory. Then, the design scheme of the new system is proposed in detail. And main parts, such as FPGA, DSP and detection circuit are discussed one by one. Meanwhile, the generation of multi-frequency signals, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) demodulation and digital quadrature demodulation of multi-frequency are described deeply. At last, static and dynamic experiments under condition of multi-frequency excitation and demodulation are carried out to verify the performance of this novel ECT. Experimental results show that this system is of high precision and stability in multi-frequency model. And there is still a future of further extension for this ECT system. - Author(s): W. Yin and A.J. Peyton
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 508 –512
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0169
- Type: Article
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This study presents a method to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and image stability in magnetic inductance tomography (MIT) data acquisition by exploiting transient response analysis. In front-end circuits for inductance measurements in MIT, a critical step is the phase sensitive demodulation, which includes a low pass filter. When the excitation source is switched from one coil to the next, a transient response occurs as the received voltage level changes. Normally, data acquisition takes place after the transient response finishes and the voltage level becomes nearly constant. In this study, a method is proposed to increase the SNR by exploiting the information embedded in the transient response. Simulation and experimental tests have confirmed the validity of the method; standard deviations of the measured inductance decrease more than 50%. The impact of improvement in SNR in raw inductance measurement on image stability is considered with different image reconstruction algorithms. The error propagation in the image reconstruction process is discussed. - Author(s): D.Y. Yang ; B. Zhou ; C.L. Xu ; S.M. Wang
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 513 –522
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0209
- Type: Article
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The thick-wall ECT system applied in high pressure is introduced, and the pipe wall thickness of ECT sensor is 5 mm. To analyse the effect of pipe wall thickness on ECT sensor, radius–electrode ratio is defined as the ratio of inner and outer radius of pipeline. ANSYS and Matlab are combined to simulate sensor characteristic. Linear back projection algorithm is adopted to reconstruct the images of stratified flow, core flow and annular flow with different radius–electrode ratios. The results of simulation indicate that there is a small image error under high radius–electrode ratio, and the images reconstructed from stratified flow are better than those from core flow and annular flow. The independently developed ECT system is applied to identify the flow regime of gas–solid flows in horizontal pipeline with 10 mm inner diameter in a pulverised coal dense-phase pneumatic conveying experimental setup. The pressure is up to 4.0 MPa and the solid–gas ratio is up to 11.73 kg/kg. The experimental results of eight-electrode ECT with thick pipeline sensor, which is used on the pulverised coal dense-phase pneumatic conveying experimental setup, are given. Finally, the Fluent simulation of concentration distribution at the similar condition is introduced to validate the ECT imaging result. - Author(s): D. Falie
- Source: IET Image Processing, Volume 5, Issue 5, p. 523 –529
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2009.0190
- Type: Article
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Three-dimensional (3D) images from time-of-flight cameras may suffer from distortion because of light scattered inside the camera body (flare light) and diffuse light. To reduce the distortion, a correction method is proposed. The errors of a 3D image are corrected by illuminating the scene with two consecutive light intensities. In one frame, the scene is illuminated. In the consecutive frame, two additional spotlights are added. Using these two consecutive images, a correction vector is computed. Subtracting this vector from the original vector image, a corrected 3D image is obtained. The results show a significant improvement of 3D images, the camera can be calibrated easily. It can be used for industrial applications.
Editorial: Imaging Systems and Techniques
High-speed image detector appliance in free space optical communication
Detection of seagrass in optical shallow water with Quickbird in the Xincun Bay, Hainan province, China
Accurate extrinsic calibration method of a line structured-light sensor based on a standard ball
Millimetre-wave radiometric imaging for concealed contraband detection on personnel
Reconstruction of flame temperature field with optical sectioning method
Extracting local texture features for image-based coin recognition
Image measurement of body position during side-approach transfer motion
Weld-pool image centroid algorithm for seam-tracking vision model in arc-welding process
Human body and posture recognition system based on an improved thinning algorithm
Modelling the characteristics of material distributions in polarimetric images
Contour tracking using Gaussian particle filter
Iris segmentation for non-cooperative recognition systems
Elimination of gridlines by using non-linear filter in mammographic image
Cross-point regions on multiple bit planes for lossless images compression
Noise adaptive switching median-based filter for impulse noise removal from extremely corrupted images
Efficient hierarchical matching algorithm for processing uncalibrated stereo vision images and its hardware architecture
Evaluation of shape descriptors for shape-based image retrieval
Extensible electrical capacitance tomography system for gas–liquid two-phase flow
Improvement of signal-to-noise ratio and image stability in magnetic inductance tomography by exploiting transient response analysis
Thick-wall electrical capacitance tomography and its application in dense-phase pneumatic conveying under high pressure
Three-dimensional image corrections for time-of-flight cameras
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