Electronics Letters
Volume 51, Issue 7, 02 April 2015
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Volume 51, Issue 7
02 April 2015
- Features
- Acoustical engineering
- Antennas and propagation
- Circuits and systems
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communications
- Microwave technology
- Nanotechnology
- Photonics
- Power electronics, energy conversion and sustainability
- Radar, sonar and navigation
- Semiconductor technology
- Wireless communications
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, page: 540 –540
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0853
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, page: 540 –540
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0836
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, page: 541 –541
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0852
- Type: Article
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in brief
silver linings
inside view
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- Author(s): S. Villa ; R. Torres ; R. Lucklum
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 545 –546
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4151
- Type: Article
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Requirements for measuring frequency changes in phononic crystals (PnCs) are introduced. A novel electronic characterisation system for measuring those changes based on a high frequency double sideband modulation with suppressed carrier is proposed. The reported results prove its reliability for PnCs measurements.
Electronic characterisation system for measuring frequency changes in phononic crystals
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- Author(s): F. Casado ; A. Arriola ; E. Arruti ; I. Ortego ; J.I. Sancho
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 546 –548
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3846
- Type: Article
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A simple method is presented for estimating the resonant frequency of compact slotted microstrip antennas, based on their current distribution. The method has been first tested in two basic and symmetric geometries; afterwards, through the combination of these geometries, a multi-slotted structure has been analysed. Prototypes have also been manufactured in RT/Duroid 6002 and FR4 substrates, and good agreement has been obtained between estimations, simulations and measurements. A maximum estimation error of 10% has been achieved with this method, providing a useful tool for the design of compact slotted microstrip antennas.
- Author(s): Pu-Chao Wu ; Long Chen ; Yong-Lun Luo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 548 –550
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0329
- Type: Article
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A miniaturised three-order wideband filtering antenna by employing a composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) and a simplified asymmetric coplanar strip feeding structure is presented. The CRLH-TL resonator resonates at zeroth-order mode and first-positive-order mode, and the meander-line antenna performs not only as a radiator but also as the last resonator of the corresponding bandpass filter. The proposed filtering antenna has four poles in the passband and two radiation nulls at the band edges. Compared with conventional antennas, the proposed filtering antenna shows flat gain responses and flat radiated powers within the passband, and displays good frequency skirt selectivity. Measurement results show that the filtering antenna can operate at from 4.03- to 7.11 GHz, has a 3.08 GHz bandwidth, a 2.5 dBi average gain in the broadside (+Z) direction and nearly 30 dBm average radiated power within the passband.
- Author(s): Ashwini K. Arya ; Rao Shahid Aziz ; Seong-Ook Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 550 –551
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0428
- Type: Article
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A printed wide-slot antenna with a centred rectangular parasitic patch, fed by a fork-like tuning stub with rectangular parasitic elements adjacent to the main feed line is proposed and discussed. The proposed wide-slot antenna eliminates the need of rotation of the slot and parasitic patches both in the ground plane for the improvement in impedance bandwidth. The experimental results indicate that the presented antenna has a bandwidth (−10 dB) of more than 148% ranging from 2 to 13.5 GHz. The total size of the proposed antenna configuration is 44.3 × 44.3 × 0.508 mm3.
Frequency estimation for compact microstrip antennas
Miniaturised wideband filtering antenna by employing CRLH-TL and simplified feeding structure
Planar ultra-wideband printed wide-slot antenna using fork-like tuning stub
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- Author(s): N. Kovacevic ; M. S. Jalali ; J. Liang ; C. Ting ; A. Sheikholeslami ; M. Kibune ; H. Tamura
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 551 –553
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4441
- Type: Article
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The design of a 4× blind analogue-to-digital converter (ADC)-based receiver implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology is presented. The ADC, which has three levels with two adjustable thresholds, effectively implements a speculative decision-feedback equaliser. By reducing the ADC resolution and by simplifying the digital clock and data recovery design, the power consumption is reduced by a factor of 2 compared with previous works. Measurement results confirm a bit error rate of <10 − 12 at 5 Gbit/s with a high-frequency jitter tolerance of 0.39 and 0.31 UIpp for a 9.3 and a 12.9 dB FR4 channel, respectively. The entire receiver consumes 63 and 86 mW for the respective channels.
4×, 3-level, blind ADC-based receiver
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- Author(s): Jun-Hyeok Park and Young-Jin Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 553 –555
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3875
- Type: Article
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The display is a dominant power-consuming component in mobile devices. The active matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) display has been popular in mobile devices and its accurate power model is crucial for efficient power management. Existing power models do not consider the behaviours of the driving hardware components of AMOLED display modules. A new power model is proposed which considers the efficiency of an AMOLED DC–DC converter and the dependency of the driving circuits in a commercial AMOLED display module, and thus estimates an accurate power consumption value. Through extensive experiments using three well-known image databases, the proposed power model is found to have lower error rates than the existing pixel-based one for all the databases. Especially, for bright images the error rate of the new model amounts to only 0.59%, whereas that of the existing one is 8.48%.
