Online ISSN
1751-8636
Print ISSN
1751-8628
IET Communications
Volume 4, Issue 7, 30 April 2010
Volumes & issues:
Volume 4, Issue 7
30 April 2010
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- Author(s): H.-C. Chao ; Y.-S. Chen ; S. Hämäläinen
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 755 –757
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2010.9028
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): R. Machado ; N. Ansari ; G. Wang ; S. Tekinay
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 758 –767
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0074
- Type: Article
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The authors study the design of heterogeneous two-tier wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where one tier of nodes is more robust and computationally intensive than the other tier. The authors find the ratios of densities of nodes in each tier to maximise coverage and network lifetime. By employing coverage processes and optimisation theory, the authors show that any topology of WSN derived from random deployments can result in maximum coverage for the given node density and power constraints by satisfying a set of conditions. The authors show that network design in heterogeneous WSNs plays a key role in determining key network performance parameters such as network lifetime. The authors discover a functional relationship between the redundancy, density of nodes in each tier for active coverage and the network lifetime. This relationship is much less pronounced in the absence of heterogeneity. The results of this work can be applied to network design of multi-tier networks and for studying the optimal duty cycles for power saving states for nodes in each tier. - Author(s): K.W. Lim and Y.-B. Ko
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 768 –775
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0075
- Type: Article
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768
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Vehicular sensor networks (VSN) has recently become a hot research topic in the field of wireless networking, as this promising technology has potentials to provide variety of applications and safety to drivers on the road. As promising it is, VSN also introduces many new challenges to the table. For example, the vehicle mobility creates a very unique topology with frequent network disconnections, which may pose problems when existing network protocols for general ad hoc networks are applied. Majority of the research related with VSN limit their data harvesting schemes to only single-hop or short distance transmissions. Therefore these works cannot meet real-time requirements nor support applications where data must be transmitted in multi-hop. The authors believe such problems can be alleviated by our proposed scheme, named ‘multi-hop data harvesting’ (MDH). The simulation studies conducted using QualNet 4.0 simulator shows the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. - Author(s): N. Miyaho ; Y. Iwaki ; T. Yamazaki ; N. Kuji
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 776 –785
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0098
- Type: Article
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A state-of-the-art event-driven framework mechanism for handling sensor data by a hybrid processing system is proposed. This mechanism can handle data from different types of sensor networks and can deal with them by using the real-time monitored data. In conventional sensor network monitoring systems, there had been no mechanisms for abstracting the difference between distributed sensor networks that have different communication protocols and corresponding data formats. This study proposes a hybrid sensor processing system that includes both push-type and pull-type mechanisms effectively, utilising push-service history data. The authors have implemented a hybrid sensor network mechanism based on a new event-driven frame architecture and evaluated its basic performance. - Author(s): L. Liu ; B. Hu ; L. Li
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 786 –800
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0129
- Type: Article
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Energy conservation, coverage and connectivity are three critical application requirements in wireless sensor networks, especially in sensor networks for vehicular applications. Related researches have either concerned coverage, connectivity and energy conservation separately or required sensing/transmission range restrictions. In this study, the authors aim to maximise the network lifetime by redundant sensor nodes, while maintaining coverage and connectivity simultaneously, without any sensing or transmission range restriction. We propose maximum disjoint sets for maintaining coverage and connectivity (MDS-MCC) problem and the authors prove it is NP-complete. We also present two algorithms to solve MDS-MCC, Heuristic Algorithm and Network Flow Algorithm. We analyse and compare the performance of these two algorithms through simulations. According to several metrics, the authors give some suggestions of designing a sensor network. Furthermore, we study MDS-MCC problem under some special conditions, and an important theoretical result is obtained while designing a sensor network. As well as aiming to design an energy conservation sensor network, the present work can also be applied in applications requiring fault tolerance by redundancy. - Author(s): H. Li ; N. Xiong ; J.H. Park ; Q. Cao
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 801 –809
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0132
- Type: Article
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With the rapid development of vehicular sensor networks (VSNs) technology, the potential use of networked real-time control and automation is enormous and appealing. However, closed-loop control VSNs via the Internet are very difficult to implement practically because of their stochastic nature. One of the biggest challenges in VSNs is how to deal with sensor networks time delay and data loss. The authors investigate the potential of using the predictive control scheme for VSNs based on round-trip time (RTT) delay prediction to overcome the VSNs transmission delay and data loss. The predicted RTT delay is taken as the sampling interval reference for variable-period sampling approach. Modelling the time delay of networked control systems as a non-linear time series, the least mean square (LMS) filter algorithm is adopted to predict online the time delay induced in VSNs. The simulation results show that the LMS algorithm can achieve ideal efficacy if time delay has no variety abnormally. The predictive compensation strategy is proposed to reduce the detrimental effect of stochastic time delays induced by communication networks on control performance. The results of offline simulations via the Internet illustrate that the predictive control scheme based on RTT delay prediction has the potential to overcome the VSNs time delay and data loss. - Author(s): Y. Liu ; N. Xiong ; Y. Zhao ; A.V. Vasilakos ; J. Gao ; Y. Jia
