Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 6, Issue 26, 31 December 1970
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Volume 6, Issue 26
31 December 1970
Conversion-loss stability and gain compression in Schottky-barrier mixers
- Author(s): J.G. Gardiner and A.R. Banerjee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 829 –830
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700571
- Type: Article
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p.
829
–830
(2)
The stabilities of conversion gain with variations in local-oscillator drive level and temperature are calculated for a typical Schottky-barrier-diode mixer broadband-terminated. Calculations of gain-compression effects agree well with recently reported experimental data.
Decoupling a multivariable discrete-time system
- Author(s): S. Lloyd
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, page: 831 –831
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700572
- Type: Article
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p.
831
(1)
A derivation of the decoupling conditions for a time-invariant multivariable discrete-time system is presented which is simple in concept and shows that decoupling produces a unity transmission system.
Calculation of piecewise-constant control strategies for linear time-invariant systems
- Author(s): H.M. Power
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 832 –833
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700573
- Type: Article
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p.
832
–833
(2)
A method is derived for computing piecewise-constant control strategies to transfer the state of a controllable linear system described by the vector-matrix equation dx/dt = Ax+Bu from the initial state x(0) to a specified state x(tn) in a specified time tn.
Computer simulation of nonlinear inductors with hysteresis
- Author(s): J.S. Everatt
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 833 –834
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700574
- Type: Article
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p.
833
–834
(2)
An algorithm is described for the simulation of nonlinear inductors with hysteresis. It is intended as a subroutine for a nonlinear transient-analysis computer program. A computed example is presented.
Two-tree admittance products
- Author(s): K. Sankara Rao ; V.V. Bapeswara Rao ; V.G.K. Murti
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 834 –835
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700575
- Type: Article
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p.
834
–835
(2)
A new and simple proof for the sign of a 2-tree admittance product based on properties of equicofactor matrices is given.
Enumeration of 2-trees of a graph
- Author(s): K. Sankara Rao ; V.V. Bapeswara Rao ; V.G.K. Murti
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 835 –836
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700576
- Type: Article
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p.
835
–836
(2)
A procedure for enumerating the 2-trees of the type tij, r of a graph is given. The amount of computation needed for its implementation is much less than in the other known methods for this purpose.
Simple technique for the prediction of dissipation-induced loss distortion
- Author(s): G.C. Temes and R.N. Gadenz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 836 –837
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700577
- Type: Article
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p.
836
–837
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Using the adjoint-network concept, two analyses of an active linear time-invariant network are sufficient to determine the loss distortion introduced by dissipative inductors and capacitors. The results are useful for determining the lowest permissible Q factor for practical circuits without repeated analyses.
Liquid-crystal light valves
- Author(s): D.L. White and M. Feldman
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 837 –839
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700578
- Type: Article
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837
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Liquid-crystal light valves have been built in which a relatively weak-signal image controls the flow of light to a much brighter projected image. The brightness of the projection light is limited only by heating in the light valve, and so great optical gain is possible. Brightness gains of 10–20 have been achieved with 30μW/cm2 of signal light at an efficiency of 15%. Resolutions of 5 line pairs per mm on the light valve and contrast ratios of 10:1 have been obtained, with a response time of about 0.1 s. With improvements, resolutions of 10–20 line pairs per mm relatively fast response and sensitivity to signal-light levels of nW/cm2 may be expected.
Class-BD amplifier circuit
- Author(s): J.D. Martin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 839 –841
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700579
- Type: Article
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p.
839
–841
(3)
An experimental class-BD amplifier circuit is reported, which confirms the previously announced principle of the circuit. Although slightly more complex than the conventional class-AD circuit, filtering problems are simplified, and it may have applications as a high-power amplifier.
Discrete-time control using the quadratic performance index, implicit model following and the specific optimal policy
- Author(s): A. Zinober
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 841 –842
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700580
- Type: Article
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p.
841
–842
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The term weighting the cross products of the state and control vectors in the quadratic performance index has been shown to arise in the implicit model-following technique and the specific optimal policy for the continuous control case. The discrete-time control problem is presented here.
Directional optimisation of a quadratic Lyapunov function
- Author(s): J. Yu-Yen Hsieh and C.S. Lu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, page: 843 –843
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700581
- Type: Article
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p.
843
(1)
An effective way of constructing optimum Lyapunov functions is presented. This is achieved by seeking an optimum Lyapunov function for each direction in the phase space. The composite of these optimum Lyapunov functions defines the optimum region of stability.
Some new properties of forward-biased emitter-base junction of gigahertz silicon transistors
- Author(s): S.G. Chamberlain
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 843 –845
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700582
- Type: Article
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p.
843
–845
(3)
Accurate numerical solutions of a p+-n junction revealed that its capacitance becomes negative under large forward bias. Small-signal measurements were made on the forward-biased emitter-base junction of transistors in the frequency range of 1 MHz-2.4 GHz. These measurements revealed the negative capacitance (inductive effects). The numerical and experimental results are in good agreement.
Noise in Gunn-oscillators depending on surface of Gunn diode
- Author(s): P. Kuhn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 845 –847
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700583
- Type: Article
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p.
