Electronics Letters
Volume 51, Issue 9, 30 April 2015
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Volume 51, Issue 9
30 April 2015
- Features
- Antennas and propagation
- Bioinspired technology
- Biomedical technology
- Circuits and systems
- Control engineering
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communications
- Microwave technology
- Optical communication
- Photonics
- Power electronics, energy conversion and sustainability
- Semiconductor technology
- Signal processing
- Wireless communications
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, page: 656 –656
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1250
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, page: 656 –656
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1243
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, page: 657 –657
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1248
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in brief
interview
inside view
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- Author(s): J.J. Adams ; S.C. Slimmer ; J.A. Lewis ; J.T. Bernhard
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 661 –662
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0256
- Type: Article
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New three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques enable the integration of an antenna directly onto the package of a small wireless sensor node. This volume-filling approach ensures near-optimal bandwidth performance of the small antenna, increasing a system's battery life, data rate or range. Simulated results show that the fabricated spherical antenna's bandwidth-efficiency product is more than half of the fundamental limit and radiation pattern measurements exhibit a dipole pattern with −0.7 dBi gain.
- Author(s): S.-J. Shi and W.-P. Ding
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 662 –664
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0568
- Type: Article
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A microstrip antenna with reconfigurable radiation pattern characteristics in the wireless interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) band is presented. By controlling the states of these four pin diodes, different radiating elements can be activated, which leads to four different radiation patterns for WiMAX application in the 3.44–3.6 GHz range. By sequentially activating the pin diodes, the antenna main beam rotates by 90° in azimuth planes, with 30° deflection in the elevation plane. Moreover, the proposed antenna has a compact structure and good realised gain levels with a minimum value of 8 dBi. The measured results of the fabricated antenna prototype verify the simulation analysis.
- Author(s): Ruina Lian ; Zedong Wang ; Yingzeng Yin ; Jianjun Wu ; Zhaoyang Tang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 664 –665
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0474
- Type: Article
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A 1 × 2 wideband patch-dipole antenna array is proposed, which consists of a slot coupler, a cavity and two pairs of bow-tie dipole antennas loaded with meandering loops. The slot coupler has two functions: one is to work as a divider and the other is to generate differential signals for bow-tie dipole antennas. Each bow-tie dipole antenna is conveniently and differentially fed by two parallel probes located symmetrically at both sides of the slot coupler. A prototype is fabricated and measured for verification. The experimental results show that the proposed antenna array achieves a bandwidth of 66.4% ranging from 1.59 to 3.17 GHz. Stable radiation patterns with low cross-polarisation and a flat gain fluctuating in the range of 10.2 ± 1.5 dBi are found over the whole frequency band.
- Author(s): Rui-Zhi Wu ; Peng Wang ; Rui-Peng Li ; Qiang Zheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 665 –667
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0164
- Type: Article
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An equivalent circuit model of coupled antennas for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system based on coupling matrix theory is presented. It is demonstrated that a four-port network including two resonators can be a good description of MIMO antennas such as asymmetric coplanar strip fed antennas. The equivalent circuit is established by coupling matrix extraction which is a widely used method in the coupling matrix analysis of filters. This equivalent circuit model for the MIMO system should be helpful in MIMO or decoupling network designs.
- Author(s): O. O'Conchubhair ; A. Narbudowicz ; P. McEvoy ; M.J. Ammann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 667 –669
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0201
- Type: Article
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A circularly polarised solar cell antenna consisting of four sequentially rotated printed inverted-F antennas is proposed. Four multicrystalline silicon solar cells act as the ground plane and the antenna is suitable for low-power airborne communication nodes and wireless sensor networks. The antenna design was developed to allow 100% insolation of the cells when directly facing a light source. The low-profile antenna minimises shadowing of the solar cell for oblique angle insolation.
- Author(s): Woosang Lee ; Minwoo Yi ; Joonho So ; Young Joong Yoon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 669 –671
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0194
- Type: Article
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A reflectarray element using a conductor cell with variable height is proposed. It is found that the reflection phase can be tuned by adjusting the height of the conductor cells arranged on the spatially discretised reflector plane. A complete linearised reflection phase thus can be achieved when the proposed conductor cell is used as a unit element. A millimetre-wave antenna has been designed using the proposed method and it shows 50% aperture efficiency with a half-wavelength cell height variation.
