IET Communications
Volume 8, Issue 13, 05 September 2014
Volumes & issues:
Volume 8, Issue 13
05 September 2014
Reception of wideband signals from geostationary collocated satellites with antenna arrays
- Author(s): Alberto Torre Fernández
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2229 –2237
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0105
- Type: Article
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Reception of satellites in Ka-band is complicated because of narrow beams of ground station antennas. Narrower beams bring about higher pointing losses and the impossibility to capture multiple geostationary collocated satellites with the same aperture. One way to solve both problems is by using arrays of small dishes. Besides, if rain diversity is used, several ground stations must be deployed in sites separated by several tens of kilometres. The signals received by these stations could be combined in a central site to gain additional margin in the link budget. This study shows the processing scheme necessary to combine the signals both at the remote sites and the central site. It is based on a subband beamformer with subband delay compensation in order to be able to cope with the delay difference between the satellites. In order to estimate the phase and delay offsets between far away ground stations, an algorithm that works with the subband signals is proposed. Theoretical and simulation results validate the proposed approach.
Evaluation of the capacity of constrained codes with multiple constrained signalling dimensions
- Author(s): Craig Jamieson and Ivan Fair
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2238 –2245
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0895
- Type: Article
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Constrained sequence codes are widely used to meet constraints imposed by digital communication systems. This study presents methods to evaluate the capacity of constrained codes that have multiple independently or dependently constrained signalling dimensions. The authors outline a straightforward analysis technique when the signalling dimensions are independent, and demonstrate how the capacity can be evaluated, estimated or upper bounded when the signalling dimensions are dependent. Their motivation for this work is capacity analysis of DC-free codes with complex-valued symbols, and they present results for these types of codes throughout the study.
Performance analysis of space-diversity free-space optical systems over the correlated Gamma–Gamma fading channel using Padé approximation method
- Author(s): Guowei Yang ; Mohammad Ali Khalighi ; Zabih Ghassemlooy ; Salah Bourennane
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2246 –2255
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0962
- Type: Article
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We propose an analytical approach to evaluate the performance of space-diversity free-space optical (FSO) systems over correlated Gamma–Gamma (ΓΓ) fading channels. To do this, we firstly derive an infinite series representation for the moment generating function (MGF) of the sum of arbitrarily correlated ΓΓ random variables (RVs). Then, a closed-form approximate expression for the probability density function (PDF) of the sum of ΓΓ RVs is obtained from the MGF with the aid of Padé approximation. The performance of the FSO system is then evaluated based on this PDF. Through some numerical results we illustrate the accuracy of the proposed method and further discuss its limitations.
Cluster validity index for adaptive clustering algorithms
- Author(s): Hongyan Cui ; Mingzhi Xie ; Yunlong Cai ; Xu Huang ; Yunjie Liu
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2256 –2263
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0899
- Type: Article
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Everyday a large number of records of surfing internet are generated. In various situations when the authors are analysing internet data they do not know the cluster structure of the author's database of traffic features, such as when the border of cluster members is vague, and the clusters’ partitions have different shapes, how to establish an algorithm to solve the clustering problem? Adaptive clustering algorithms can meet this challenge. Moreover, how to determinate the number of clusters when not only fuzzy cluster but also hard cluster are used? To address those problems, a new cluster validity index is proposed in this study. The proposed index focuses on the information of the geometrical structure of dataset by analysing the neighbourhood of data objects, which makes the index independent of the traditional fuzzy membership matrix. The new index consists of two parts, namely the ‘compactness’ and ‘separation measure’. The compactness indicates the degree of the similarity among the data objects in the same cluster. The separation measure indicates the degree of dissimilarity among the data objects in different clusters. The performance of their proposed index is excellent underpinned by the outcomes from the experiments based on both artificial datasets and real world datasets.