845
–847
(3)
By chemical treatment of the surface of the Gunn element, the f.m. and a.m. noise can be improved. A possible explanation is given. For this case, traps on the surface exist and McWhorter's model is applied.
New minimax objective for automated system design
- Author(s): G.T. Bereznai and N.K. Sinha
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 847 –849
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700584
- Type: Article
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p.
847
–849
(3)
A minimax objective is proposed, based on measuring the deviation of an actual response from the one to be approximated, in a direction that is everywhere perpendicular to the specified response. A weighting sequence is derived, which, in conjunction with the conventional sample error, gives the desired objective function.
Circuit representation of avalanche region of IMPATT diodes for different carrier velocities and ionisation rates of electrons and holes
- Author(s): R. Hulin ; M. Claassen ; W. Harth
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 849 –850
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700585
- Type: Article
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p.
849
–850
(2)
A parallel resonant circuit representing the small-signal behaviour of the avalanche region of IMPATT diodes is given. The components are calculated in a nonquasistatic manner for different ionisation rates and drift velocities of electrons and holes. With the results, the avalanche frequencies of Si, Ge and GaAs as functions of the avalanche zone width are compared.
Permalloy thin-film inductors
- Author(s): N. Saleh and A.H. Qureshi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 850 –852
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700586
- Type: Article
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p.
850
–852
(3)
The design of an integrated thin-film inductor suitable for use at 10 MHz is described, and some operational characteristics are given. The inductor has the shape of a square spiral and is surrounded by permalloy thin films according to a certain pattern. This pattern allows these films to be driven in the hard direction and thus utilises the hard-direction permeability which is quite large (≃2700).
L.S.A. microstrip phase-locked power amplifier
- Author(s): W.K. Kennedy and E.L. Rossiter
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 852 –853
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700587
- Type: Article
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p.
852
–853
(2)
A distributed amplifier structure is described using the l.s.a. mode of operation in a microstrip transmission line where gallium arsenide replaces the dielectric. The amplifier gain against frequency is given, and various practical design criteria are discussed.
Change of the fading characteristics of reputed steady targets as a function of sea state in a marine-radar environment
- Author(s): P.D.L. Williams
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 853 –855
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700588
- Type: Article
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p.
853
–855
(3)
Analysis of recent radar-detection trials carried out on non-fading targets has revealed a transition in performance corresponding to that of a fading target, as the sea over which propagation took place became rough.
Image approximation for quasistatic fields over a 2-layer conductor
- Author(s): D.J. Thomson and J.T. Weaver
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 855 –856
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700589
- Type: Article
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p.
855
–856
(2)
The image theory which approximately represents a quasistatic field over a homogeneous conducting half space is extended to the case of a 2-layer conductor by introducing a new complex depth for the location of the image. The theory is illustrated by considering a vertical magnetic dipole over a 2-layer conductor.
Buildup behaviour of IMPATT oscillators in linear and nonlinear ranges
- Author(s): M. Bechteler
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 856 –858
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700590
- Type: Article
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p.
856
–858
(3)
The growth rate, frequency shift and starting amplitude of oscillations in IMPATT-diode oscillators are calculated in the linear and nonlinear range. It turns out that, with increasing r.f. amplitude, the frequency in such oscillators always decreases, and that this frequency shift cannot be compensated for by proper tuning of the load. The r.f. amplitude remains below the measurable level for a certain time depending on the oscillator tuning. This accounts for the observed delay of the onset of the r.f. pulse.
Convergence of adaptive equaliser for data transmission
- Author(s): S. De and A.C. Davies
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 858 –861
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700591
- Type: Article
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p.
858
–861
(4)
A faster algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal tap setting of transversal delay-line equalisers which use the criterion that the mean-square error is minimum. The convergence of this algorithm is compared with the well known steepest-descent algorithm.
Application of continued-fraction method for modelling transfer functions to give more accurate initial transient response
- Author(s): S.C. Chuang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 861 –863
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700592
- Type: Article
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p.
861
–863
(3)
The continued-fraction-expansion technique used by Chen is modified to yield models of transfer functions which give more accurate initial responses, while still giving the correct steady-State responses. Also, stable models can sometimes be obtained even when Chen's method yields unstable models. Two examples are given.
Autocorrelation functions arising in analysis of narrowband systems and their representation in terms of characteristic function
- Author(s): J.H. Roberts
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 863 –864
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700593
- Type: Article
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p.
863
–864
(2)
Three expressions of closely similar form are derived for the autocorrelation functions of the envelope, the result of hard limiting, and the instantaneous frequency of a general narrow-band signal. The characteristic function of probability theory links the analysis, and the result that pertains to the instantaneous frequency is thought to be new.
Optoelectronic transfer of information from a rotating shaft
- Author(s): C.D. Manning and I.R. Smith
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 26, p. 864 –866
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700594
- Type: Article
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p.
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–866
(3)
The letter describes a scheme which enables signals to be transferred from a rotating shaft via an optical link, and without the need for rubbing contacts. Consideration is given to the geometry of the link when the shaft ends are either accessible or inaccessible. Experimental results are presented for a typical scheme used to provide a record of the torque transmitted by a shaft.
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