- Author(s): K. Kamardin ; M.K.A. Rahim ; P.S. Hall ; N.A. Samsuri
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 671 –673
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3955
- Type: Article
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A textile artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) waveguide sheet with a textile diamond dipole is proposed to improve wireless on-body transmission. The sheet-like waveguide provides an independent transmission path which can reduce the performance degradation caused by the human body. The proposed AMC sheet is made entirely of textiles for both the substrate and the conducting parts, thus making it suitable for wearable communications. Transmission characteristics between antennas are studied rigorously in free space and on-body environments. Significant transmission enhancement is observed for all the tested orientations and positions for both free space and on-body placements. With the presence of the AMC, the S 21 has peaks of up to a maximum of −9.9 dB. This textile AMC sheet constitutes a new approach for efficient wearable wireless body-centric communications.
3D-printed spherical dipole antenna integrated on small RF node
Radiation pattern reconfigurable microstrip antenna for WiMAX application
1 × 2 wideband patch-dipole antenna array with slot coupler
Equivalent circuit model of MIMO based on coupling matrix
Circularly polarised solar antenna for airborne communication nodes
Non-resonant conductor reflectarray element for linear reflection phase
Vertical and horizontal transmission enhancement between antennas using textile artificial magnetic conductor waveguide sheet
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- Author(s): G.M. Georgiou and K. Voigt
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 673 –674
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0066
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Stochastic computation of statistical moments and related quantities, such as the mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis, is performed with simple neural networks. The computed quantities can be used to estimate the parameters of input data probability distributions, gauge the normality of data, add useful features to the inputs, preprocess data and for other applications. Such neural networks can be embedded in larger ones that perform signal processing or pattern recognition tasks. Convergence to the correct values is demonstrated with experiments.
Stochastic computation of moments, mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis
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- Author(s): M.W. McCarthy ; D.A. James ; J.B. Lee ; D.D. Rowlands
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 675 –676
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0436
- Type: Article
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Wearable devices that measure and recognise human activity in real time require classification algorithms that are both fast and accurate when implemented on limited hardware. A decision-tree-based method for differentiating between individual walking, running, stair climbing and stair descent strides using a single channel of a foot-mounted gyroscope suitable for implementation on embedded hardware is presented. Temporal features unique to each activity were extracted using an initial subject group (n = 13) and a decision-tree-based classification algorithm was developed using the timing information of these features. A second subject group (n = 10) completed the same activities to provide data for verification of the system. Results indicate that the classifier was able to correctly match each stride to its activity with >90% accuracy. Running and walking strides in particular matched with >99% accuracy. The outcomes demonstrate that a lightweight yet robust classification system is feasible for implementation on embedded hardware for real-time daily monitoring.
- Author(s): Xingyuan Tong and Maysam Ghovanloo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 676 –678
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4272
- Type: Article
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An energy-efficient switching scheme for a low-power successive approximation register (SAR) analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) is proposed. Taking the parasitic capacitance of the capacitor array into consideration, the average switching energy of the proposed scheme can be reduced by 97.4% compared with the conventional architecture. The proposed scheme also reduces the number of capacitors in the capacitor array by 75.5% and hence achieves area efficiency with high performance.
- Author(s): Hong-Cheng Zhou ; Vincent Fusco ; Bing-Zhong Wang ; Lei Zhong ; Shuai Ding ; De-Shuang Zhao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 678 –680
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0565
- Type: Article
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On the basis of the technique of time reversal (TR), through adding dispersive delay lines to each element of a TR mirror, a method for low contrast tumour detection is proposed. When compared with a conventional detection method, the proposed method improves refocusing onto a low dielectric contrast tumour. The method does not require an accurate estimate of the position of the tumour. The theoretical basis for the approach is given and numerical simulated results demonstrate the capability of the proposed method.