Low-density parity-check-Feher quadrature phase shift keying signalling with frequency-offset compensated iterative demodulation and decoding algorithm
- Author(s): Zhihua Yang ; Yunhe Li ; Huiyuan Li ; Jiao Qin ; Qinyu Zhang ; Bin Cao
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2264 –2271
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0790
- Type: Article
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The Feher quadrature phase shift keying (FQPSK) modulation is significantly susceptible to frequency and phase offsets under low signal-to-noise ratios. In this study, the authors proposed a serially concatenated signalling scheme with FQPSK modulation and low-density parity-check coding, which could efficiently resist residual frequency offset by employing an intended compensation algorithm. The designed maximum-likelihood estimation-enabled compensation algorithm is incorporated into the iterative concatenated demodulation-decoding process by using soft-input–soft-output-based maximum-a-posteriori-probability criterion. On the other side, the codeword sequence to be transmitted at the sender is re-arranged in a pre-configured order different from original codeword, in order to help the compensation algorithm diminish the impacts of frequency offsets. Simulation results show that the bit error rate of the proposed scheme can be improved efficiently up to three orders of magnitude with the frequency offsets from 100 to 700 ppm.
Antenna selection and transmit beamforming optimisation with partial channel state information in distributed antenna systems
- Author(s): Jiandong Li ; Jilei Yan ; Linjing Zhao ; Quan Dong
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2272 –2280
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.1046
- Type: Article
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This study studies the joint antenna selection and transmit beamforming optimisation in the downlink of a single-cell multi-user distributed antenna system, assuming that all users are delay sensitive and only partial channel state information is available at the transmitter side. Under the constraint of the maximum transmit power of each distributed antenna unit, the authors formulate an optimisation problem to minimise the total power consumption while maintaining the rate outage ratio of each user below a threshold. To mitigate the signalling overhead, they firstly propose an adaptive antenna selection strategy based on the received pilot signal power strength. Then, considering that the remaining transmit beamforming problem may be infeasible and non-convex, a series of relaxation and convex approximation are applied. Finally, they propose a transmit beamforming algorithm based on successive convex approximation and user admission control. Simulation results show that the authors proposed algorithm can achieve a near optimal system performance in both the satisfied user ratio and total power consumption.
Low-complexity amplify-and-forward relaying protocol for non-coherent chaos-based communication system
- Author(s): Georges Kaddoum ; Fanny Parzysz ; Farhad Shokraneh
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2281 –2289
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0232
- Type: Article
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This study proposes a low-complexity amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying scheme for a differential chaos shift keying (DCSK) system. In this scenario, like the conventional AF-DCSK scheme, a source node communicates with a destination node via one relay node, in a way that the source transmits the reference and the data carrier signal to the destination and the selected relay. This approach being sub-optimal, presents a new relaying algorithm for the AF-DCSK scheme to minimise the processing load, the cooperative time and the energy for relaying symbols. Furthermore, it is analytically proven that the new AF scheme benefits from less relaying complexity, and while preserving reasonable power levels, it does not degrade the error performance of the system. Finally, the scheme is evaluated by comparing the transmitted energy, the cooperative time and the error performance gain to the corresponding values in the conventional AF-DCSK scheme.
Cooperative jamming and power allocation with untrusty two-way relay nodes
- Author(s): Hang Long ; Wei Xiang ; Jing Wang ; Yueying Zhang ; Wenbo Wang
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2290 –2297
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0580
- Type: Article
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This study investigates the security of the two-way relaying system with untrusty relay nodes. Cooperative jamming schemes are considered for bi-directional secrecy communications. The transmit power of each source node is divided into two parts corresponding to the user and jamming signals, respectively. Two different assumptions of the jamming signals are considered. When the jamming signals are a priori known at the two source nodes, closed-form power allocation expressions at two source nodes are derived. Under the assumption of unknown jamming signals, it is proven that the cooperative jamming is useless for the system secrecy capacity, because that all the power should be allocated to the user signals at each source node. Relay selection is also investigated based on the analysis of cooperative jamming. Simulation results are presented to compare the system secrecy capacities under the two jamming signal assumptions.
Iterative data detection and channel estimation for space-time block coded continuous phase modulation over flat fading channels
- Author(s): Wenwen Wang and Saman S. Abeysekera
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2298 –2307
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0838
- Type: Article
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The problem of iterative data detection and channel estimation for space-time block coded continuous phase modulation (CPM) signals over quasi-static flat fading channels is studied in this study. Firstly, the combination of space-time block code with CPM is not as straightforward as with linear modulation schemes, because of the requirement of phase continuity and the associated inherent memory of CPM. Therefore a novel block construction method is proposed to insert a tail sequence into each block for ensuring the phase continuity. Secondly, at the receiver the expectation–maximisation algorithm is applied to channel estimation and the estimated channel information is used to evaluate a posteriori probability for data detection. The channel estimation and data detection work iteratively. Simulation results show that the spectral efficiency of transmission is improved by the proposed block construction method and that the proposed iterative receiver outperforms its non-iterative counterpart significantly.