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 810 –816
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0164
- Type: Article
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Recently, there is a strong interest in developing wireless sensor network (WSN) techniques and important applications for moving vehicles, to enable WSN communication between roadside and vehicles or between vehicles. Wireless vehicular sensor networks (VSNs) using all kinds of routing algorithms of low-energy efficiency has recently received considerable attention. Clustering algorithm has a significant impact on the operation of WSN. Effective clustering algorithm leads WSN to operate efficiently. Hierarchical clustering is a new clustering scheme in WSN. This study presents a novel vehicular clustering scheme integrating hierarchical clustering on the basis of classical routing algorithm. Simulation results show that the new scheme efficiently mitigates the hot spot problem in WSN and achieves much improvement in network lifetime and load balance compared to the old algorithm which is Direct, LEACH and DCHS. - Author(s): T. Luo ; Z. Wen ; J. Li ; H.-H. Chen
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 817 –825
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0071
- Type: Article
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IEEE 802.11p, also known as wireless access in vehicular environment (WAVE), extends the applications of IEEE 802.11 to a fast fading vehicular communication environment. In WAVE systems, Doppler effect should not be ignored because of the high velocity of vehicles. Hence, in this paper the authors study the characteristics of physical layer WAVE system in the presence of the Doppler spectrum, such as symbol error rate performance and inter-subcarrier interference power. The throughput performance expression of a WAVE system is derived theoretically, which is the function of the frame size, number of the nodes, transmission probability, frame error rate and Doppler spread. Based on the obtained expressions, the optimal frame size, transmission probability and the number of nodes supportable in the WAVE system are derived to evaluate the maximum throughput performance. Finally, to validate the analytical results, simulations have been conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. - Author(s): S.K. Dhurandher ; S. Misra ; M.S. Obaidat ; M. Gupta ; K. Diwakar ; P. Gupta
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 826 –836
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0138
- Type: Article
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Inter-vehicular communication involves the exchange of data between two mobile devices in an ad hoc network. Since the devices are not stationary and the topology is wide, the passage of messages between source and destination nodes involves various intermediate nodes that act as links between the two. The more the number of nodes involved in a network at a time, the more is the power consumed by them, thereby adding to the average power consumption of the network and the transmission time. The authors aim to develop an efficient routing protocol, which finds the minimum possible path length between a source and a destination involving minimum nodes to transmit data. Information regarding the angular position of the nodes is exploited in selecting the most suitable node for transmission, thereby achieving proper network connectivity among nodes with minimum power consumption. The proposed protocol has been compared with dynamic source routing (DSR) and DSR with stale route removed (DSR-SRR). The results achieved by implementing the proposed protocol establish the fact that our protocol is better than DSR and DSR-SRR in terms of the following: (i) average power consumption during transmission, (ii) throughput of transmission and (iii) number of control packets used. The proposed protocol proves to work relatively efficiently even under dense traffic conditions. - Author(s): P.L. Yang ; G.C. Qin ; H. Wang ; L. Zhang ; G. Chen
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 837 –849
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0141
- Type: Article
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In wireless networks, routing algorithms need to be tolerable to network dynamics. Existing route selection mechanisms suffer from a lack of considerations of stability and its induced routing overhead. Stabilities on route selection, traffic engineering and transmission schedule are fundamental issues in achieving a mobility-tolerable wireless network. In this study, the authors propose a mobility-tolerable paradigm (named ‘MOTOROLA’) in building a stable route level coordination algorithm for dynamic routing and scheduling. In MOTOROLA, mobility-awareness modules explore the mobility parameters and the link duration time, purely by adaptive beacon messages. Transitory links are mitigated based on threshold value of link duration. The route level resource allocation algorithm is also tolerable to network topology changes and the rescheduling costs are minimised in time scale. Analytical and simulation results show that because of mobility-awareness ability and route stability, MOTOROLA could improve network efficiency by transitory links' mitigation and coordinative route restoration. - Author(s): W. Feng ; H. Alshaer ; J.M.H. Elmirghani
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 850 –860
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0153
- Type: Article
