Electronics Letters
Volume 51, Issue 17, 20 August 2015
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Volume 51, Issue 17
20 August 2015
- Features
- Antennas and propagation
- Biomedical technology
- Circuits and systems
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communications
- Microwave technology
- Optical communication
- Organic and inorganic circuits and devices
- Photonics
- Power electronics, energy conversion and sustainability
- Radar, sonar and navigation
- Semiconductor technology
- Signal processing
- Speech and audio processing and translation
- Wireless communications
- Errata
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, page: 1298 –1298
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.2699
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, page: 1298 –1298
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.2700
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, page: 1299 –1299
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.2702
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in brief
interview
inside view
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- Author(s): Jing-Yi Zhang ; Fan Zhang ; Wen-Peng Tian ; Yong-Lun Luo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1301 –1302
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1327
- Type: Article
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A novel asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna working in the ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency band with a shared radiator is discussed. The proposed antenna is composed of a radiator which is shared by two antenna elements in order to achieve a very compact size of 26 × 26 mm2. By etching an I-shaped slot in the radiator and attaching a rectangular patch on the back, the operating bandwidth is broadened and a high isolation between the two antenna elements is realised. The stub from the ground also has a great effect on the return loss and isolation. The measured results show that the working frequency band of the MIMO antenna covers 3.1–10.6 GHz with an isolation of more than 15 dB. Furthermore, the simple feeding structure and compact size could enable the proposed antenna to be used in portable devices.
- Author(s): Qiang Li ; Wei Wang ; Dingjie Xu ; Xianpeng Wang ; Zifa Han
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1302 –1304
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0968
- Type: Article
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To form a beam toward the direction of a desired signal against steering vector mismatch, proposed is a robust beamformer based on magnitude response constraint and steering vector correction. First, the direction of the desired signal is restricted in a possible angular sector. An initial antenna array weight is obtained by adding a magnitude response constraint. Then, the presumed steering vector can be corrected iteratively based on a new objective function and constraint condition. Finally, an optimal weight and corrected steering vector can be obtained at the same time when the iterative process is accomplished. It is shown that both the mean square error of the corrected steering vector and the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio of the proposed method outperform traditional beamformers.
- Author(s): Yu-Jen Chou ; Guo-Sheng Lin ; Jun-Fu Chen ; Lih-Shan Chen ; Mau-Phon Houng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1304 –1306
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1839
- Type: Article
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A novel compact multiband planar antenna fed by a microstrip line structure is presented. The proposed antenna is developed for wireless communication applications of the global system for mobile (GSM) communication and long-term evolution (LTE) in different service bands of 900, 1800, 1900, 2300, and 2500 MHz. The antenna has five bands, and the structure is a combination of a monopole antenna and a coupled ground line fabricated on an FR4 substrate. The proposed antenna can be embedded in mobile phones for GSM and LTE applications. The measured peak gains are ∼2.12 and 3.82 dBi for the GSM and LTE bands, respectively.
- Author(s): Y. Li ; R. Torah ; S. Beeby ; J. Tudor
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1306 –1308
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4156
- Type: Article
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A novel technique of direct-write dispenser printing on fabrics is introduced which is applied to realise a dipole antenna for wearable electronic applications. The challenge of digitally printing a conductive layer of <20 µm thickness on polyester cotton, which has a surface roughness of the order of 150 µm, is met using only direct-write dispenser printing. An interface paste, which was originally developed for screen printing, is dispenser printed in selected areas of the fabric to smooth its surface before printing the conductive layer on top of it. Neither screen nor photolithographic masks are needed for any deposition stage, so dispenser printing offers a direct-write technique for electronic functions on fabrics. Fully dispenser printed dipole antennas have been fabricated on standard polyester cotton fabrics and the measured results from a vector network analyser are discussed.
- Author(s): H. Shakhtour and D. Heberling
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1308 –1310
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1919
- Type: Article
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A quick review of the planar phaseless near-field antenna measurement technique is presented and some interesting aspects related to the size of the mask used at the aperture of the antenna under test (AUT) are pointed out. It is shown simulatively and experimentally that due to the edge fields the AUT aperture's mask needs to be larger than the physical aperture of the AUT to achieve better accuracy. In addition, the misalignment of the setup has a big impact on the achieved far-field accuracy. This is emphasised experimentally.
