Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 6, Issue 23, 12 November 1970
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Volume 6, Issue 23
12 November 1970
Simple 4-quadrant analogue multiplier
- Author(s): T.R. Viswanathan and G.S. Deep
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 725 –726
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700503
- Type: Article
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A simple 4-quadrant analogue multiplier based on the exponential terminal behavior of a silicon junction is described. The use of matched high gain transistors in the proposed temperature-compensate configuration simplifies the addition of logarithms and extraction of the antilogarithm. Experiments show that an accuracy of within 5% is easily obtainable.
S.T.T. design of asynchronous sequential counters using ‘unit’ machines
- Author(s): R.M.H. Cheng and K.O. Okpere
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 726 –728
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700504
- Type: Article
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A systematic procedure for the parallel cascading of asynchronous counters (referred to as ‘unit’ machines) is proposed as a method of realising, in a single-transition-time (s.t.t.) manner, an asynchronous counter of any code.
Frequency limitations of 3-level oscillators
- Author(s): O.F. Zimmerl
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 728 –729
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700505
- Type: Article
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Electron transfer between three valleys seems to exhibit only poor frequency behavior. This is due to the peculiar band structure and coupling, primarily to the low deformation potential for Γ-L transitions. Estimates for the upper limiting frequencies of InP and In0.2Ga0.8Sb are given and compared with GaAs.
Wideband circulator adjustment using the n = ±1 and n = 0 electromagnetic-field patterns
- Author(s): J. Helszjn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 729 –731
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700506
- Type: Article
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In its matched condition the scattering-matrix eigenvalues of the 3-port junction circulator lie equally spaced on a unit circle. As the frequency is varied, these eigenvalues rotate in the complex plane at different speeds, and the phase relation between them no longer corresponds to an ideal circulator. This is primarily due to the fact that the reference eigenvalue is normally associated with a nonresonant field pattern and the other two eigenvalues are associated with resonant ones. The purpose of the letter is to describe a new adjustment procedure in which the reference eigenvalue is associated with a resonant field pattern also. If the Q factors of all three field patterns are made the same, the three eigenvalues will all rotate at the same speed, around the unit circle. The bandwidth of the circulator will then be very wide.
‘Transition equations’ for the analysis and synthesis of sequential circuits
- Author(s): D.A. Pucknell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 731 –733
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700507
- Type: Article
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Transition equations are introduced as an alternative to existing methods of analysing and synthetising clocked sequential switching circuits. The method has the particular merits of allowing for the representation and manipulation of propagation delays and of providing an easy means of dealing with cascaded edge triggered bistable arrays. Examples are given.
New method of calibrating a network analyser
- Author(s): H.V. Shurmer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 733 –734
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700508
- Type: Article
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A method is described for calibrating a network analyser when the ports used in transmission measurements are not accessible to have their errors characterised by reflection measurements.
Rubidium atomic frequency source having small size and fast warm up
- Author(s): R.E. Hayes ; T.J. Bennett ; G.T. Norton ; M.M. Zepler
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 734 –735
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700509
- Type: Article
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An experimental miniaturised rubidium frequency source which has been built in a volume of a little more than 100 in3 provides a stability of better than 1 part in 108 over one year and a warm-up time of 5 min. This long-term stability lies between that of a good crystal frequency standard and a high-grade rubidium atomic frequency standard.
Numerical method of investigation for m.o.s.t. structures
- Author(s): M. Heydemann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 735 –737
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700510
- Type: Article
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A numerical method of investigation for m.o.s. structures, which includes the complete system of equations governing the device, is presented with some results for a particular m.o.s. transistor.
Remarks on the concept of equivalent parabolas for Cassegrain antennas
- Author(s): H. Gniss and G. Ries
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 737 –739
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700511
- Type: Article
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In Cassegrain antennas, the whole focusing system is usually replaced by an equivalent paraboloid of focal length mf, where f is the focal length of the paraboloid and m is the magnification of the Cassegrain system. Here, it is shown that this equivalent paraboloid is useful only for feeds near the Cassegrainian focus. The discussion of series expansions of the phase in the system aperture yields severe differences between the Cassegrain system and the prime focus-fed equivalent paraboloid for larger radial or axial defocusing.
Design of precompensator for decoupling problem
- Author(s): S.H. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 739 –741
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700512
- Type: Article
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For a class of linear time-invariant multivariable systems which cannot be decoupled by state-variable feedback, but which are invertible, an algorithm for designing a precompensating dynamic system is proposed which results in a new system that can be decoupled by state-variable feedback.
Square-wave Fourier transform
- Author(s): R.H.T. Bates ; P.J. Napier ; Y.P. Chang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 741 –742
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700513
- Type: Article
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Unless inconveniently high sampling rates are used, the fast-Fourier-transform (f.f.t.) algorithm, being a trapezoidal integration rule, gives errors in the tails of spectra. A transform with a square-wave kernel, which can be evaluated accurately in a simple manner, is proposed to complement the f.f.t. An example involving measured data is included.