Decision-tree-based human activity classification algorithm using single-channel foot-mounted gyroscope
Energy-efficient switching scheme in SAR ADC for biomedical electronics
Using dispersive delay lines and time reversal for low contrast tumour detection
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- Author(s): Xiaoying Deng and Yanyan Mo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 680 –682
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3845
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A new boost bulk-driven sense-amplifier-based flip-flop (BBDSAFF) is presented. First, thanks to the boost and bulk-driven technique, the BBDSAFF consumes much lower power and can operate normally in the ultra-wide voltage range. Secondly, the adopted pseudo-PMOS dynamic technique in the RS latch output stage can greatly reduce the delay and improve the driving capability. The simulation results show advantages of high-speed, low power dissipation and very small and symmetrical rise/fall delay. Under the same simulation conditions, power dissipation, delay and PDP of the Strollo sense-amplifier-based flip-flop is 31 μW, 107 ps and 3.32 fJ whereas that of the proposed bulk-driven SAFF is 29 μW, 94 ps and 2.73 fJ. This low power consumption and high-speed BBDSAFF can be applied in various fields, such as ultra-dynamic voltage scaling VLSI, circuits, low power dissipation counter-clock systems and microprocessors.
- Author(s): F.Z. Hadjam and C. Moraga
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 682 –684
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3623
- Type: Article
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A symbolic calculus to evaluate the output signals at the target line(s) of quantum computing subcircuits using controlled negations and controlled- Q gates is introduced, where Q represents the kth root of [0 1; 1 0], the unitary matrix of NOT, and k is a power of two. The controlling signals are GF(2) expressions possibly including Boolean expressions. The method does not require operating with complex-valued matrices. The method may be used to verify the functionality and to check for possible minimisation of a given quantum computing circuit using target lines. The method does not apply for a whole circuit if there are interactions among target lines. In this case the method applies for the independent subcircuits.
- Author(s): Junpeng He ; Jianping Xu ; Tiesheng Yan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 684 –686
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4420
- Type: Article
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A peak current control technique for a flyback power factor correction (PFC) converter operating in critical conduction mode (CRM) is proposed. By using the square of the line voltage to compensate the peak current envelope of the primary current, the input current distortion of the traditional peak current-controlled CRM flyback PFC converter can be eliminated, and the unity power factor and low total harmonic distortion (THD) can be obtained. The operating principles and characteristics of the proposed peak current-controlled CRM flyback PFC converter are analysed. Experimental results of a 30 W prototype show that the power factor and THD of the proposed peak current-controlled CRM flyback PFC converter are better than those of the traditional peak current-controlled CRM flyback PFC converter.
Boost bulk-driven sense-amplifier flip-flop operating in ultra-wide voltage range
Symbolic calculus for class of quantum computing circuits
Peak current-controlled CRM flyback PFC converter with square of line voltage-compensated primary current envelope
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- Author(s): Hyejeong Ryu and Wan Kyun Chung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 686 –688
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4034
- Type: Article
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An efficient scan matching method that uses direction distributions of two-dimensional laser scans is proposed. Using line fitting with each point in the scan, together with the neighbouring two points, the distribution of these line directions is computed. The direction distribution represents a measure of the geometric tendency of the scan, and this can be used to compute similarities between scans. This approach can be applied to select scans in a scan database that have high probabilities of being closely aligned with the current scan. Moreover, an initial estimate of the rotational displacement between two scans can be obtained, and scan matching can be accomplished efficiently even with a large rotational displacement between scans.
Efficient scan matching method using direction distribution
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- Author(s): Lai Kang ; Lingda Wu ; Yingmei Wei ; Zheng Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 688 –690
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4369
- Type: Article
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When capturing images of a submerged object using a conventional digital camera in the air, the light ray no longer travels along a straight line due to refraction occurring at the interface between different media, making the traditional multi-view geometry based on a perspective camera model invalid. By analysing the imaging formulation of a submerged object and taking into account refraction effects, a novel theory of multi-level refractive geometry for refractive camera calibration and for submerged scene depth perception is proposed. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed theory are verified by experiments on synthetic datasets under various imaging configurations. The proposed theory is believed to be the first that allows recovering both the pose of the camera and the depth of a submerged object simultaneously, without using any calibration object or a priori camera pose.
- Author(s): Ming Li ; Di Xiao ; Ayesha Kulsoom ; Yushu Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 690 –691
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4476
- Type: Article
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An improved version of Li et al.’s method of reversible data hiding of encrypted images is proposed. The original work partitions the encrypted image into two sets, and only one set is used for data embedding. After carrying out a feasibility analysis, the full embedding strategy is employed. Accordingly, the data embedding capacity is dilated. In addition, the corresponding new fluctuation measurement is designed for the full embedding strategy. The experimental results reveal that the full embedding strategy is effective and also indicate that using the new fluctuation measurement the performance is further augmented. The proposed method outperforms other works in terms of performance.