- Author(s): B. Majumder ; K. Kandasamy ; J. Mukherjee ; K.P. Ray
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1310 –1312
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1998
- Type: Article
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A simple novel compact wideband directive metasurface (MS) enabled antenna is proposed. Two same dimensions of edge fed slots are used to excite the MS layer which is made of a periodic arrangement of a rectangular loop-based unit cell. An optimised resonant slot fed at the edge with a simple micro-strip line together with the epsilon very large MS layer exhibits wideband behaviour. The antenna yields a bandwidth from 5.89 to 6.6 GHz for a voltage standing wave ratio < 2 (12%) compared with a measured fractional bandwidth of 14%. A maximum broadside directivity of 10.5 dBi has been achieved. Simulated efficiency is more than 87%. The measurements characteristics of this antenna are in agreement with simulated results.
ACS-fed UWB-MIMO antenna with shared radiator
Robust beamformer based on magnitude response constraint and steering vector correction
Design of GSM/LTE multiband application for mobile phone antennas
Fully direct-write dispenser printed dipole antenna on woven polyester cotton fabric for wearable electronics applications
Phaseless planar near-field antenna measurements: some aspects of aperture's mask and alignment error
Wideband compact directive metasurface enabled pair of slot antennas
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- Author(s): J. Smith ; E. Bawolek ; Y.K. Lee ; B. O'Brien ; M. Marrs ; E. Howard ; M. Strnad ; J. Blain Christen ; M. Goryll
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1312 –1314
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1497
- Type: Article
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How the application of commercial (thin film) flat panel display technology, used in the production of flexible displays and flexible digital X-ray detectors, can also be applied to reduce the manufacturing cost of wearable biomedical devices, as well as potentially improve their diagnostic functionality, is explored. As a technology platform to evaluate the presented new concept, a prototype photoplethysmograph biosensor using a flexible organic light-emitting diode display and pin photodiode (thin film) sensor technology for optical heart rate monitoring is developed.
- Author(s): Seonghun Kang and Chang Won Jung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1314 –1316
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.2105
- Type: Article
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A wearable fabric antenna on the upper arm is presented for on-body applications in the MedRadio band. The antenna was manufactured on a fabric substrate and operated at the Medical Device Radio Communications Service band (MedRadio band: 401–406 MHz). The antenna was designed to steer the beam directions. The use of two artificial switches enables a beam-steering capability. The dimensions of the proposed antenna are 50 × 20.5 × 0.66 mm3 (676.5 mm3), and it utilises a fabric substrate (εr = 1.92, tan δ = 0.023). A one-layer skin model (εr = 46.74, σ = 0.69 S/m) is adopted for antenna simulation and measurement.
Application of flexible flat panel display technology to wearable biomedical devices
Wearable fabric antenna on upper arm for MedRadio band applications with reconfigurable beam capability
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- Author(s): A. Boni ; M. Tonelli ; A. Magnanini ; M. Caselli
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1316 –1318
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1813
- Type: Article
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The voltage signal at the output of the power device driving the ignition coil or the fuel injector of a car engine is often required to be detected and processed for control and diagnostic purposes. Providing this kind of signals to an integrated circuit raises several design and reliability issues due to the presence of voltage peaks of several hundred volts. The design and implementation of an integrated detection and overvoltage protection circuit is presented. A prototype chip was implemented in a 350 nm CMOS technology without a thick-oxide option. The measured performance over the −40 to +125°C temperature range is in good agreement with the simulation results.
- Author(s): M. Lorenz ; J. Becker ; M. Ortmanns
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1318 –1320
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0651
- Type: Article
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A mathematically simple hybrid of the unscented Kalman filter and the genetic algorithm (GA) is presented and applied to the non-ideality estimation in sigma–delta modulators. Parameter estimation is a complicated task, especially if a system must be observed continuously and its internal states have to be tracked in addition. A GA is a low-cost method to find an optimal parameter set but if the system is vastly changing, it cannot be applied. In contrast, the basic Kalman filter is an effective state estimator but cannot be used to estimate parameters of a system without complex mathematical extensions. A combination of both techniques can be beneficial to enable fast and especially low-cost on-chip estimation procedures.
