An upsurge in the electricity demand seems inevitable due to the large-scale deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). Demand response, which is a potential avenue to curb this demand, aims at reduction of power generation costs and electricity bills by allowing control of electricity consumption through electricity prices. This study proposes a holistic approach to combining the behaviour of EV users and customers with other elastic loads participating in demand response to make the scenario more realistic. In this study, various cases with single and multiple utility companies (UCs), which try to set the prices in such a way so as to maximise their profits, have been considered. A Stackelberg game model has been designed to address this conflict of interests between the UCs and the customers. This study considers different utility functions for different types of customers in order to meet their energy requirements meanwhile maximising the profits of the UCs at the Stackelberg equilibrium. The impact of the increase in competition is also studied.

Linear flux-switching permanent-magnet (LFSPM) machines exhibit significant potential in many applications. A double-sided sandwiched LFSPM (DSSLFSPM) machine with high thrust force capability is investigated in this study. After being optimised for optimal thrust force using Maxwell 2D, this machine is found to deliver higher thrust force when compared with an optimised conventional 12/14 LFSPM machine. However, low thrust force ripple is also required in many applications. Thus, in order to reduce the thrust force ripple, the DSSLFSPM machine is improved by a staggered stator teeth structure and an end permanent-magnets method, then, two improved machines are obtained. The improved machines can reduce the thrust ripple to a very low level without thrust force density decrease. Further, the stator yoke thickness of the improved machines is optimised to reach optimal thrust force density. Finally, the performance of the DSSLFSPM-ST machines is analysed including the normal force, the efficiency and the power factor. It shows that the improved DSSLFSPM machines exhibit relatively low normal force and high thrust force density as well as low thrust ripples, indicating that they are suitable for long-stroke applications.

Electromagnetic design of a moving magnet frictionless linear actuator with self-holding functionality for mechanical gear shifting in a transmission application is presented. The actuator consists of a tubular magnetic circuit with stationary armature and axially moving rotating permanent magnet assembly with radial magnetisation in the air gap. The armature contains a two-piece magnetic core with a space for a winding. The effects of armature slot opening and magnetic circuit materials on the self-holding force and the acting force are studied in the whole moving range. The designed moving magnet linear actuator improves the performance of the vehicle by enabling shift times below 50 ms with no energy consumption between the shifts.

This study demonstrates detection and classification of power quality (PQ) events utilising Volterra series for feature extraction and interval type-2 fuzzy logic system (IT2FLS) for classification of PQ events. The Volterra series represented in the form of infinite power series with memory which provides a convenient and strong platform for representation of input–output relationship for non-linear systems. IT2FLS uses the concept of membership functions to perform classification of multiple PQ events. When supply power is distorted by additive noise where signal-to-noise ratio is low and uncertain, IT2FLS has shown improved performance over support vector machine, neural networks (NNs), probabilistic NN and type-1 fuzzy logic system classifiers, which makes an IT2FLS favourable for real-time applications.

An energy storage system simulation requires a battery model capable of precisely predicting the dynamic behaviour and I–V characteristics. An equivalent circuit model (ECM) of a battery generates an electric circuit able to replicate complicated battery characteristics. Combination of time domain and frequency domain tests can be utilised to parameterise ECM components properly. The goal of this study is to discuss two systematic approaches to decide the ECM parameters, which can be replicated on any battery technology. Time and frequency domain testing are carried out on a commercial electric bicycle Li-ion battery composed of Samsung ICR18650-22P. Then, impedance analyzer approach and Bayesian network method are applied to estimate the ECM circuit elements with different circuit topologies. The models were developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. A highly dynamic drive cycle based on the E-bike was utilised to validate the ECMs through hardware-in-loop testing.

In recent times, there has been a surge in R&D activities in the area of electric vehicles (EVs). This surge is fuelled by various governmental policies that aim at increasing the penetration of EVs on roads. This work aims at developing and analyzing drivetrain configurations for city commute vehicles. Since city commute involves frequent start stops, it is necessary to focus on the dynamic performance as well as the system efficiency. Here two drivetrain configurations are considered. The first has a battery pack, an inverter, and an induction motor while the second configuration has an additional dc–dc converter. A detailed control strategy for each drivetrain is presented. Moreover, an experimental setup is developed that mimics the behavior of a scaled-down vehicle. Both the configurations are subjected to extensive experimentation using the developed setup and it is found that despite the use of an additional dc–dc converter, the second configuration has better overall system efficiency in city driving conditions. To explain the results, detailed efficiency maps of the individual subsystem and the overall system are also presented. Furthermore, the drive cycle response and energy consumption analysis, for both the drivetrains for NYCC and city part-NEDC are presented.