- Author(s): J.W. Park and Y.S. Moon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 691 –693
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3821
- Type: Article
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A robust estimation method for target scale using median absolute deviation (MAD) for reducing outlier motion vectors is proposed. To remove outlier motion vectors, the proposed method first uses normalised cross-correlation (NCC) and forward–backward (FB) filters. Then, the MAD filter removes the remaining outlier motion vectors. After filtering, inlier motion vectors are used to estimate a scale change ratio of the target. The estimated scale change ratio is evaluated by the MAD of scale change ratios to guarantee reliability of estimation.
Theory of multi-level refractive geometry
Improved reversible data hiding for encrypted images using full embedding strategy
Robust estimation of target scale by removing outlier motion vectors using MAD
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- Author(s): Weichao Sun ; Zhitao Huang ; Fenghua Wang ; Xiang Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 693 –695
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4223
- Type: Article
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The modulated wideband converter (MWC) is an attractive analogue compressed sensing technique that has been proposed in recent years. Regrettably, the MWC has high hardware complexity owing to its parallel channel structure. To reduce the complexity, a novel compressive wideband spectrum sensing scheme based on a single channel for band-limited wide-sense stationary (WSS) signals is proposed. In the proposed scheme, a special periodic waveform in the time domain is designed and a power spectrum sensing model is presented to detect the occupied frequency spectrum of such signals from sub-Nyquist samples of which the sample rate is only MWC's single-channel rate. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has a perfect performance on wideband WSS signal spectrum sensing.
- Author(s): Saqib Ejaz ; Fengfan Yang ; Tamer H.M. Soliman
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 695 –697
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0037
- Type: Article
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A network polar coded-cooperative (NPCC) scheme with joint successive cancellation (SC) decoding at the destination is proposed. Plotkin's construction is employed to build polar codes; however, the proposed construction is opposite to the conventional method where two short codes jointly construct a longer length code. In the proposed construction the two short codes (subcodes) are derived from the longer length code. The proposed construction is then employed to achieve coded cooperation between two users, and also offers a network coding, which not only improves the data rate of the coded cooperative system but also improves the overall bit error rate performance which is shown with the help of numerical simulations.
- Author(s): Chunsheng Yang ; Jeng-Shyang Pan ; Chiou-Yng Lee ; Lijun Yan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 697 –699
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0014
- Type: Article
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Toeplitz matrix–vector product (TMVP) decomposition is one of the high-precision multiplication algorithms. A symmetric TMVP (STMVP) decomposition is presented and theoretical analysis shows that the space complexity of the proposed STMVP scheme is less compared with the traditional TMVP approach. Gaussian normal basis (GNB) multiplication based on the proposed architecture can be used to reduce the space complexity.
- Author(s): J. Chen ; H.S. Bhatia ; R.G. Addie ; M. Zukerman
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 699 –701
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0349
- Type: Article
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The factional Brownian motion has attracted significant attention because it accurately represents Internet traffic characteristics and is amenable to analysis. A link between the probability density function of the steady-state queue size of a queue with a fractional Brownian input and the generalised Gamma distribution is discovered, and the mean, variance, third central moment and skewness are provided. New simulation results that validate the accuracy of these queueing statistics are also provided.
Compressive wideband spectrum sensing based on single channel
Network polar coded cooperation with joint SC decoding
Reduction of space complexity based on symmetric TMVP
Statistical characteristics of queue with fractional Brownian motion input
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- Author(s): Bin Yu ; Baofu Jia ; Zhaojun Zhu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 701 –703
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0377
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A compact microstrip tri-band bandpass filter (BPF) based on two open stub-loaded multimode λ/4 stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs) with two separate coupling paths is investigated. A source–load coupling configuration is arranged to produce several extra transmission zeros for realising high-isolation performance. The centre frequencies of three passbands can be controlled by tuning the dimensions of two high impedance lines of the proposed open stub-loaded SIRs. The bandwidth of the three passbands could be conventionally controlled by adjusting the coupling strength of two coupling paths. The prototype of the BPF achieved insertion losses of 0.46, 1.05 and 1.4 dB at 0.82, 1.67 and 2.17 GHz, respectively. The measured results are in good agreement with electromagnetic simulation. The circuit only occupies 0.126λ g × 0.108λ g, where λ g is the guided wavelength at a lower passband centre frequency.