Sensing nodes selection and data fusion in cooperative spectrum sensing
- Author(s): Yiming Zhou ; Zheng Zhou ; Bin Li
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2308 –2314
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.1036
- Type: Article
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Cooperative spectrum sensing can overcome hidden terminal and shadowed fading, a novel strategy of improving the effectiveness of cooperative sensing, which is inspired by cross-correlation matrix (CCM) estimation and a linear weighted algorithm, is presented in this study. Namely, the values of channels gain ratio and signal-to-noise ratio are estimated by means of the CCM which is composed of the sampled signals and, therefore, the selection of sensing nodes is achieved by linearly weighting the spectrum sensing data. The subsequent data fusion strategy includes two modes, that is, the full fusion mode in which all sensing nodes data are linearly weighted, and the partial fusion mode where only part of sensing nodes data are linearly weighted. A major advantage of this scheme is that these two modes are realised by only exploiting the sampled signals of sensing nodes without any prior knowledge of primary user. Simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed CCM estimation and the data fusion strategy.
Improving the performance of cell edge users with fractional coordinated fair scheduling
- Author(s): Majid Abiri and Mehri Mehrjoo
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2315 –2321
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0019
- Type: Article
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In this study, the authors propose a fractional coordinated fair scheduling (FCFS) scheme for improving the performance of cell edge users in long term evolution (LTE-advanced) networks. To enhance the network spectral efficiency and reduce co-channel interference, they extend the inter-cell interference coordination technique for multi-sector cells. The sectors are coordinated in the sense that they are allowed to transmit simultaneously, if the neighbouring sectors co-channel interference is less than a threshold value. Accordingly, a coordinated scheduling scheme is proposed to transmit to a fraction of users, located in cell edges, with good channel conditions. The proposed scheme maintains fairness among the users using alpha-fair criterion. Furthermore, to reduce the computational complexity of the scheduling scheme, they propose a heuristic algorithm based on choosing an appropriate subset of users for scheduling computations. Performance evaluation of FCFS shows that the cell edge users’ throughput improves because of the spectral efficiency enhancement and interference reduction. Moreover, FCFS achieves a higher fairness index with respect to a non-coordinated fair scheme.
Vector orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system over fast fading channels
- Author(s): Wen Zhou ; Lisheng Fan ; Hongbin Chen
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2322 –2335
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.1064
- Type: Article
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The performance of the vector orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (V-OFDM) system over fast fading channels is investigated. The channel is time varying within one V-OFDM data-block period, which causes the inter-carrier interference (ICI). With the help of an equivalent V-OFDM system model and an auxiliary transform matrix, a novel mathematical expression for the received signal with the ICI signal is derived, which clearly expresses how the signal of a target vector block (VB) is interfered by other VBs. The ICI signal is analysed and two theorems about its property are proposed. The first theorem presents the expression of the power of the ICI signal, showing that the ICI signal power increases with the VB number. The other one indicates that ICI signals at different subcarriers are not correlated. With the two theorems, a novel detection method utilising the correlation of the ICI signal is therefore proposed. Numerical results verify the validity of the derived theorems and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed minimum mean square error (MMSE) detection can suppress the ICI effect and it is superior to the conventional MMSE detection in terms of both detection mean square error and bit error rate performance.
Clustered-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for power line communication: when is it beneficial?
- Author(s): Moises V. Ribeiro ; Guilherme R. Colen ; Fabricio V.P. de Campos ; Zhi Quan ; H. Vincent Poor
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2336 –2347
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0056
- Type: Article
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This study presents a comprehensive analysis to highlight advantages and disadvantages, in terms of channel capacity and computational complexity (CC), of a so-called clustered-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme for power line communication (PLC) technologies for access networks. By taking into account filtering, decimation and upsampling techniques, the implementations of two transmitter schemes, named 𝒫(·)-I and 𝒫(·)-II, and three receivers ones, named 𝒬(·)-I, 𝒬(·)-II and 𝒬(·)-III, that can be easily derived from the hermitian symmetric OFDM (HS-OFDM) scheme are discussed. Numerical results show that the clustered-OFDM schemes based on HS-OFDM provide the same bit-error-rate performance as that of HS-OFDM, double sideband-OFDM and single sideband-OFDM. Also, clustered-OFDM based on the combination of 𝒬(·)-II and 𝒬(·)-III offers the lowest CC for both baseband and passband data communications. Further, it is demonstrated that the clustered-OFDM schemes can trade off channel capacity for CC, which can give rise to low-priced transceivers for PLC technologies. Finally, a comparative analysis of clustered-OFDM and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) points out the scenarios in which clustered-OFDM can be competitive if the complexity of the OFDM transceiver is a primary consideration.
