Electronics Letters
Volume 52, Issue 11, 26 May 2016
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Volume 52, Issue 11
26 May 2016
- Features
- Acoustical engineering
- Antennas and propagation
- Biomedical technology
- Circuits and systems
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communications
- Instrumentation and measurement
- Microwave technology
- Optical communication
- Organic and inorganic circuits and devices
- Photonics
- Power electronics, energy conversion and sustainability
- Radar, sonar and navigation
- Semiconductor technology
- Signal processing
- Wireless communications
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, page: 888 –888
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.1534
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, page: 888 –888
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.1533
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, page: 889 –889
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.1532
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, page: 890 –890
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.1531
- Type: Article
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in brief
interview
head lights
energy on the fly
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- Author(s): R.E. Rottava ; F. Rangel de Sousa ; S.M. Balashov
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 893 –894
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0529
- Type: Article
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The use of a delay-locked loop (DLL) for conditioning signals from a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor is proposed. The system consists of a reference oscillator and a DLL. The signal generated in the reference oscillator is propagated through a sensitive SAW delay line (SAW-DL). The SAW propagating through this structure has a phase velocity dependent on environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, mechanical deformation, or analyte concentration. Therefore, the system measures the physical quantity of interest by tracking the delay caused by the sensitive SAW-DL via a DLL. Fully digital DLL is made use of for the delay-tracking, which provides the conversion of the environmental parameter being sensed directly to the digital domain. The system is demonstrated through results from behavioural simulation, using a model of an SAW-DL sensitive to humidity.
- Author(s): P. Giannelli ; A. Bulletti ; L. Capineri
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 894 –896
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0804
- Type: Article
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The adoption of charge-mode amplification, rather than the classical voltage-mode, to interface piezoelectric interdigital transducers made of polymer film to the data acquisition electronics is described. The circuit and operating principles of a charge amplifier are briefly explained, followed by the experimental comparison of a charge amplifier implementation with a solution based on an instrumentation amplifier. The experiments, based on A0-mode Lamb wave transmission over an aluminium plate, demonstrate the effectiveness of charge-mode interfacing and its insensitivity to cable loading.
DLL-based signal conditioning system for SAW sensor with digital output
Charge-mode interfacing of piezoelectric interdigital Lamb wave transducers
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- Author(s): Tiezhu Yuan ; Yongqiang Cheng ; Hong-Qiang Wang ; Yuliang Qin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 896 –898
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0269
- Type: Article
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A modified uniform circular array is analysed and configured to generate radio waves carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). The relationship between OAM mode and array parameters is derived mathematically. Results show that the produced OAM mode can be altered arbitrarily by changing the exciting frequency when the array is fixed. Moreover, the OAM mode is associated with elevation angle, offering the potential of elevation resolution for radar imaging.
Generation of OAM radio beams with modified uniform circular array antenna
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- Author(s): J.-H. Seo ; S.-D. Han ; K.-N. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 898 –900
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0638
- Type: Article
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The ultra-high field (UHF) small-animal MRI (sa-MRI) device provides a powerful platform for translational imaging. To achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio, as well as sufficient signal homogeneity in abdominal imaging, the RF coil has to be precisely tuned. A novel geometry for a high-permittivity material (HPM) was designed and integrated into an enlarged (90 mm) birdcage (BC) RF coil. The geometrical design of the HPM attachment was based on a computational calculation, and was compared with the commonly used 72 mm bandpass filter BC coil without any HPM attachments. The resulting RF transmission (|B 1 +|) map clearly shows that the increased coil diameter led to a decreased |B 1 +| intensity. However, this loss in field intensity was mitigated by optimally integrating the HPM attachment with the coil. As a result of this attachment, the proposed design exhibits superior |B 1 +| intensity and uniformity along the main magnetic field z-direction.
- Author(s): J. Smith ; A. Shah ; Y.K. Lee ; B. O'Brien ; D. Kullman ; A. Sridharan ; J. Muthuswamy ; J. Blain Christen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 900 –902
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.3450
- Type: Article
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The viability of a new biophotonic alternative to conventional prescription-drug-based treatments is explored for inflammatory disease and mental health disorders using a non-invasive drug-free optogenetics-based therapy to treat patients by optically stimulating selected afferent branches of the auricular vagus nerve transcutaneously via the outer ear using a high-resolution, addressable array of organic light emitting diodes (OLED) manufactured on a flexible plastic substrate. Preliminary analysis and optical measurements indicate that our 620 nm flexible red OLED display technology is bright enough to induce therapeutic optical stimulation in optogenetically modified neural tissue.