- Author(s): Seungwon Park and Sanggeun Jeon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 703 –705
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4541
- Type: Article
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A wideband power amplifier (PA) with high output power and efficiency over the entire X-band is implemented in a 0.11 μm CMOS technology. To achieve high efficiency in the wideband, a new harmonic-tuned technique is proposed for the output matching network of the PA, while no radio frequency (RF) choke is used for DC bias. Measurement results show that the output power and power-added efficiency (PAE) are no less than 19.5 dBm and 22.6%, respectively, over the entire X-band. The peak PAE is 28.9% with an output power of 20.3 dBm at 9 GHz.
- Author(s): Kai Wang ; Lei Zhu ; Sai-Wai Wong ; Dong Chen ; Zai-Cheng Guo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 705 –707
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0327
- Type: Article
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A balanced dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) with enhanced common-mode (CM) suppression is proposed. The dual-band differential-mode (DM) bandpass response is obtained using a double-layer substrate. The stub-loaded stepped-impedance resonators are used both in the top and the bottom layers to constitute a dual-band BPF with two controllable passbands. The slotline portion in the middle layer is excited under DM operation. Moreover, the even-symmetrical field along the slotline is highly attenuated under CM excitation, thus achieving excellent CM suppression over the desired DM passbands. To verify the proposed concept, a balanced dual-band BPF, operating at 1.9 and 2.8 GHz, is designed and fabricated, and the simulated and measured results are in good agreement.
- Author(s): T. Djerafi ; K. Wu ; S.O. Tatu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 707 –709
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0286
- Type: Article
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A substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) broadband phase shifter is presented and studied. The phase shift mechanism is based on the synthesis of an artificial dielectric slab using an array of metallic rods in the middle of a SIW. This technique enables a large phase shift within a compact size and enhances the density of integration. As an example, 45° and 90° phase shifters are designed and showcased on a single-layer substrate at a centre frequency of 26 GHz. The amplitude imbalance between the two paths is also avoided while the phase error is less than 5° over a frequency band of 20–32 GHz or around 46% relative bandwidth. The measured return loss is found to be better than 12 dB over the whole frequency band.
- Author(s): D.S. Fonseca ; R.D. Seager ; J.A. Flint
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 709 –710
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4361
- Type: Article
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A novel transition between a rigid-substrate and a flexible-substrate microstrip for use in wearable devices is described. The contact force between the conductors of the two microstrips is supplied by a pair of rectangular magnets. A simulation and measurement study carried out on a test jig comprising a back-to-back pair of such transitions demonstrated an insertion loss of better than 0.5 dB/transition can be achieved in the range of 0–3 GHz.
Compact tri-band bandpass filter with stub-loaded stepped-impedance resonator
Wideband harmonic-tuned CMOS power amplifier with 19.5 dBm output power and 22.6% PAE over entire X-band
Balanced dual-band BPF with intrinsic common-mode suppression on double-layer substrate
Substrate-integrated waveguide phase shifter with rod-loaded artificial dielectric slab
Textile-to-rigid microstrip transition using permanent magnets
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- Author(s): M. Nagatani ; H. Wakita ; H. Nosaka ; K. Kurishima ; M. Ida ; A. Sano ; Y. Miyamoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 710 –712
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0686
- Type: Article
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An ultra-broadband 6 bit digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) has been designed and fabricated in InP-HBT technology. The DAC IC includes six 2:1 MUXs and thus operates with a half-rate clock. The DAC module is equipped with 1 mm connectors for its analogue output to ensure broadband characteristics. The measured analogue output bandwidth (BW) is >40 GHz. Four-level pulse amplitude modulation signals with clear eye openings were measured at symbol rates of up to 75 GBd. This MUX-DAC module has the widest BW of any previously reported DACs and is suitable for high-symbol-rate optical transmitters.
- Author(s): J. Wang ; I. Glesk ; L.R. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 712 –714
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0546
- Type: Article
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Narrowband filters based on Bragg gratings (BGs) in subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguides in silicon-on-insulator are reported. The SWG BGs are fabricated using electron beam lithography with a single etch. For SWG BGs 1.12 mm in length, the measured 3 dB bandwidths are ∼0.5 nm, and they have a peak reflectivity as high as 94.4% in the C-band.