Generalisation of vlach's method for the numerical inversion of the Laplace transform
- Author(s): C.J. Wellekens
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 742 –744
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700514
- Type: Article
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Vlach's method for numerical inversion of the Laplace transform is shown to be a particular case of the complex Gaussian quadrature. Owing to this equivalence, Vlach's method may be generalised to a wider category of image functions. Furthermore, the error criterion of the approximation has been brought out.
Efficient power extraction at TRAPATT harmonics
- Author(s): N.A. Slaymaker ; J.E. Carroll ; R.H. Deboise
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 744 –746
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700515
- Type: Article
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Using silicon planar diodes in a coaxial cavity that closely approximates to- Evans's TRAPATT circuit, microwave power up to the fourth harmonic has been extracted efficiently with a very low subharmonic content. The efficiency at the fundamental (1 GHz) and the third harmonic (3 GHz) were almost identical at 35% and 34%, respectively.
Feedback method for suppressing carrier leak
- Author(s): A.K.H. Miller
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 746 –748
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700516
- Type: Article
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A feedback method for suppressing carrier leak (and any carrier-frequency output component due to a d.c. offset at the input) in balanced modulators and multipliers is described which promises to be particularly effective when used in quadrature modulation systems. The method is basically simple, but a search of the literature has failed to uncover any reference to a similar scheme.
Propagation characteristics of an optical waveguide with a diffused core boundary
- Author(s): K.B. Chan ; P.J.B. Clarricoats ; R.B. Dyott ; G.R. Newns ; M.A. Savva
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 748 –749
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700517
- Type: Article
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When a unimode glass-fibre optical waveguide is produced by the double-crucible process, diffusion between core and cladding glasses is known to occur. The refractive-index profiles are determined theoretically in the letter for different rates of diffusion, under the assumption of infinite cladding radius. Subsequently the propagation characteristics of the dominant HE11 mode have been computed by means of a stratification approximation to the continuous refractive-index profile. Only at high diffusion rates is the predicted increase in electromagnetic dispersion unacceptable.
Annealing behaviour of proton-irradiated m.o.s. capacitors
- Author(s): H.C. Card and K.C. Kao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 749 –750
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700518
- Type: Article
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Radiation-induced charges in m.o.s. capacitors irradiated by protons can be effectively annealed out at a temperature of 300°C. An activation-energy analysis of the isochronal annealing results shows that the potential barrier created by the radiation-induced space charges in the oxide layer has an energy distribution ranging from 0.5 to 1.1 eV above the conduction band edge of silicon.
Excitation and propagation of modes of a multilayer fibre
- Author(s): P.J.B. Clarricoats and K.B. Chan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 750 –752
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700519
- Type: Article
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The excitation and propagation characteristics of the lowest-order modes of a glass-fibre waveguide are determined without recourse to approximations concerning the core or cladding radii. Although under unfavourable circumstances higher modes may be strongly excited, by applying a lossy coating to the exterior surface of the fibre, these modes may be strongly attenuated. However, the layer has negligible influence on the attenuation of the dominant mode.
Signal-flow-graph reduction, Mason's rule and the system matrix
- Author(s): N. Munro and P.D. McMorran
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 752 –754
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700520
- Type: Article
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A simple algorithm for the simplification of signal-flow graphs is given, and an interesting connection with Rosen-brock's system matrix is shown.
Comments on ‘Transmission-line analogue of carrier waves in solids’
- Author(s): K. Fujisawa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 754 –755
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700521
- Type: Article
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The letter points out the differences between the transmission-line analogue of carrier waves in solids recently developed by Bong Ho et al. and the one previously developed by K. Fujisawa. Both have difficulties in constructing clear physical pictures. Here, another alternative of transmission-line analogue is given, which has simple physical pictures.
Low-cost high-performance reciprocal-law circuit
- Author(s): J.B. Grimbleby
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 755 –756
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700522
- Type: Article
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A circuit is described which performs the reciprocal function to an accuracy of within 0.25% over an input range of 10:1. This circuit possesses many advantages over that of Liversidge, while having a roughly comparable component cost.
Simple RC active filters using controlled sources
- Author(s): A.G.J. Holt
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 756 –757
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700523
- Type: Article
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The letter outlines a method of synthetising RC active filters by a cascade of simple second-order stages isolated by voltage-or current-controlled current sources of low gain. Second-order stages are described having bandpass, lowpass and highpass responses and transmission zeros at finite frequencies. All the active circuits are based on simple parallel or series LC resonant circuits.
Digital lead compensator using a b.c.d. rate multiplier
- Author(s): A.D. Cox
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, p. 757 –759
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700524
- Type: Article
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This lead compensator is intended for use in digital or hybrid control systems. It requires the basic uncompensated control to be a position-error feedback system, as the compensator incorporates the position-error integrator (counter).
Erratum: Low-noise cryogenic amplifier based on the Josephson effect
- Author(s): A. van der Ziel and H.M. Choe
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 6, Issue 23, page: 760 –760
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19700525
- Type: Article
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