- Author(s): M. Yusaf ; R. Nawaz ; J. Iqbal
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 902 –903
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0630
- Type: Article
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Seizure is a psychological disorder which is observed through electroencephalography (EEG) by monitoring the electrical activity inside our brain. Joint time-frequency (TF) analysis is helpful for capturing the dynamic property of EEG signals as solely time or frequency analysis is not sufficient to clearly depict the non-stationary electrical activity. This study is based on the use of 2D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for feature extraction from the TF image with seizure classification performed through support vector machine. For classifier evaluation a dataset of 80 seizure and 80 non-seizure samples are used, with leave-one-out cross-validation method. The proposed scheme achieved an impressive accuracy of 99.375% and has outperformed state of the art by 6%. This work will assist physicians in seizure detection, particularly in neonatal case where it can cause a life-time disability.
- Author(s): S. Natarajan ; J. Castner ; A.H. Titus
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 904 –905
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0734
- Type: Article
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The design and performance of a smart-phone-based device, called AudioFlow, that measures and records peak expiratory flow (PEF) is presented. PEF is a measure used by asthma sufferers to monitor their asthma conditions. The device is comprised of a custom 3D printed airtube and a minimal number of electronic components that communicate with a smartphone via a custom app. A pressure-dependent frequency signal generated when the user blows into the tube is sent to a smartphone app via the headphone jack. The custom designed app reads the signal and converts the frequency to a flow rate, which is displayed for the user to see and logged for condition tracking. The device has been validated with a commercial gas flow meter and is ready for human subject testing.
Improvements in magnetic field intensity and uniformity for small-animal MRI through a high-permittivity material attachment
Optogenetic neurostimulation of auricular vagus using flexible OLED display technology to treat chronic inflammatory disease and mental health disorders
Robust seizure detection in EEG using 2D DWT of time-frequency distributions
Smart phone-based peak expiratory flow meter
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- Author(s): X. Yang ; A.A. Adeyemo ; A. Jabir ; J. Mathew
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 906 –907
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.4394
- Type: Article
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A low-complexity high-performance memristive multifunction logic architecture is presented for low-power high-frequency operations in a single cycle, which does not require additional control input/logic and multicycle setup/operation. It can be seamlessly integrated with the existing CMOS technology with just one transistor and four memristors design and without additional overhead. This technique can realise both XOR/AND and XNOR/OR operations simultaneously. Experimental results show that this technique significantly outperforms both CMOS and existing hybrid memristor-CMOS-based designs in terms of chip area, power consumptions, and reliable performance especially at high frequencies. With the help of full-adder designs, it is also demonstrated that the multifunctionality of this architecture can result in highly compact designs.
- Author(s): Ruan Weihua and Hu Qingsheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 908 –909
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0084
- Type: Article
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Two differently structured 66:8 gearboxes according to the IEEE802.3ba standard for 100GE transmit (TX) physical coding sublayer (PCS) system are described. By comparing their number of cells (area), power consumption, speed and reliability, the better one is applied to the 100GE TX PCS circuit. The better one is based on a kind of register which uses a round-robin saving way. It is this special deposit way that makes it possible to take out the output data within a certain range, so as to overcome the influence of the phase difference between the input and the output clock and greatly improve its speed and reliability. The synthesis result shows that this structure of the gearbox can make it possible to run reliably at more than 700 MHz clock frequency (using the 0.18 μm CMOS standard cells). The PCS circuit which includes the better gearbox has been taped out using the 0.18 μm CMOS process and the measured results show that it can run properly at a speed of 100 Gbit/s.
- Author(s): M.-Y. Choi ; H.-D. Roh ; M.-J. Lee ; S. Kwon ; Y.-H. Lee ; H.-J. Park ; B.-S. Kong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 910 –911
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0960
- Type: Article
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A continuous-time delta-sigma modulator (CT DSM) having a time-interleaved switched-capacitor brief-return-to-zero DAC with first-order jitter noise shaping is proposed to reduce the sensitivity to clock jitter. The proposed CT DSM allows higher power efficiency and lower intersymbol interference by using a time-interleaved nearly full clock period integration with its current returning to zero briefly. Evaluation results indicate that the proposed third-order single-bit CT DSM operating at 168-MHz achieves 79.1 dB SNDR with 50% reduced DAC current for a 2-MHz signal bandwidth having 1% clock jitter as compared with conventional techniques.
