Spintronic memory [spin-transfer torque-magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM)] is an attractive alternative technology to CMOS since it offers higher density and virtually no leakage current. Spintronic memory continues to require higher write energy, however, presenting a challenge to memory hierarchy design when energy consumption is a concern. This study motivates the use of STT-MRAM for the first-level caches of a multicore processor to reduce energy consumption without significantly degrading the performance. The large STT-MRAM first-level cache implementation saves leakage power. Moreover, the use of small level-0 cache regains the performance drop due to STT-MRAM long write latencies. The combination of both reduces the energy-delay product by 65% on average compared with CMOS baseline. The proposed STT hierarchy also shows good scalability over the CMOS with a few benchmarks which scale significantly better. The PARSEC and Splash2 benchmark suites are analysed running on a modern multicore platform, comparing performance, energy consumption and scalability of the spintronic cache system to a CMOS design.

Excessive power supply noise (PSN) such as IR drop can cause yield loss when testing very large scale integration chips. However, simulation of circuit timing with PSN is not an easy task. In this study, the authors predict circuit timing for all test patterns using three machine learning techniques, neural network (NN), support vector regression (SVR), and least-square boosting (LSBoost). To reduce the huge dimension of raw data, they propose four feature extractions: input/output transition (IOT), flip-flop transition in window (FFTW), switching activity in window (SAW), and terminal FF transition of long paths (PATH). SAW and FFTW are physical-aware features while PATH is a timing-aware feature. Their experimental results on leon3mp benchmark circuit (638 K gates, 2 K test patterns) show that, compared with the simple IOT method, SAW effectively reduced the dimension by up to 472 times, without significant impact on prediction accuracy [correlation coefficient = 0.79]. Their results show that NN has best prediction accuracy and SVR has the least under-prediction. LSBoost uses the least memory. The proposed method is more than six orders of magnitude faster than traditional circuit simulation tools.

Owing to massive complexity of modern digital integrated circuits (ICs) disabling complete in-house development, globalisation of the design process establishes itself as an inevitable solution for faster and efficient design. However, globalisation incurs importing intellectual property (IP) cores from various third party vendors, rendering an IP susceptible to hardware threats. To provide trust and security in digital ICs within user constraints, design of a low-cost optimised dual modular redundant, through Trojan secured high-level synthesis (HLS) methodology, is crucial. This study presents exploration of a low-cost optimised HLS solution capable of handling hardware Trojan (providing security) that alters computational output. The key contributions of the study are as: (i) novel low-cost security-aware HLS approach; (ii) novel encoding for representing bacterium in the design space (comprising of candidate datapath resource configuration and vendor allocation information for Trojan secured solution); and (iii) novel exploration process of an efficient vendor allocation procedure that assists in yielding a low-cost Trojan secured schedule. Experimental results indicate significant reduction in the cost of security-aware HLS solution (82.4%) through the proposed approach compared with a recent approach.