- Author(s): Yuhwan Ro ; Eojin Lee ; Jung ho Ahn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1320 –1322
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1431
- Type: Article
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Phase change memory (PCM) is a promising candidate for the main memory of future computer systems due to its merits such as high capacity and low standby power. However, its poor write performance is a critical issue for it to be fully adopted as main memory devices. Owing to high write power consumption and high write latency, the PCM's write throughput is severely limited under chip power restriction. A write throughput improvement technique called reset-in-set is proposed, which enables the PCM to concurrently execute more write requests by reducing the peak power of multi-bit writes. The peak write power reduction is achieved by delaying short ‘0’ writes until the lowest power region of long ‘1’ writes. This technique decreases average write latency substantially and simulation results show that reset-in-set increases system performance by up to 44%, with negligible implementation overhead.
Fully integrated CMOS overvoltage protection circuit for automotive applications
Hybrid of unscented Kalman filter and genetic algorithm for state and parameter estimation in sigma–delta modulators
Reset-in-set: improving PCM write throughput by reducing the peak power of multi-bit writes
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- Author(s): Seung-Tae Kim and Oh-Kyong Kwon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1322 –1324
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0669
- Type: Article
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A small-area digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) using an adaptive body bias scheme is proposed for active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) data driver ICs. The proposed scheme adjusts the body bias applied to the P-type (PMOS) decoder according to the average picture level (APL) and maintains a low on-resistance of the PMOS decoder at a high APL. This enables reduction of the DAC area by realising the upper-half decoder using only PMOS switches, unlike conventional DACs which use both PMOS and N-type switches. A 20-channel data driver IC is fabricated using a 0.18 µm HVCMOS technology with 1.8 V/18 V devices. The proposed DAC occupies 33% less area than the conventional DAC and the measured differential nonlinearity and integral nonlinearity are +0.09/−0.1 and +0.36/−0.47 LSB, respectively.
- Author(s): J.W. Kim and B.H. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1324 –1326
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0677
- Type: Article
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A new Gaussian mixture model (GMM) estimation technique is presented for three-dimensional (3D) spatial representation. The GMM generated by the proposed technique is compact with bounded information loss as a result of using robust estimators and the Kullback-Leibler divergence-based Gaussian mixture reduction method. In addition, the proposed technique is not only robust to outliers, but quite close to invariant under similarity transformation. Experiments have demonstrate that the compactness and the consistency of the GMM are improved compared with existing 3D spatial representation models.
- Author(s): K.J. Kim ; J.H. Kim ; S.W. Nam
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1326 –1328
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0143
- Type: Article
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A closed-form design of a two-dimensional (2D) finite impulse response (FIR) filter with circular, rectangular, fan or quadrant-fan shapes in the passband region is presented. The computationally efficient 2D FIR filter can be implemented using frequency transformation and sampling-kernel-based interpolation instead of an optimisation algorithm. When compared with the existing method, the proposed method reduces 90% of multiplications for filtering. Several design examples are demonstrated to verify the performance of the proposed design.
Small-area DAC using adaptive body bias scheme for AMOLED data driver ICs
Compact and information loss-bounded estimation of Gaussian mixture model for 3D spatial representation
Design of computationally efficient 2D FIR filters using sampling-kernel-based interpolation and frequency transformation
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- Author(s): A. Emran ; M. Elsabrouty ; O. Muta ; H. Furukawa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1328 –1329
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.2132
- Type: Article
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An ACK based partial random selection (ACK-PRS) encoding algorithm for the uplink distributed low-density parity check network code of the generalised adaptive network coded cooperation is proposed. The proposed algorithm achieves good error correction performance and high system throughput, while maintaining the low complexity of the random selection algorithm. This good performance is achieved by a minor increase in the down link signalling. Simulation results for 5 and 20 uplink users verify the good performance of the proposed ACK-PRS.
- Author(s): Jian Xie ; Haihong Tao ; Xuan Rao ; Jia Su
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1330 –1331
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0454
- Type: Article
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A novel real-valued near-field localisation algorithm for non-circular sources is proposed using the uniform linear array. On the basis of non-circularity of signals, an extended real-valued covariance matrix is constructed. Then, utilising the symmetric property of the extended array manifold, the direction of arrival and range parameters are obtained by two one-dimensional rank reduction estimators. The proposed algorithm is efficient in that it only requires second-order statistics (SOS) and real-valued computations. Moreover, it can improve the estimation accuracy and resolve more sources than the conventional SOS-based methods.