- Author(s): A. Babaie-Fishani and P. Rombouts
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 911 –913
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0235
- Type: Article
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A very simple asynchronous sigma delta modulator design for linearisation of VCO ADC's is presented. The circuit only consists of a passive feedback filter and a Schmitt Trigger. By proper sizing, the non-linearity error can be reduced to well below 0.12% for input signals that go almost rail-to-rail. The design has been manufactured in the low power version of TSMC 65 nm technology and was measured at a 1 V power supply.
- Author(s): B. Yazdani ; A. Khorami ; M. Sharifkhani
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 913 –915
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0087
- Type: Article
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A highly energy-efficient switching method for capacitor-splitting digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) in successive approximation register (SAR) analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) is presented. In the proposed DAC, a bottom-plate sampling method is introduced which requires only one reference voltage (V cm = 1/2V ref) during the entire DAC switching steps. Therefore, in addition to the switching energy reduction, the precision of the DAC is increased since only one reference voltage is used. The DAC average switching energy and the area are reduced by 98.44% and 50% compared with the conventional binary weighted DAC.
- Author(s): Y. Zhang and K. El-Sankary
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 915 –917
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0717
- Type: Article
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An improved compensation method for an all-standard-cell voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based ADC is presented in this Letter. The proposed compensation uses closed-form orthogonal polynomials bases instead of power series ones. With these more powerful bases, the cross interaction between different basis is eliminated which leads to better resolution, lower order of compensation series, and shorter convergence time of the adaptive algorithm.
- Author(s): C. Han and N. Maghari
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 917 –919
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0884
- Type: Article
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A new method for quantisation error extraction in continuous-time delta–sigma modulators (CTDSMs) is proposed. The proposed method avoids the use of additional active components such as transconductors and opamps and uses only passive components. Instead, the virtual ground of the second stage integrator is used as a summing node and is utilised to extract the quantisation error. Thus, multi-stage CTDSM can be implemented in a power and area efficient way.
- Author(s): M. Melosik and W. Marszalek
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 919 –921
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0861
- Type: Article
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The use of the 0-1 test for chaos to monitor chaotic bit generators susceptible to unauthorised changes and modifications of the circuits’ parameters (hardware trojans) is presented. The 0-1 test proves that the chaotic nature of the continuous time signals is inherited by the bit sequences even when a simple threshold comparator is used. Simulation results with the Chua and Lindberg–Murali–Tamasevicius circuits are presented.
- Author(s): S.N. Easwaran ; S.K. Venugopal ; R. Weigel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 921 –923
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0571
- Type: Article
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It is shown that precise output voltage clamping levels can be achieved under any operating condition by clamping the input of operational transconductance amplifier to a process insensitive reference and multiplexing the levels based on comparator decision. This circuit was implemented in a 40 V bipolar CMOS process. The fabricated circuit clamps the output voltage at 5.4 V with a precision of ±100 mV at 175°C on-chip junction temperature on the die. The input range for this circuit is between 100 mV and 25 V.
High-performance single-cycle memristive multifunction logic architecture
High speed and reliability gearbox for 100GE physical coding sublayer
Continuous-time ΔΣ modulator having time-interleaved switched-capacitor brief-return-to-zero DAC with first-order jitter noise shaping
Design of a low-voltage op-amp-less ASDM to linearise VCO-ADC
Low-power bottom-plate sampling capacitor-splitting DAC for SAR ADCs
Orthogonal polynomials non-linearity compensation for a digital VCO-based ADC
Passive quantisation error extraction in continuous-time delta–sigma modulators
Using the 0-1 test for chaos to detect hardware trojans in chaotic bit generators
Voltage clamping circuit with ±100 mV precision in high-voltage OTA
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- Author(s): Yu Liu ; Shenglong Li ; Chong Mu ; Yingxue Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 923 –924
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0702
- Type: Article
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Step length estimation has a significant impact on performance of pedestrian dead-reckoning system. A new algorithm (named as D-ZUPT) which uses two features (toe-off and heel-strike) of walking to estimate length of each step unit is presented. Numerous experiments demonstrate that the D-ZUPT algorithm can improve the accuracy of step length estimation.