- Author(s): Suwon Lee ; SuGil Choi ; Hyun S. Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 555 –557
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0080
- Type: Article
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The possibility of integrating binary features into the bag-of-features (BoFs) model is explored. The set of binary features extracted from an image are packed into a single vector form, to yield the bag-of-binary-features (BoBFs). The efficient BoBF feature extraction and quantisation provide fast image representation. The trade-off between accuracy and efficiency in BoBF compared with BoF is investigated through image retrieval tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that BoBF is a competitive alternative to BoF when the run-time efficiency is critical.
- Author(s): Yun-Suk Kang and Yo-Sung Ho
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 557 –558
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3541
- Type: Article
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A geometric error correction of convergent multi-view images is proposed. Shape factors and camera parameters of the captured multi-view image are used to estimate an ideal multi-camera arrangement and its camera parameters. A correction transform of each viewpoint to reduce the geometric error is calculated based on the original and estimated camera parameters. The error-corrected multi-view image is obtained by applying the transform to the captured images. The experimental results show that the proposed method efficiently reduces the geometric error of the convergent multi-view images.
- Author(s): A. García-Martín ; B. Alcedo ; J.M. Martínez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 559 –560
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3795
- Type: Article
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Following the approach of the change detection challenge, in order to facilitate the evaluation of new algorithms for people detection, a people detection benchmarking repository is presented. It includes realistic sequences, people detection ground truth and an evaluation framework. It will be updated based on received feedback, and will maintain a comprehensive ranking of submitted methods for years to come.
Accurate power model for mobile AMOLED displays
Bag-of-binary-features for fast image representation
Geometric error correction of convergent multi-view images
PDbm: people detection benchmark repository
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- Author(s): R. Cordero ; W.I. Suemitsu ; J.O.P. Pinto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 561 –562
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3572
- Type: Article
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The application of the complex quadratic form as the decision boundary for complex-valued data classification is described. This function is always real when its matrix is Hermitian. Thus, a simple sign function to classify the input data is used. This matrix is obtained through an iterative learning process similar to the Rosenblatt algorithm. The concept of the Frobenius matrix norm is used to prove that the proposed learning algorithm converges if a solution exists. This approach is different from other complex-valued neural networks that use optimisation techniques or feature mapping. An artificial neuron that uses a complex quadratic form as the decision boundary is called a complex quadratic neural unit.
- Author(s): A. Sengupta
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 562 –564
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4393
- Type: Article
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Simultaneous design space exploration (DSE) of k c-cycle transient fault-secured datapath and loop unrolling factor (UF) for control data flow graphs (CDFGs) during high-level synthesis is an unsolved problem in the literature. The aforementioned problems are solved with the following specific contributions: (i) a novel DSE methodology that explores an optimal combination of transient fault-secured datapath configuration and loop UF using particle swarm optimisation for CDFG, and (ii) the novel k c-cycle fault secured algorithm. Finally, the proposed approach when tested on standard benchmarks yielded an optimal solution which minimises the fitness function and satisfies user constraints, as well as achieving significantly reduced cost of the final solution when compared with a recent fault-secured approach.
Analysis and convergence theorem of complex quadratic form as decision boundary for data classification
Exploration of k c-cycle transient fault-secured datapath and loop unrolling factor for control data flow graphs during high-level synthesis
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- Author(s): K. Ma ; L. Fan ; S. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 564 –566
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4129
- Type: Article
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A new self-packaged bandpass filter by using multilayer print circuit board technology is proposed and investigated. By using a multilayer structure, a lumped step-impedance resonator as well as self-packaging, the designed filter can achieve a much more compact size, low insertion loss and a wide stopband. The implemented filter operated at a centre frequency of 800 MHz with a 3 dB bandwidth of 120 MHz demonstrates stopband rejection better than 25 dB up to 4 GHz. The measured insertion loss including the connector loss in the input and output is 1.48 dB. The size of the filter is only 12 × 8 mm, i.e. 0.059λ g × 0.039λ g.