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The focus in Green ICT (information and communication technology) is on software and hardware solutions to reduce energy consumption. Here the authors consider the design of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to reduce energy consumption because of communications. Based on a realistic transport traffic scenario on a motorway, ‘M4’ in UK, this study computes the energy consumption in a motorway ad hoc wireless network. This is based on a geographical adaptive fidelity (GAF) topology management protocol, where the energy consumption has been analysed for equal-grid, adjustable-grid and genetic algorithm models. Considering nodes in the VANET network and their transmission ranges, this study provides a network model to compute the energy consumption of VANETs and compare their energy efficiency performance. As a result, the proposed genetic algorithm model has been found to be more energy efficient than the adjustable-grid model which is better than the equal-grid model. - Author(s): J.-L. Chen ; Y.-C. Chang ; H.-W. Du
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 861 –869
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2010.0009
- Type: Article
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This study proposes a novel embedded worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX)-based vehicular router, with a network mobility architecture, that promotes the Telematics services for ubiquitous/pervasive computing environment anytime and anywhere. Each Telematics user processes the handoff procedure with the mobile Internet protocol mechanism. Hence, the proposed WiMAX-based vehicular router can process multiple Telematics users for handoff procedures simultaneously. This study explores and analyses network performances in terms of packet loss, round-trip time (RTT) and handoff latency. The embedded WiMAX-based vehicular router has a packet loss about 36% lower, and average RTT is approximately 34% lower than the traditional wireless fidelity-based vehicular router. The handoff latency analysis indicates that the embedded WiMAX vehicular router has better performance using the mobile network with the embedded router and more than two Telematics users. - Author(s): J.-W. Ding ; C.-F. Wang ; F.-H. Meng ; T.-Y. Wu
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 870 –883
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0163
- Type: Article
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With advances in wireless communications and global position system-enabled devices (such as cellular phones, PDAs and car PCs), vehicle route guidance systems gradually become indispensable equipments for more and more automobile drivers because of its great convenience. Conventional route guidance systems are designed to direct a vehicle along the shortest path from the origin to the destination. However, usually, the shortest path does not result in the smallest travel time because of the dynamic traffic conditions on roadways. Therefore the state-of-the-art route guidance systems incorporate real-time traffic information to find better paths. There are two types of approaches to collecting real-time traffic information: infrastructure-based approach and infrastructure-free approach. The authors adopt infrastructure-free approach to develop a real-time route guidance algorithm, called V2R2 (Vehicle-to-Vehicle Real-time Routing). Our simulation results showed that V2R2 algorithm can effectively find better paths with less travel time than the shortest path. In addition, it can bypass void areas (i.e. the areas containing empty roads) when collecting real-time traffic information. The simulation results validate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed V2R2 algorithm. - Author(s): B. Wang ; W. Feng ; S.-D. Zhang ; H.-K. Zhang
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 884 –893
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0165
- Type: Article
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This study studies the received buffer blocking problem caused by traditional concurrent multipath transfer protocol. The authors propose a new transport protocol, named wireless concurrent multipath transfer stream control transport protocol (WCMT-SCTP), to solve the received buffer blocking problem. It can bind certain data streams to certain paths and use multiple active paths to transfer data simultaneously. The authors evaluate the performance of WCMT-SCTP through theoretical analysis and extensive simulation. Both simulation and analysis results show WCMT-SCTP can improve the system throughput obviously and keep the independence of data streams. - Author(s): J.T. Isaac ; S. Zeadally ; J.S. Cámara
- Source: IET Communications, Volume 4, Issue 7, p. 894 –903
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-com.2009.0191
- Type: Article
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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have attracted a lot of attention over the last few years. They have become a fundamental component of many intelligent transportation systems and VANETs are being used to improve road safety and enable a wide variety of value-added services. Many forms of attacks against VANETs have emerged recently that attempt to compromise the security of such networks. Such security attacks on VANETs may lead to catastrophic results such as the loss of lives or loss of revenue for those value-added services. Therefore making VANETs secure has become a key objective for VANET designers. To develop and deploy secure VANET infrastructures remains a significant challenge. The authors discuss some of the main security threats and attacks that can be exploited in VANETs and present the corresponding security solutions that can be implemented to thwart those attacks.
Editorial: Vehicular ad hoc and sensor networks
Adaptive density control in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks with and without power management
Multi-hop data harvesting in vehicular sensor networks
Hybrid processing system for sensor networks based on an event-driven framework
Energy conservation algorithms for maintaining coverage and connectivity in wireless sensor networks
Predictive control for vehicular sensor networks based on round-trip time-delay prediction
Multi-layer clustering routing algorithm for wireless vehicular sensor networks
Saturation throughput analysis of WAVE networks in Doppler spread scenarios
Efficient angular routing protocol for inter-vehicular communication in vehicular ad hoc networks
MOTOROLA: MObility TOlerable ROute seLection Algorithm in wireless networks
Green information and communication technology: energy efficiency in a motorway model
Embedded worldwide interoperability for microwave access-based vehicular router for Telematics computing
Real-time vehicle route guidance using vehicle-to-vehicle communication
Concurrent multipath transfer protocol used in ad hoc networks
Security attacks and solutions for vehicular ad hoc networks
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