- Author(s): O.O. Ogundile ; Y.O. Genga ; D.J.J. Versfeld
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1332 –1333
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1932
- Type: Article
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A symbol level iterative soft decision (SD) algorithm for Reed-Solomon codes based on parity-check equations is developed. This is achieved by transforming the systematic parity-check matrix according to some rules. The rules are based on the soft reliability information matrix derived from the received vector. The symbol error rate performance of the resulting algorithm is documented through computer simulation and compared with the hard decision Berlekamp-Massey (B-M) algorithm, and the Koetter and Vardy-Guruswami and Sudan (KV-GS) algorithm. The result verifies that the iterative (SD) algorithm outperforms the KV-GS and B-M algorithms by a significant margin while maintaining a reasonable decoding time complexity level.
- Author(s): Guobin Chang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1334 –1335
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1169
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The Wahba's problem is widely recognised as a least-square problem in three-axis attitude estimation from vector measurements. However, both the observation and the reference vectors can be corrupted by errors, so a total least-square problem considering both errors should be formulated to be rigorous. It is found that for errors with heteroscedastic and isotropic covariance structures, the total least-square problem degenerates to be the Wahba's problem. A method for solving this problem is presented. Errors corrupting both observation and reference vectors can be equivalent to pseudo errors corrupting only observation vectors in the case of isotropic covariance structures, so the Wahba's problem can also be formulated as a least-square problem adjusting these pseudo errors in a somewhat simpler manner.
ACK based partial random selection encoding for uplink distributed LDPC network codes
Real-valued localisation algorithm for near-field non-circular sources
Symbol level iterative soft decision decoder for Reed-Solomon codes based on parity-check equations
Total least-squares formulation of Wahba's problem
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- Author(s): Zhijiang Dai ; Songbai He ; Jingzhou Pang ; Chaoyi Huang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1336 –1337
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0830
- Type: Article
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A semi-analytic method is presented for dual-band power amplifier design. A commensurate transmission line is applied to reduce the number of independent variables in a given topology so that the optimisation algorithm would be more robust to handle it. At the same time, it could be described as a rational function. To pursue a good performance at the two bands, continuous mode is also considered for controlling the harmonics. The impedance of the lower band is controlled up to the third harmonic, while that of the upper band is up to the second harmonic. The efficiency of the dual band is, respectively, 69.4 and 70.7%, and the corresponding output power is 41.7 and 41.5 dBm at 2.4 and 3.45 GHz, respectively.
- Author(s): Jiao Li ; Chen Ding ; Feng Wei ; Xiao Wei Shi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1338 –1339
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0449
- Type: Article
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A compact ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) with a notch band based on a slow-wave half-mode substrate-integrated waveguide (SW-HMSIW) is proposed. The proposed SW-HMSIW is believed to be the first ever reported. Similar to the slow-wave substrate-integrated waveguide (SW-SIW), SW-HMSIWs can achieve highpass characteristics, while the lateral width is reduced by about 50%. To obtain the UWB response, three spiral compact microstrip resonant cells are etched on the SW-HMSIW as a lowpass filter. Moreover, a short-circuited quarter wavelength L-type resonator is used to achieve a notch band. To validate the design theory, a compact UWB BPF is designed and fabricated. The simulated results are compared with the measured results, and good agreement is reported.
- Author(s): N. Dolatsha ; N. Saiz ; A. Arbabian
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1339 –1341
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.2306
- Type: Article
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A millimetre-wave interconnect on a very low-cost plastic waveguide is proposed for applications in terabit per second wireline links. Simultaneous utilisation of the two fundamental and polarisation-orthogonal degenerate E x 11 and E y 11 waveguide modes doubles the capacity of a single line without sacrificing robustness or adding implementation cost and complexity. A prototype of the structure has been fabricated in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) fed with dipole/slot coupling structures on Rogers RO6006, and operates at frequencies of about 75 GHz with an aggregate 3 dB bandwidth exceeding 60 GHz.