- Author(s): G. Snyder ; C. Rhoades ; M.J. Hagmann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 566 –568
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4449
- Type: Article
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Point-contact metal–insulator–metal (MIM) diodes have been used for detection and mixing at frequencies as high as 520 THz. In detection, the current responsivity (CR), defined as the change in the DC current caused by an incremental change in the high-frequency input power, depends on the dimensions of the diode and the test fixture. However, other researchers have shown that the intrinsic current responsivity (ICR) which sets an upper bound for the CR may be determined from DC current against voltage measurements. Additional calculations from DC measurements have been used to determine an upper bound for the maximum frequency of operation.
- Author(s): H. Zhu and A. Abbosh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 568 –570
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0346
- Type: Article
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A tunable bandpass filter with wide tuning ranges for both the centre frequency and bandwidth is presented. The filter is based on using a ring resonator connected to a short-ended coupled-line structure. Two transmission zeros are generated in the upper stopband resulting in a sharp cutoff and harmonic suppression across a wide stopband. A thorough procedure is used to analyse the proposed filter. A prototype is fabricated and tested. The achieved results indicate a wide centre frequency and bandwidth tuning ranges of 0.52–1.42 GHz and 90–320 MHz, respectively.
- Author(s): Guoan Wu ; Lingling Yang ; Qinfen Xu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 570 –572
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0318
- Type: Article
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A novel miniaturised dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) using improved split ring λ/4 resonator and stepped impedance resonator (SIR) is proposed. A simple analysis is given for each resonator. By tuning the geometric parameters of the resonators, the two passbands of the BPF can be adjusted separately. Source-load coupling is adopted to achieve more transmission zeros in the stopband. The new dual-band BPF, which has a miniature circuit size of 0.18 × 0.18λg, presents narrow and sharp passband characteristics. Good agreement is found between simulated and measured results, which verify the high-frequency selectivity.
Compact multilayer self-packaged filter with surface-mounted packaging
Approximation of the maximum frequency of operation for point-contact MIM diodes from DC current against voltage measurements
Compact tunable bandpass filter with wide tuning range using ring resonator and short-ended coupled lines
Miniaturised dual-band filter with high selectivity using split ring scheme
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- Author(s): K.-W. Lee ; A.S.M.I. Uddin ; D.-T. Phan ; G.-S. Chung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 572 –574
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4513
- Type: Article
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Fabrication and evaluation of Ag nanoparticles (NPs)-loaded hierarchical ZnO nanostructure (Ag/ZnO) and their acetylene (C2H2) gas sensing properties have been studied. Physical and structural characterisations reveal the formation of high-purity, standard crystalline hierarchical ZnO nanostructures and Ag/ZnO composites. Gas sensing characteristics of the synthesised materials were carried out within the temperature range 25–300°C at different C2H2 gas concentrations. At an optimum temperature of 200°C, 5 wt% Ag/ZnO composite showed preferable detection of C2H2 with a high sensor response of 92% (1000 ppm), low limit of detection (LOD) of 5 ppm and excellent selectivity towards reducing/oxidising gases. Experimental results demonstrated that addition of appropriate amounts of Ag to ZnO nanostructures enhanced the C2H2 sensing performance, which suggests the possibility of fabrication and development of high-performance C2H2 sensors.
Fabrication of low-temperature acetylene gas sensor based on Ag nanoparticles-loaded hierarchical ZnO nanostructures
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- Author(s): M. Hyodo ; A. Kawakami ; S. Saito ; M. Watanabe ; M. Adachi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 574 –575
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0199
- Type: Article
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The operation of an external-cavity semiconductor diode laser with selectable coherence and a tunable wavelength has been successfully demonstrated through the control of the intracavity polarisation state. The laser has an intracavity half-wave plate that is able to rotate the orientation of the polarisation axis with regard to diffraction grating, where the grating acts as a polarisation- and wavelength-selective element. As a result, it was possible to continuously sweep the correlation widths from 230 kHz to 2.0 MHz by simply rotating the half-wave plate.
- Author(s): J. Li ; Y. Tian ; D.C. Hall
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 575 –577
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4150
- Type: Article
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Broad bandwidth, low-reflectance, low-cost antireflection (AR) layers on GaAs are demonstrated using a quarter-wave optical thickness dielectric grown by directly oxidising the GaAs through a carefully-balanced oxygen-enhanced wet thermal process at 420°C. For centre design wavelengths between 550 and 800 nm, the native oxide AR layers have a simulated and measured reflectance minima as low as 1.0%, with reflectance <10% over bandwidths as large as 342 nm. The experimental reflectance spectra agree well with the modelling based on the complex optical constants obtained by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and are consistent with the low GaAs native oxide surface roughness (<0.3 nm) and interface roughness (<2.3 nm) measured by atomic force microscopy.