75 GBd InP-HBT MUX-DAC module for high-symbol-rate optical transmission
Subwavelength grating Bragg grating filters in silicon-on-insulator
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- Author(s): Nannan Luan ; Ran Wang ; Wenhua Lv ; Jianquan Yao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 714 –715
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3828
- Type: Article
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A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on exposed-core microstructured optical fibres (EC-MOFs) is presented and numerically characterised. The exposed section (analyte channel) of the EC-MOF is coated with a SPR supporting thin film of gold. The asymmetrically coated fibre can support two separate resonance peaks, with orthogonal polarisations (x- and y-polarised peaks). Although the sensitivity of both the polarised peaks is very similar, the narrower linewidth of the y-polarised peak provides a much enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. The SPR sensing performance for a large refractive index (RI) range from 1.33 to 1.42 is evaluated. The sensor has higher sensitivity for detecting the high analyte RI. The feasibility of using EC-MOFs to develop a fast-response, real-time and distributed SPR sensor is determined.
Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on exposed-core microstructured optical fibres
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- Author(s): M.F. de Melo ; W.D. Vizzotto ; L. Chies ; M.A. Dalla Costa ; J.M. Alonso
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 716 –717
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0238
- Type: Article
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The use of series-resonant converters (SRCs) in light-emitting diode (LED) drivers has increased due to its simplicity and high efficiency. Furthermore, the use of a SRC provides reduction of the low-frequency ripple in the LED current, originated by the bus voltage ripple. Thus, an analysis of the SRC aiming to define a design methodology to improve the current ripple reduction provided by the SRC is proposed. Moreover, a discussion about the main factors that have influenced ripple reduction and the limits for this attenuation is presented, which have not been explored in the literature hither to.
Analysis of low-frequency current ripple transmission in series-resonant LED drivers
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- Author(s): Jang Hyun Kim ; Sang Wan Kim ; Hyun Woo Kim ; Byung-Gook Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 718 –720
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3864
- Type: Article
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A vertical type tunnelling field-effect transistor (TFET) with a thin tunnel junction based on a bulk Si substrate is presented. In the authors' previously reported L-shaped TFET, a thin tunnel barrier and a large tunnelling area were employed on the source side to achieve a steep subthreshold swing (SS) and high on-current, which can lead to the TFET's outstanding performance. The proposed TFET devices demonstrate a SS of 32 mV/decade averaged over five decades and an I on > 10−5 A/μm. Moreover, the on-current can be increased easily by adjusting the height of the source. However, since a hump phenomenon in the transfer curves occurred, the hump behaviour in the proposed device was investigated. After investigating it, the hump behaviour was found to have originated from two different tunnelling regions. Moreover, their threshold voltages show different values. Using a capping layer that can be made by gradual doping, the hump behaviour can be suppressed.
Vertical type double gate tunnelling FETs with thin tunnel barrier
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- Author(s): Cheng Wang ; Jun Tang ; Bin Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 720 –722
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0131
- Type: Article
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An iterative implementation of eigenspace-based beamforming is introduced. An approximate expression of signal subspace projection is first derived, and then the eigenspace-based beamformer is innovatively implemented with a two-stage beamforming scheme. The proposed method is capable of avoiding the source number estimation or subspace projection operation, which are indispensable for existing solutions. Hence, it can be fast and conveniently applied in programming. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by simulations.
Fast and convenient implementation of iterative eigenspace-based beamforming
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- Author(s): Zheng Chen ; Ling Qiu ; Xiaowen Liang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 722 –724
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4451
- Type: Article
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Optimal base station (BS) density, to minimise network energy consumption, is studied. Contrary to previous works, both the spatial randomness of the network topology and the wireless traffic dynamics are taken into consideration. With the technology of cell discontinuous transmission, network energy consumption depends on the average transmission probability of BSs. On the basis of stochastic geometry, it is found that the BS transmission probability and BS density satisfy a nonlinear equation. To reduce overall energy consumption, an iteration algorithm that can converge to the global optimal BS density is proposed.
- Author(s): E. Cano and B. Allen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 9, p. 724 –725
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0435
- Type: Article
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Two new multiple-antenna phase-gradient detection schemes for orbital angular momentum (OAM) communication systems are presented. Their bit error rate performances are obtained by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Results show that their performance is highly dependent on the circular separation among the receiver antennas. The paired-antenna phase-gradient receiver outperforms the uniformly spaced antenna receiver when a large number of antennas are used.
Energy-optimal base station density considering traffic dynamics
Multiple-antenna phase-gradient detection for OAM radio communications
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