- Author(s): Jiabin Yan ; Xiaoping Liao ; Zhenxiang Yi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1341 –1343
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1665
- Type: Article
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A high dynamic range microwave power sensor compatible with the gallium arsenide monolithic microwave integrated circuit process is presented. The power sensor consists of a thermoelectric power sensor and a capacitive power sensor for low and high power detection, respectively. To improve the dynamic range and optimise the impedance matching characteristic, the curled cantilever beam is utilised and the slot width of the coplanar waveguide transmission line is modified. The measured return loss is lower than –25.5 dB at 8–12 GHz. The output of the power sensor shows good linearity with the incident radio frequency power. For the incident power from 0.1 to 100 mW, the obtained sensitivities by a thermoelectric power sensor are about 0.0842, 0.0752 and 0.0701 mV/mW at 8, 10 and 12 GHz, respectively. For the incident power from 100 to 400 mW, the measured sensitivities by the capacitive power senor are about 0.0400, 0.0301 and 0.199 fF/mW at 8, 10 and 12 GHz, respectively.
- Author(s): Shuai Liu ; Jun Xu ; Zhitao Xu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1343 –1345
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0721
- Type: Article
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A novel lowpass filter (LPF) with a sharp roll-off and a wide stopband is presented. The proposed LPF is based on a dual-plane structure with an interdigital shape defected ground structure (DGS). The DGS exhibits a sharp roll-off and three transmission zeros. By tuning the length of the fingers, the resonant frequency can be easily changed. Based on the proposed DGS, a LPF has been designed, fabricated and measured. The transition band is from 3.11 (f c) to 3.23 GHz with −3.02 and −22.5 dB, respectively. The stopband with rejection better than 25 dB can be extended to 3.4 f c.
- Author(s): K. Schmalz ; J. Borngräber ; W. Debski ; P. Neumaier ; R. Wang ; D. Kissinger ; H.-W. Hübers
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1345 –1347
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1274
- Type: Article
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A 500 GHz system for gas spectroscopy is presented, which includes an SiGe 4 × 1 transmitter (TX)-array, an SiGe subharmonic receiver (RX) and a 1.9 m-long gas absorption cell. The 120 GHz local oscillators (LOs) of the TX-array and RX are controlled by two external phase-locked loops (PLLs), whose reference frequencies are swept. The TX involves a frequency quadrupler. The RX uses a frequency doubler for the 120 GHz LO frequency, which is connected to a subharmonic transconductance mixer. The absorption spectrum of a gaseous mixture of methanol and acetonitrile is measured from 495 to 497 GHz.
Semi-analytic design method for dual-band power amplifiers
Compact UWB BPF with notch band based on SW-HMSIW
Fully packaged millimetre-wave dielectric waveguide with multimodal excitation
High dynamic range microwave power sensor with thermopile and curled cantilever beam
Sharp roll-off lowpass filter using interdigital DGS slot
Tunable 500 GHz sensor system in SiGe technology for gas spectroscopy
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- Author(s): Y. Abe ; K. Shikama ; H. Ono ; S. Yanagi ; T. Takahashi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1347 –1348
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1330
- Type: Article
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A fan-in/fan-out device using small-diameter fibres for 12-core single-mode multicore fibre, which realises a hexagonal closely packed fibre arrangement by employing v-groove substrates and a low insertion loss is demonstrated.
Fan-in/fan-out device employing v-groove substrate for multicore fibre
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- Author(s): Chao Yin ; Jie Wei ; Kun Zhou ; Xiaorong Luo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1348 –1350
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1493
- Type: Article
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A novel integratable metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with a trench source (TS) and a trench gate (TG) (TS–TG MOSFET) is proposed. The TS and TG cause a strong assistant depletion effect and thus dramatically increase the N-drift doping concentration (N d). Moreover, an accumulation layer beside the TG is formed and offers a continuous low-resistance path in the on-state. Therefore, the novel MOSFET effectively reduces specific on-resistance (R on,sp). The TS–TG MOSFET not only has the merits of low R on,sp and the easy parallel connection of vertical double-diffused MOS, but also possesses the advantage of ease of integration like the LDMOS. The breakdown voltage (BV) of 61 V and the R on,sp of 0.133 mΩ cm2 are obtained for the TS–TG MOSFET, with a significant optimised trade-off between R on,sp and BV.