Coherence-selectable operation of external-cavity semiconductor diode laser by intracavity polarisation control
Gallium arsenide antireflection layer via direct wet thermal oxidation
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- Author(s): Yuan Chi ; Xin-Quan Lai ; Han-Xiao Du
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 577 –579
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4102
- Type: Article
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A novel current-sensing technique with fast transient and high accuracy for a step-up DC–DC converter is presented. This circuitry is applied for sensing the current flowing through the equivalent series resistor (ESR) of the inductor to obtain the inductor current information. It is achieved with a fast transient response circuit (FTRC), an operational amplifier, a current-sensing stage and an overshoot current protection circuit. The process offsets of the transistors, which can increase the current-sensing accuracy, and provide an additional current feedback loop to decrease the transient response time are compensated by the FTRC. When the sensed current is higher than the maximum value, the overcurrent protection (OCP) will be operating to let it shut down. This current-sensing technique has been integrated in a step-up DC–DC converter with standard 0.35 μm CMOS process. Experimental results show that the accuracy is higher than 98% and the transient response recovery time is ∼100 μs with load current changing from 3 A to 10 mA.
Fast transient response high-accuracy current-sensing technique for step-up DC–DC converter
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- Author(s): Tao Zeng ; Wei Yin ; Zegang Ding ; Teng Long
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 579 –581
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4455
- Type: Article
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Owing to the curved track, geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar (GEO SAR) can obtain a height resolution. An accurate expression of the height resolution is derived for GEO SAR based on the generalised ambiguity function and the Doppler history difference between two adjacent targets at different heights. It is found that the height resolution is introduced by the accelerated motion or the curved track along the height direction in GEO SAR. Then, factors influencing the height resolution are analysed. The height resolution of GEO SAR can be improved by a longer integration time, a higher orbital inclination and a larger eccentricity. Finally, simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed expression of height resolution.
Height resolution analysis in geosynchronous SAR
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- Author(s): A.K. Sahoo ; S. Fregonese ; P. Scheer ; D. Celi ; A. Juge ; T. Zimmer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 581 –583
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0200
- Type: Article
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A new and simple approach for nonlinear modelling of the dynamic self-heating effect in bulk complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field effect transistors is presented. Low-frequency S-parameter measurements are performed in 28 nm bulk CMOS technology at room temperature between a 10 kHz and 3 GHz frequency range and the thermal impedance (Z TH) of the devices is extracted. The proposed model is validated through the measurements for different bias points. The results obtained demonstrate a reasonable agreement between theoretical prediction and experimental data.
Nonlinear modelling of dynamic self-heating in 28 nm bulk complementary metal–oxide semiconductor technology
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- Author(s): Ye Tian and He Xu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 583 –584
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4293
- Type: Article
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Most of the existing direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation methods require a priori knowledge of the source number, and can only estimate M − 1 sources with M sensors. A novel technique for a sparse signal reconstruction framework is proposed, which is unbiased and can extend the array aperture effectively. As a result, the proposed technique can not only estimate 2(M − 1) sources with M sensors, but also provide improved resolution and estimation accuracy. It can even obtain DOA estimation without knowing the number of sources.
- Author(s): U. Zia ; I. H. Naqvi ; M. Uppal
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 585 –586
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3878
- Type: Article
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The performance of time-reversal ultra-wideband systems under imperfect channel side information at the transmitter (CSIT) is investigated. Considering CSIT imperfections caused by estimation errors as well as the channel's time-varying nature, a bound is derived on the amount of channel decorrelation that the system can withstand while still achieving a target bit error rate floor. The theoretical results are supported by Monte Carlo simulations, indicating a robust performance in the presence of estimation errors and/or outdated CSIT.
- Author(s): Wenqian Shen ; Linglong Dai ; Zhen Gao ; Zhaocheng Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 7, p. 587 –588
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3576
- Type: Article
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Downlink channel estimation with low pilot overhead is an important and challenging problem in massive multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) systems due to the substantially increased MIMO channel dimension. A block iterative support detection (block-ISD)-based algorithm for downlink channel estimation to reduce the pilot overhead is proposed, which is achieved by fully exploiting the block sparsity inherent in the block-sparse equivalent channel derived from the spatial correlations of MIMO channels. Furthermore, unlike conventional compressive sensing (CS) algorithms that rely on prior knowledge of the sparsity level, block-ISD relaxes this demanding requirement and is thus more practically appealing. Simulation results demonstrate that block-ISD yields better normalised mean square error (NMSE) performance than classical CS algorithms, and achieve a reduction of 84% pilot overhead compared with conventional channel estimation techniques.
Extended-aperture DOA estimation with unknown number of sources
Performance of ultra-wideband time-reversal systems under imperfect channel side information at the transmitter
Spatially correlated channel estimation based on block iterative support detection for massive MIMO systems
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