- Author(s): Longxing Kong ; Xiaoan Tang ; Junda Zhang ; Li Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 925 –926
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.4361
- Type: Article
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Morse sets are more numerically stable than the conventional topology. However, the tracking of Morse sets is a missing part for the analysis of time-dependent vector fields. This Letter proposes a novel tracking method of Morse sets for 2D bounded time-dependent vector fields. The critical triangle is defined and detected by a robust combinatorial way. The forward and backward image of a critical triangle can be acquired by the mapping search strategy. Finally, the tracking method of Morse sets is proposed based on their images. Experimental results demonstrate the availability and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Step length estimation based on D-ZUPT for pedestrian dead-reckoning system
Tracking of Morse sets for 2D bounded time-dependent vector fields
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- Author(s): S.R. Hasan and N. Siddiqui
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 926 –928
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0553
- Type: Article
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A new algorithm for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of multicode code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems under binary PSK modulation is presented. The algorithm is based on Reed–Muller (RM) codes that are modified by finding a suitable binary sequence that minimises the PAPR of the MC-CDMA. Three types of RM codes are investigated: namely, zero order, first order and second order. Simulation studies conducted show that the proposed algorithm achieves transmitter power savings of up to 6 dB. Zero-order and first-order codes exhibit 0 dB PAPR, while several others maintain a constant and low PAPR as compared with the original MC-CDMA systems.
- Author(s): Guohua Zhang ; Rudolf Mathar ; Quan Zhou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 928 –930
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0765
- Type: Article
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A deterministic method to construct bipolar measurement matrices for compressed sensing is proposed based on Legendre sequences. The novel matrices have remarkably flexible measurement sizes, relatively low coherence and show empirically good performance compared with Gaussian matrices.
- Author(s): J.L. Imaña
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 930 –932
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0577
- Type: Article
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In this Letter, an efficient implementation of the bit-parallel polynomial basis (PB) multiplier over the binary field GF(28) generated by the type I irreducible pentanomial f(y) = y 8 + y 4 + y 3 + y + 1 is presented. This pentanomial is especially important because it is used in the advanced encryption standard (AES). Therefore, any optimisation of the multiplier complexity over this finite field is very relevant because efficient AES implementation can be obtained. The bit-parallel multiplier here presented has the lowest delay known to date for similar multipliers based on this irreducible pentanomial.
Algorithm for reducing PAPR of Multicode CDMA using Reed–Muller codes
Deterministic bipolar measurement matrices with flexible sizes from Legendre sequence
Low-delay AES polynomial basis multiplier
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- Author(s): K. Fujita
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 932 –934
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0798
- Type: Article
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A nonlinear and partially implicit finite-difference time-domain scheme with a relaxed stability condition is presented for fast full-wave simulation of electrostatic discharges occurred at a short gap. The nonlinear spark resistance model of Rompe and Weizel is directly incorporated in this scheme. Its stability, accuracy and computational efficiency are assessed in the application to a metallic structure system.
Nonlinear MNL-FDTD scheme for short-gap electrostatic discharge simulation
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- Author(s): X. Wang ; Z. Ma ; I. Sakagami ; A. Mase ; M. Yoshikawa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 934 –936
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0135
- Type: Article
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A small transformer consisting of two sections for real load impedances is proposed. The characteristic impedances and their electrical lengths for two sections are derived in closed form. From the newly derived design equations, once two real terminal loads are determined, the electrical lengths of two sections can be selected arbitrary, and then their characteristic impedances are calculated automatically. Furthermore, when electrical lengths for both sections are exchanged, the same S-parameters can be derived, and this is called symmetry property in this Letter, and this property proved that: there are two different group design parameters with the same performance under the same conditions. In experiments, one circuit was fabricated. The experimental results showed good agreement with theoretical results.
- Author(s): Xida Deng ; Zhigang Wang ; Kaida Xu ; Bo Yan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 936 –937
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0272
- Type: Article
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A compact full Ka-band waveguide directional coupler based on novel aperture array is presented. The broadband, good in-band coupling flatness and excellent return loss are achieved by using the proposed novel aperture array in the common broad wall of two paralleled waveguides. For verification purpose, a prototype of the proposed directional coupler has been designed, fabricated and measured. The experimental results show that the return loss and isolation of the proposed coupler are better than 28 and 30 dB, respectively, and coupling strength varies from −20.35 to −19.23 dB over the full waveguide bandwidth. The length of the coupling region is only 8.5 mm.
- Author(s): B. Suh and B.-W. Min
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 937 –939
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0179
- Type: Article
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A high-power single-pole double-throw transmit/receive (T/R) switch in a silicon-on-insulation (SOI) CMOS process is presented. The T/R switch is based on the series–shunt configuration, and the high performance is achieved by utilising SOI characteristics such as floating body transistors and SOI trench (TQ trench). To improve power handling capability, ten thick gate oxide transistors are stacked in transmitter (TX) shunt and receiver (RX) series paths with the source and drain of transistors biased. The measured insertion losses of TX and RX modes are <0.5 and <0.9 dB, respectively. The measured isolations of TX and RX modes are >30 and >23 dB up to 12 GHz. The measured input 1 dB compression point is 34 dBm.