- Author(s): M. Aqeeli ; T. Leng ; X. Huang ; J.C. Chen ; K.H. Chang ; A. Alburaikan ; Z. Hu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1350 –1352
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.2299
- Type: Article
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The potential of highly flexible and conductive graphene laminate is extended to the application of electromagnetic interference shielding. Graphene nanoflake-based conductive ink is printed on paper, and compressed to form a graphene laminate with a conductivity of 0.43 × 105 S/m. The shielding effectiveness is experimentally measured to be above 32 dB between 12 and 18 GHz, even though the thickness of the graphene laminate is only 7.7 µm. It is demonstrated that graphene has great potential in offering lightweight, low-cost, flexible and environmentally-friendly shielding materials.
Integratable trench MOSFET with ultra-low specific on-resistance
Electromagnetic interference shielding based on highly flexible and conductive graphene laminate
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- Author(s): O. Brox ; J. Fricke ; A. Klehr ; A. Maaßdorf ; M. Matalla ; H. Wenzel ; G. Erbert
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1352 –1354
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.2030
- Type: Article
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A small footprint diode laser array of 24 individually addressable distributed Bragg reflector lasers is presented. Third-order gratings etched into the surface of an AlGaAs vertical waveguide structure act as Bragg reflectors. The ridge waveguides have an 87 µm-wide spacing and the emission wavelengths are spread on a 0.5 nm-wide grid around a centre wavelength of 905 nm. All 24 lasers on the array emit single mode with side mode suppression ratios > 50 dB and output powers >17 mW at 40 mA pump current.
- Author(s): N.V. Kryzhanovskaya ; E.I. Moiseev ; Yu. V. Kudashova ; F.I. Zubov ; A.A. Lipovskii ; M.M. Kulagina ; S.I. Troshkov ; Yu. M. Zadiranov ; D.A. Livshits ; M.V. Maximov ; A.E. Zhukov
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1354 –1355
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.2325
- Type: Article
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A 31 µm in diameter microdisk laser with an InAs/InGaAs quantum dot active region has been tested in the continuous-wave regime at elevated temperatures. Lasing is achieved up to 100°C with a threshold current of 13.8 mA. The emission spectrum demonstrates single-mode lasing at 1304 nm with a side mode suppression ratio of 24 dB and a dominant mode linewidth of 35 pm.
- Author(s): Yu Dong ; Jianxing Xu ; Guanglong Wang ; Haiqiao Ni ; Kangming Pei ; Jianhui Chen ; Fengqi Gao ; Baochen Li ; Zhichuan Niu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1355 –1357
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1041
- Type: Article
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Resonant tunnelling diode photodetectors with a 600 nm In0.53Ga0.47As absorption layer were fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy. The current–voltage characteristics of devices with different mesa diameters were tested and the negative differential resistance was observed in all devices. The responsivity of the detector was measured to be 4.19 × 105 A/W at 77 K and 1.92 × 104 A/W at room temperature under incident light with a power of 3.1 nW.
- Author(s): N. Krauß ; M. Haas ; S. Winnerl ; M. Helm ; T. Dekorsy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1357 –1359
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.2351
- Type: Article
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The use of beam interference in combination with a large-area photoconductive emitter for the generation of pulsed terahertz (THz) radiation is presented. An interference pattern with a period twice that of the THz emitter is generated with a transmission phase grating, placed directly in front of the photoconductive emitter. This way, efficient THz generation is achieved with a single metallisation layer and a single lithography step in the fabrication technology of the THz emitter.
24-wavelength distributed Bragg reflector laser array with surface gratings
Continuous-wave lasing at 100°C in 1.3 µm quantum dot microdisk diode laser
Resonant tunnelling diode photodetector operating at near-infrared wavelengths with high responsivity
Terahertz emission based on large-area photoconductive emitters illuminated via beam interference
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- Author(s): C.L. Kok and L. Siek
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1359 –1361
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0323
- Type: Article
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A hybrid control system is introduced which can simultaneously optimise dead time and reverse inductor current with both the proposed switched capacitor delay dead time controller and the unbalanced input pair zero current detector (UIP-ZCD). Furthermore, the total silicon chip area of the hybrid control system occupies an area of 1.44 mm2. The estimated power efficiency is 95.8%, taking into account the losses due to wire bonding, package leads and PCB traces. The V IN_BUCK is 2.8–3.3 V, being regulated to a V OUT value of 1.8 V while driving 5–30 mA of load current. The proposed UIP-ZCD is implemented in the buck converter which minimises the duration of reverse inductor current to be <1 ns.