Unequal error protection by partial superposition transmission using low-density parity-check codes
- Author(s): Kechao Huang ; Chulong Liang ; Xiao Ma ; Baoming Bai
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2348 –2355
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.1168
- Type: Article
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In this study, the authors consider designing low-density parity-check (LDPC) coded modulation systems to achieve unequal error protection (UEP). They propose a new UEP approach by partial superposition transmission (PST) called UEP-by-PST. In the UEP-by-PST system, the information sequence is distinguished as two parts, the more important data (MID) and the less important data (LID), both of which are coded with LDPC codes. The codeword that corresponds to the MID is superimposed on the codeword that corresponds to the LID. The system performance can be analysed by using discretised density evolution. Also proposed in this study is a criterion from a practical point of view to compare the efficiencies of different UEP approaches. Numerical results show that, over both additive white Gaussian noise channels and uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channels, (i) UEP-by-PST provides higher coding gain for the MID compared with the traditional equal error protection approach, but with negligible performance loss for the LID; and (ii) UEP-by-PST is more efficient with the proposed practical criterion than the UEP approach in the digital video broadcasting system.
Channel assignment based on bee algorithms in multi-hop cognitive radio networks
- Author(s): Ahmad Ghasemi ; Mohammad Ali Masnadi-Shirazi ; M. Biguesh ; Foad Qassemi
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2356 –2365
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0910
- Type: Article
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Spectrum management policies are responsible for poor utilisation of the radio spectrum. By carrying out dynamic spectrum management (DSM), cognitive radio (CR) can increase the radio spectrum in wireless systems efficiently. CR technology accounts for the improvement in the spectrum utilisation significantly. One issue of DSM in CR is the assignment of frequency channels among its users. Herein, a general model and four utility functions for optimal channel assignment in open spectrum systems such as CR networks have been defined. First, a new utility function with a better fairness than the other functions is proposed. Then, two new different channel assignment methods, based on the artificial bee colony (ABC) and bee swarm optimisation (BSO) algorithms, are proposed, whereas other certain evolutionary algorithms and colour sensitive graph colouring (CSGC) are used to compare the performances. In order to decrease the search space, based on the channel availability and interference constraints a mapping process between the channel assignment matrix and the position of the bees has been proposed. Our simulation results, compared to the optimal solutions, show that our algorithms drastically improve network performance by reducing interference.
Same rate and pattern recognition search of orthogonal variable spreading factor code tree for wideband code division multiple access networks
- Author(s): Vipin Balyan and Davinder S. Saini
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2366 –2374
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0814
- Type: Article
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Orthogonal variable spreading factor-based code division multiple access systems allocate vacant codes when new call(s) arrive. This study proposes a same rate assignment scheme which allocates a new call to most favourable code in the region crowded by same rate calls. This does not add to blocked codes because of previous calls but utilise the unused scattered capacity created by previous calls. A vacant code whose parent code is handling maximum number of ongoing calls of same rate is the most favourable code for new call assignment under that sub tree. This reduces higher rate blocking because of scattering of lower rate calls due to the fact that same rate calls will be assigned in the same portion of code tree. If a tie occurs for two parent codes it is resolved using pattern recognition of codes. In the proposed scheme, the most favourable search starts from higher layers that reduce number of code searches before assignment significantly. The proposed single code and multi code schemes are compared with other schemes based on code blocking probability, throughput and number of code searches required before assignment. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme outperforms other schemes for various traffic distributions.