- Author(s): A. Berenguer ; D. Sánchez-Escuderos ; B. Bernardo-Clemente ; M. Baquero-Escudero ; V.E. Boria
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 939 –941
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0093
- Type: Article
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A comparative study between groove gap waveguide (GGW) technology and classical H-plane rectangular waveguide (RWG) technology is presented by evaluating their performance in the implementation of a narrow-band filter at the V-band. A filter with the same specifications has been manufactured and measured for each technology. Measured responses are compared and a re-assembling robustness test is carried out. The GGW filter presents a better response and remains completely invariant to the re-assembling process, which is shown to affect notably the RWG filter response. Remarkable low insertion loss of only 1.5 dB (cavities equivalent quality factor higher than 800) is obtained for the GGW filter.
Small, single-band, two-section transformer for real load impedances with symmetry property
Compact full Ka-band waveguide directional coupler based on large aperture array
DC–X-band high-power SOI CMOS T/R switch
Groove gap waveguide as an alternative to rectangular waveguide for H-plane components
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- Author(s): V. Casares-Giner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 941 –943
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0137
- Type: Article
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Some teletraffic tools used in the evaluation of optical burst switching with burst segmentation (OBS/BS) are dealt. These analytic tools shown are in fact supported by the Molina or blocked call held model. Furthermore, some additional results are also obtained in OBS/BS when the head dropping is implemented as contention resolution scheme. In particular, it is shown that as long as the service discipline is work-conservative, the percentage of bursts that are completely lost is independent of the service discipline and equals to the fraction of information that is cut-off.
Some teletraffic issues in optical burst switching with burst segmentation
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- Author(s): M. Versaci
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 943 –945
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.3409
- Type: Article
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In this Letter, detection/classification of defects are treated in a fuzzy way considering classes of defects to a certain depth characterized by typical ranges of fuzzy similarities. So, depth evaluation is translated in terms of comparison of similarities among signals with defectiveness located at unknown depth and the class of signals without defects. In addition, an FPGA-based board implementing the designed procedure will be discussed. The performance gives the comparability of the results with other established techniques.
Fuzzy approach and Eddy currents NDT/NDE devices in industrial applications
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- Author(s): Yuanyuan Li ; Junqi Liu ; Fengqi Liu ; Jinchuan Zhang ; Zhanguo Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 945 –947
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0700
- Type: Article
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Carefully designed distributed feedback terahertz quantum cascade lasers based on surface metallic-stripe grating structure are presented. Stable single-mode emission with a side-mode suppression ratio of >20 dB is obtained under all injection currents and operating temperatures. Maximum edge-emitting power of 58 mW is realised in continuous-wave mode. In pulsed mode, record output powers of 286 mW at 10 K and 82 mW at 77 K are achieved at 97.1 μm with a well-shaped beam pattern.
- Author(s): Yao-Chin Wang ; Bor-Shyh Lin ; Zu-Po Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 947 –949
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0412
- Type: Article
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A phototransistor with aluminium (Al)/porous silicon (Si)/epitaxial-Si structures was proposed and was fabricated and characterised with short wavelength enhanced operating. We proposed the short wavelength response of the Si-based thin film phototransistor; it can be enhanced by introducing thin porous Si (PS) layer as the base region of transistor. The porous process of device manufacture is suitable for applications in design of visible-light sensitive phototransistors. Experimental results showed that the short wavelength responses in the developed devices were enhanced as compared with the Si-based homojunction transistors, this comparably medium optical gain indicated that the developed Al/PSi/epitaxial-Si heterojunction thin film phototransistor got potential for practical Si-based optical-electron integrated-circuit and biophotonics applications.
High-performance operation of distributed feedback terahertz quantum cascade lasers
Short wavelength enhanced phototransistor with n-doped porous silicon layer
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- Author(s): Zhaonian Yang ; Yue Zhang ; Yuan Yang ; Ningmei Yu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 949 –950
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0167
- Type: Article
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A new diode triggered power clamp circuit is proposed. It adopts diode strings to detect electrostatic discharge event and avoid mis-triggering. By considering the amount of ESD charges in different power-on ESD events, a compensation circuit with a new turn-off mechanism is presented to accurately control the discharge duration, and this mechanism is validated by simulation. The circuit is fabricated in a 0.18 μm 1.8 V CMOS process, and the ESD performance is verified by the transmission line pulse measurement.