Unbalanced input pair zero current detector for DC–DC buck converter
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- Author(s): Do-Sik Yoo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1361 –1363
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0484
- Type: Article
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Recently, various subspace-based direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms have been proposed that do not require the computationally expensive eigen-decomposition or singular value decomposition process. In particular, a recently proposed algorithm based on the cross-correlation matrix between data vectors collected by the component uniform linear arrays (ULAs) of an L-shaped array is reported as providing the best performance with the least complexity among such algorithms. Proposed is an algorithm based on the autocorrelation matrix of the data vector collected by a single ULA and methods are proposed to further improve performance with a minimal increased in complexity.
- Author(s): Xiao-Fan Ai ; Yong-Jiang Luo ; Guo-Qing Zhao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1363 –1364
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1994
- Type: Article
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The performance of high-frequency wave over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) is affected by transient interference. Transient interference suppression results in the integrity of the target signal. Without suppressing on clutter before interference excision, a robust principal component analysis is applied to separate clutter and the target signal, and the target signal is recovered simultaneously. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Subspace-based DOA estimation with sliding signal-vector construction for ULA
Transient interference excision and signal recovery in OTHR using robust principal component analysis
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- Author(s): O. Moldovan ; F. Lime ; S. Barraud ; B. Smaani ; S. Latreche ; B. Iñiguez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1364 –1366
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1475
- Type: Article
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A simple analytical model for the computation of the drain current in a new type of transistor is presented, the variable barrier transistor (VBT). A good agreement between the results and experimental data, from two different VBTs, proves the accuracy of this model. The experimental measurements show that the I ON/I OFF ratio of this device can be improved, as compared with the classical transistor. The model correctly reproduces these results.
- Author(s): P.D. Christy ; Y. Katayama ; A. Wakejima ; T. Egawa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1366 –1368
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1395
- Type: Article
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A high current gain cutoff frequency (fT ) of 90 GHz and a peak maximum oscillation frequency (f MAX) as high as 150 GHz are reported for a rectangular-shaped gate AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) on a high resistive silicon (HR-Si) substrate. The combined high fT /f MAX values for 100 nm unpassivated gate device demonstrate the high-quality heterostructure on silicon substrate. The reported high-performance RF device characteristics are comparable and even superior to the existing passivated AlGaN/GaN HEMTs of similar gate length. In addition, good DC characteristics have been recorded with the drain current density and an extrinsic transconductance of 0.6 A/mm and 157 mS/mm, respectively.
Experimentally verified drain-current model for variable barrier transistor
High fT and f MAX for 100 nm unpassivated rectangular gate AlGaN/GaN HEMT on high resistive silicon (111) substrate
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- Author(s): I.S. Tawfic and S. Koç Kayhan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1368 –1370
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0222
- Type: Article
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A least support denoising-orthogonal matching pursuit (LSD-OMP) algorithm to reconstruct the sparse signal using less number of iterations from noisy measurements is presented. The algorithm achieves correct support recovery without requiring sparsity knowledge. An improved restricted isometry property-based condition is derived over the best-known results. Experimental results demonstrate that the LSD-OMP achieves good performance on recovering sparse signals, outperforming the latest state-of-the art method in terms of reconstructed signal-to-noise ratio and running time.
Strong recovery conditions for least support orthogonal matching pursuit in noisy case
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- Author(s): A.K. Maan ; A.P. James ; S. Dimitrijev
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1370 –1372
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1428
- Type: Article
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A memristor-based pattern-matching circuit for realising a hardware oriented approach to isolated speech word recognition is introduced. As distinct from algorithmic solutions, the approach takes advantage of the memristor to memorise and match speech templates in a fast, parallel, low-power and scalable architecture. When tested for isolated word recognition by simulations on the benchmark (TIMIT) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology database, recognition accuracies of 94.5% on clean words and 88% on words with a SNR of 5 dB were achieved.