Preamble design for symbol synchronisation in frequency-selective fading channels
- Author(s): Faramarz Jabbarvaziri ; Mohammad Nokhbeh-Zaeem ; Gholamreza Moradi
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2375 –2381
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.1141
- Type: Article
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In this study, a two-step method for designing multi-tone preambles is proposed and its performance in the frequency-selective fading channel is optimised. The first step is to find an analytical solution for obtaining the optimum normalised tone frequencies of the multi-tone preamble in order to perform better in frequency-selective fading channel. To measure the quality of the preamble, the authors also propose a timing metric that provides a measure of impulsiveness of the auto-correlation function of the preamble. The second step is to de-normalise the tone frequencies to obtain the best performance in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise regarding a specific number of tones in a specific frequency interval. The tone frequencies are de-normalised using a factor that maximises the impulsiveness of the auto-correlation of the preamble. To compare the authors’ work with other methods, computer simulations are done using Monte Carlo method and the mean square error of the timing estimation is then calculated. Their work is mostly suitable for use in applications with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) such as M-quadrature amplitude modulation high rate links because they show that their method outperforms other methods in high SNR scenarios.
Feedback-error-resistant and reduced feedback-rate orthogonal space-time block coding scheme employing single transmit antenna selection
- Author(s): Ahmet Faruk Coşkun and Oğuz Kucur
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2382 –2392
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0045
- Type: Article
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A novel and generic transmit diversity scheme that employs combined single transmit antenna selection (TAS)/orthogonal space-time block coding (OSTBC) scheme with reduced feedback-rate and robust error performance in the presence of feedback errors (FEs) is introduced in this paper. Statistical expressions and performance metrics related to the post-processing signal-to-noise ratio of the proposed scheme are derived for Nakagami-m fading channels considering that the channel estimation process is error-free and the feedback information is delivered to the transmitter side with no delay. Exact expressions for outage probability and bit/symbol error rates of M-ary signals are presented to examine the system performance in the presence of FEs extensively. Also, the asymptotic analysis is provided to explore the asymptotic diversity order and the asymptotic coding gain of the proposed scheme that is compared with that of the conventional TAS/OSTBC scheme from different perspectives. The proposed scheme is shown to provide not only full-diversity order as the conventional scheme for perfect feedback case but also superior error performance in the presence of FEs. Moreover, the error performances of both schemes and the superiority of the modified scheme are examined by considering an error-correcting structure in the feedback link.
Efficient interference cancellation detector for asynchronous upstream optical code division multiple access-passive optical network with mixed Poisson–Gaussian noise
- Author(s): Habib Fathallah ; Abdelouahab Bentrcia ; Hussein Seleem
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2393 –2403
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0683
- Type: Article
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Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) is a promising candidate for next generation passive optical networks (NG-PON). OCDMA-PON can potentially provide all customers with a Gb/s-class BW upstream with inherent flexibility. Unfortunately OCDMA suffers from multiple access interference (MAI) and various detection noises. In this study, the authors consider developing efficient interference cancellation detection under mixed Poisson–Gaussian noise. The latter is more realistic than considering Gaussian or Poisson noise alone. The authors first start by developing a maximum likelihood framework of the detection process under Gaussian, Poisson and Poisson–Gaussian noises, respectively. Then, the authors develop the proposed interference cancellation detector for the Poisson–Gaussian noise case after deriving the conventional expectation-maximisation (EM) detector for the Poisson noise case. Finally, the authors simulate the proposed detector and compare it to the projected parallel interference cancellation, EM and other detectors to validate its superiority and enhanced performance.
Specific emitter identification based on Hilbert–Huang transform-based time–frequency–energy distribution features
- Author(s): Yingjun Yuan ; Zhitao Huang ; Hao Wu ; Xiang Wang
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 8, Issue 13, p. 2404 –2412
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2013.0865
- Type: Article
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A novel specific emitter identification method based on transient communication signal's time–frequency–energy distribution obtained by Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) is proposed. The transient starting point is detected using the phase-based method and the transient endpoint is detected using a self-adaptive threshold based on the HHT-based energy trajectory. Thirteen features that represent both overall and subtle transient characteristics are proposed to form a radio frequency (RF) fingerprint. The principal component analysis method is used to reduce the dimension of the feature vector and a support vector machine is used for classification. A signal acquisition system is designed to capture the signals from eight mobile phones to test the performance of the proposed method. Experimental results demonstrate that the method is effective and the proposed RF fingerprint can represent more subtle characteristics than the RF fingerprints based on instantaneous amplitude, phase, frequency and energy envelope. This method can be equally applicable for any wireless emitter to enhance the security of the wireless networks.
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