- Author(s): Ye Yuan ; Yukun Sun ; Yonghong Huang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 950 –952
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.4313
- Type: Article
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It is particularly important to build a correct mathematical model to precisely control single winding bearingless flywheel motor. Thus, a new modelling method based on the Maxwell tensor method is present. Different from the virtual displacement theory, there is no need of the detailed derivation and complex theoretical computation and possesses advantages of universality, accuracy, and directness. Before the mathematical model is established, the fringing magnetic path is improved from straight and circular lines to elliptical line. A correction function is taken to obtain an accurate mathematical model based on finite element analysis (FEA). The FEA results show that the model based on the Maxwell tensor method is feasible and has high precision.
- Author(s): Juzheng Yu ; Peng Liu ; Qinsong Qian ; Weifeng Sun ; Shengli Lu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 952 –954
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.4419
- Type: Article
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A gate driver with efficient energy recovery based on bidirectional buck/boost converter is proposed. The proposed gate-drive circuit is constructed by power supply, energy storage module and energy converter. Instead of discharging directly in conventional gate drivers, gate charge Q g in the proposed gate driver is released to the storage capacitor during turning-off transition of power MOSFET. Principle of the proposed gate driver is analysed, and design consideration of key parameters are also suggested. The gate-drive losses of the proposed gate driver and resonant gate driver are, respectively, tested as 0.102 and 0.125 W at 100 kHz. The test result proves that power consumption of the proposed gate driver is significantly decreased.
- Author(s): A.A. Eteng ; S.K.A. Rahim ; C.Y. Leow ; B.W. Chew ; G.A.E. Vandenbosch
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 954 –956
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0600
- Type: Article
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This Letter describes a simple compensation method to reduce the transfer efficiency variation in a resonant inductive coupling (RIC) wireless power transfer link subject to lateral misalignment. The technique is based on impedance matching an RIC link such that the link operates at either over-coupling or critical coupling within the extents of lateral misalignment. Applying the method in a test scenario led to a reduction in the range of obtained transfer efficiency values, from 45% of peak value in a conventional arrangement, to 5%. The proposed method has a potential for application in the design of free-positioning planar wireless chargers.
Diode triggered ESD power clamp circuit with accurate discharge duration
Accurate mathematical model of bearingless flywheel motor based on Maxwell tensor method
Gate-drive circuit with efficient energy recovery based on DC/DC converter
Simple compensation for lateral misalignments in resonant inductive coupling links
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- Author(s): Yu Tao ; Gong Zhang ; Yu Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 956 –958
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0799
- Type: Article
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A new methodology for interference/jamming suppression employing a spatial filter measurement matrix (SFMM) is presented. Different from the previous Capon beamforming method, the proposed method is not dependent on accurate prior information of targets’ directions-of-arrival (DOAs). The proposed SFMM suppresses the noise and interferences outside the searching area, thus apparently improves detection performance. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed SFMM.
- Author(s): Xiaohui Zhao and Yicheng Jiang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 958 –960
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.3669
- Type: Article
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A feature processing technique that is specifically designed for synthetic aperture radar images, where features are extracted with merits of compactness, high discrimination ability, and shift invariance is proposed. To this end, a rich feature set is first constructed with a wealth of discrimination information. Then, the redundancy and dimensionality of the rich feature set are reduced such that a much more compact and efficient feature set can be achieved. Finally, the advantages of the compact feature set are further explored by learning the relationships among features statistically in discriminative fashion. Experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed method.
- Author(s): Dinghe Wang ; Caiyong Lin ; Qinglong Bao ; Zengping Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 960 –962
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0821
- Type: Article
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In frequency agile radar (FAR), successive pulses each with different carrier frequencies are used as the transmission waveform. Since the range–Doppler coupling effect of a high-speed target varies significantly with the carrier frequency, large ranging errors will exist between different pulses. In this case, great distortion of the moving trace in the echo plane will be present after conventional pulse compression. The distortion will defocus the echo energy in the integration process when combining multiple pulses. In addition, for high-speed targets, the traditional narrowband matched filter will suffer from a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio, especially when pulses with large duration or bandwidths are used. A long-time coherent integration method for the high-speed target detection using FAR is proposed. The effectiveness is verified by simulation experiments.
- Author(s): Zhe Liu ; Long Huang ; Xiaomei Tang ; Feixue Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 962 –963
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.3478
- Type: Article
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A multipath mitigation strobe for binary phase shift keying and binary offset carrier signals in the global navigation satellite system is presented, which consists of three element rectangular pulses. By shrinking the gate width of the third rectangular pulse, the proposed method exhibits better multipath performance than the conventional tracking methods and has approximately the same performance as the optimal linear s-curve.