Memristor pattern recogniser: isolated speech word recognition
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- Author(s): Li-Jie Xu ; Gang Zhang ; Yi-Ming Tang ; Ya-Ming Bo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1372 –1374
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1913
- Type: Article
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A compact dual-mode dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) for WLAN applications is presented. On the basis of a primary passband formed by a ring resonator, a second passband is introduced by taking advantage of its tightly coupled input and output structures. Therefore, a dual-band performance is achieved without increasing the overall circuit size. Shorting vias and spurlines are adopted separately to realise the dual-mode excitation of each passband. Finally, a compact dual-mode BPF centred at 2.4 and 5.2 GHz is designed and fabricated, along with four transmission zeros, leading to sharp skirts and a wide stopband. Experimental results reveal good agreement with simulation results.
- Author(s): Y. Ding ; J. Zhang ; V. Fusco
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1374 –1376
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1491
- Type: Article
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In this reported work, the frequency diverse array concept is employed to construct an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) transmitter that has the capability of securing wireless communication in free space directly in the physical-layer without the need for mathematical encryption. The characteristics of the proposed scheme in terms of its secrecy performance are validated via bit error rate simulation under both high and low signal to noise ratio scenarios using the IEEE 802.11 OFDM physical-layer specification.
- Author(s): A.C.M. Austin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1376 –1378
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1093
- Type: Article
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A three-dimensional implementation of the finite-difference time-domain method is used to estimate the down-link outage probability of a direct-sequence code division multiple access system operating in a multi-storey office building in the presence of co-channel interference. The numerical analysis is supported by experimental measurements and good agreement is found for the outage probability. Both simulation and measured results indicate that vertically aligned co-channel base stations have lower outage than a vertically staggered configuration, which is explained by examining the correlation between the desired and interfering signals.
- Author(s): J. Ghosh and S. Dhar Roy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1378 –1380
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0171
- Type: Article
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The network coverage and energy efficiency issues in heterogeneous cognitive-femtocell networks over the macrocell network is studied. Cognitive functions in wireless network nodes are serviceable with the macrocell infrastructure to achieve a balance between two desirable but incompatible features: coverage and energy efficiency. There are two basic but related aspects of cognitive radios (CRs) in the context of wireless communications: optimum CRs for energy efficiency and the act of the functioning of CRs with energy efficiency. To fully utilise the cognitive capability, a dual-tier network architecture is assumed where both the macrocell and the femtocell have a bearing on the cognitive capability. Owing to the salient features of femtocells, they can improve the coverage and enhance the spectrum efficiency by reutilising the frequency spectrum allocated to the macrocell, although, the resulting intercell interference accompanied by the same frequency coverage cannot be underestimated. The effectiveness of the scheme is verified by extensive Matlab simulation.
- Author(s): Y. Zhuang ; Y. Li ; H. Lan ; Z. Syed ; N. El-Sheimy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, p. 1380 –1382
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.1724
- Type: Article
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The locations of WiFi access points (APs) are important for WiFi positioning, especially when a propagation model is used. The parameters for the propagation model, such as the pathloss exponent and noise variance, usually are not available when localising APs in a new environment. A crowdsourcing-based prototype system is introduced that automatically generates WiFi databases using the uploaded data during normal usage of smartphones. In this system, the adjustment algorithm is originally used for the estimation of AP localisation and propagation parameters. Preliminary experiments show that the average AP localisation error of the prototype system is about 4.0 m in a typical indoor environment with considerably reduced time and labour costs compared with traditional methods.
Compact dual-mode dual-band bandpass filter with wide stopband for WLAN applications
Frequency diverse array OFDM transmitter for secure wireless communication
Performance estimation for indoor wireless systems using FDTD method
Qualitative analysis for coverage probability and energy efficiency in cognitive-femtocell networks under macrocell infrastructure
Smartphone-based WiFi access point localisation and propagation parameter estimation using crowdsourcing
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 17, page: 1382 –1382
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.2510
- Type: Article
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Erratum: ’Laser beam machined free-standing terahertz metamaterials’
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