Spatial filter measurement matrix design for interference/jamming suppression in colocated compressive sensing MIMO radars
Extracting high discrimination and shift invariance features in synthetic aperture radar images
Long-time coherent integration method for high-speed target detection using frequency agile radar
Multipath mitigation strobe for global navigation satellite system receivers
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- Author(s): I.P. Roh ; N.S. Kang ; S.H. Shin ; Y.T. Oh ; K.B. Kim ; J.D. Song ; Y.H. Song
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 963 –965
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.3823
- Type: Article
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The memory characteristics of a capacitor with polycrystalline gallium arsenide (poly-GaAs) as a floating gate material have been evaluated, and compared with a capacitor using poly-silicon (poly-Si). The poly-GaAs film with thickness of 100 nm was successfully grown on silicon at 250°C, using an arsenide beam flux, in a molecular beam epitaxy chamber. Based on the optical and electrical evaluation, this film appeared to have obvious poly-GaAs. Here, the measured the memory window by comparing it to a conventional device with a poly-Si floating gate, which showed it to have approximately twice the value of the poly-Si. Based on these results, poly-GaAs floating material can be considered to be a candidate for a wider memory window in scaled two-dimensional flash memory.
- Author(s): Jumei Zhou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 965 –966
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.4058
- Type: Article
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Porous silicon dioxide (SiO2) solid-electrolyte was prepared by the plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) method using silane and oxygen as reactive gases. The resistive switching characteristics of the ∼280 nm-thick porous SiO2-based electrochemical metallisation memory cells were investigated. The SEM and TEM images showed that the PECVD-deposited SiO2 film was composed of nanogranular SiO2 particles with a plenty of nano-channels. The electrical measurements showed that the silver/porous SiO2/indium tin oxide vertical cells exhibited good resistive switching behaviours with low switching voltage (<1.0 V) and good retention performance. Such porous SiO2-based devices are promising for memory-based flexible electronics applications.
Memory characteristics of capacitors with poly-GaAs floating gates
Resistive switching characteristics of PECVD-deposited porous SiO2-based electrochemical metallisation memory cells
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- Author(s): D.B.H. Tay and Z. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 966 –968
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0482
- Type: Article
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The processing of signals defined over domains modelled as graphs is becoming a fast emerging area of research. A graph filter bank allows for the wavelet transform on graph signals that is similar to the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for regular domain signals. Localisation is an important property of the transform and the most localised DWT is with the Haar wavelets. Spectral graph filters that are highly localised is constructed. These filters can be considered as the counterparts to the Haar filters in DWT.
- Author(s): D. Jabeen and G. Monir
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 968 –970
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0059
- Type: Article
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Spatiochromatic information of colour images is analysed in sequency domain using CIE La*b* colour space. RGB image is processed in transform domain using spatiochromatic-conjugate symmetric sequency ordered complex Hadamard transform (SC-CS-SCHT). Spatiochromatic vectors (a*, b* and a*b*) are considered as real, imaginary and complex inputs to the SC-CS-SCHT. This transform has symmetry properties that are similar to the discrete Fourier transform. Resultant phasor paths are observed with respect to different input signals along the unit complex plane. In sequency domain opponent colour paths are discussed and applied on two-dimensional signals. Peak signal-to-noise ratio is measured for ideal lowpass filter.
Highly localised near orthogonal graph wavelets
Two-dimensional spatiochromatic signal processing using concept of phasors in sequency domain
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- Author(s): L. Guan ; P. Rulikowski ; R. Kearney
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 970 –972
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.4370
- Type: Article
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Owing to its promising spectrum utilisation efficiency, large scale antenna system (LSAS) has been identified as one of the key technologies for fifth generation wireless networks. It will be more beneficial when combining LSAS with multi-band radio for further boosting the network capacity and data throughput. However, this concept dramatically increases the system complexity and cost because of the architectural requirement of many multi-band RF transceivers. It may even block the way of deploying this technology in the field. Practical multi-band LSAS architecture is presented, by using newly introduced open-flow like signal switch unit, the proposed architecture will be physically able to re-configure its operation modes and to flexibly expand the system seamlessly regarding both RF part and digital part. To proof of concept, a simplified dual RFDAC-based multi-band radio transmitter with an FPGA-based signal switch and an easyto-use MATLAB-based graphic user control plane is created.
- Author(s): R. Dinis and P. Montezuma
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 972 –974
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0012
- Type: Article
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This Letter considers the use of massive multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) combined with single-carrier with frequency-domain equalisation (SC-FDE) modulations. A low-complexity iterative frequency-domain receiver based on the equal gain combining (EGC) approach is proposed. This receiver does not require matrix inversions and has excellent performance, which can be very close to the matched filter bound after just a few iterations, even when the number of receive antennas is not very high.
- Author(s): M. Benbaghdad ; B. Fergani ; S. Tedjini
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 974 –976
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.3974
- Type: Article
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A simulation model of RFID backscatter signals developed under Ansoft designer environment is proposed. Despite the complexity of RFID tag and the hybrid properties of the backscatter signal, the model fits very well with measurement. An example of application that reveals the collision problem in multi-tag environment is performed and confirmed by measurements.
- Author(s): Y. Abo Rahama ; M.H. Ismail ; M.S. Hassan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 976 –978
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0511
- Type: Article
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Novel closed-form exact expressions for the capacity of the recently-introduced Fox's H-function fading channel are derived. The expressions are obtained assuming different types of adaptive transmission strategies, namely, channel inversion with fixed rate, truncated channel inversion with fixed rate, optimum rate adaptation with fixed power and optimum power and rate adaptation. The obtained expressions are versatile and can be used to evaluate the capacity for virtually any fading channel one might be interested in as a special case.
- Author(s): Xiangyu Li ; Suxia Guo ; Liang Jin ; Kaizhi Huang ; Lu Xia
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 978 –980
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.4194
- Type: Article
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Since the traditional direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm is passive and non-cooperation, its performance degrades with respect to the large number of terminals and closely spaced sources in multi-nodes networks. A cooperated space-time hopping algorithm to estimate the DOA of all users simultaneously is presented. The signal will be adjusted by the pre-assigned hopping weights during each symbol time. The change of the weights is equivalent to the change of array manifolds, thus enriching differences between uses’ channels. This algorithm is able to estimate more number of signals and separate some closely spaced sources. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
- Author(s): H.H. Park ; J.-D. Lim ; H.-B. Park ; J. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 980 –982
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0619
- Type: Article
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A novel near-field shielding measurement method is presented for small shield cans used in modern mobile devices with metallic cases. To effectively capture electromagnetic leakage through the shield cans at the very near-field region, a stripline mounted on a test board is utilised similar to the integrated circuit stripline method. Using simulation and measurement, it is verified that the proposed method is more accurate and effective than the conventional gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) cell measurement method for shielding evaluation of small shield cans used in metallic mobile devices from an radio-frequency interference point of view.
- Author(s): A. Merwaday and I. Güvenç
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 982 –984
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2016.0447
- Type: Article
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Until recently, spectral efficiency (SE) has been considered as the major key performance indicator of cellular networks. Nowadays, green evolution is becoming a major trend and the telecom industry is concerned about the energy costs and carbon footprint of their network infrastructure. These concerns will get more critical in the future due to the increasing base station densities. In such a scenario, minimising the network energy consumption while maximising the data sent to the users becomes crucial for the sustained operation of the network. In this letter, stochastic geometry is used to analyse the energy efficiency (EE) and SE in a two-tier long-term evolution-advanced heterogeneous network (HetNet). Range expansion and further-enhanced inter-cell interference coordination which have been standardised in third generation partnership project Release-11 are considered. System parameters of the HetNet are optimised and the trade-offs associated between EE and SE of the network are studied.
- Author(s): S. Singh ; N. Saxena ; A. Roy ; P. De
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 52, Issue 11, p. 984 –986
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.3782
- Type: Article
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Out of total mobile data traffic, mobile video traffic accounts for 55%. Massive increase in mobile video traffic trend and simultaneous proliferation in smart devices strains the expanding cellular network that triggers the demand to retain the quality of video. To fortify this challenge, proximity-based video delivery architectures are put forward. Four novel architectures are proposed depending on the location of the users, which tends to reduce load on video servers and core network elements. Through realistic simulation results, it is proved that the present system procures up to 69.15% increase in throughput, 40.81% decrease in end-to-end delay and 92% reduction in jitter as compared with the traditional 4G long term evolution (LTE)/LTE-A system. The proposed video dispatching architecture outperforms the existing strategy by 53% and increases the cell capacity up to four times compared with the current 4G LTE/LTE-A networks.
Flexible practical multi-band large scale antenna system architecture for 5G wireless networks
Iterative receiver based on the EGC for massive MIMO schemes using SC-FDE modulations
Backscatter signal model of passive UHF RFID tag. Application to collision detection
Capacity of Fox's H-function fading channel with adaptive transmission
High-resolution DOA estimation for cooperation networks using space-time hopping
Near-field shielding measurement of small shield cans in metallic mobile devices for RF interference analysis
Optimisation of FeICIC for energy efficiency and spectrum efficiency in LTE-advanced HetNets
Proximity-based video delivery architecture for LTE networks
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