Electronics Letters
Volume 50, Issue 1, 02 January 2014
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Volume 50, Issue 1
02 January 2014
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, page: 2 –2
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.4010
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, page: 2 –2
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.4008
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, page: 3 –3
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.4009
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, page: 4 –4
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.4007
- Type: Article
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editorial
in brief
50 Years of Electronics Letters
inside view
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- Author(s): G. Carluccio ; A. Mazzinghi ; A. Freni
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 16 –17
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2701
- Type: Article
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A novel solution for the manufacture of a reflectarray antenna is presented. The unit cell simply consists of dielectric foam inserted between two thick metallic plates. The plate illuminated by the feeder is a 0.5 mm-thick stainless steel sheet into which the C and the reverse C slots are laser cut. This solution allows one to obtain an efficient, robust and compact antenna with low-cost manufacturing process even for no mass production. Preliminary measurements show the feasibility of the proposed solution and its performances.
- Author(s): A. Michel ; R. Caso ; A. Buffi ; P. Nepa ; G. Isola
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 17 –18
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3099
- Type: Article
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An array of 2 × 2 travelling wave antennas (TWAs) is proposed for near-field RFID applications in the UHF band (865–928 MHz). Each array element is characterised by a meandered line based on coplanar waveguide technology. All the TWAs end on a matched load, which allows for non-stationary current and field distributions as well as a low far-field gain. Thus, strong and uniform fields within a confined volume above the antenna surface have been obtained, with a field maximisation in the antenna central area, where tagged items are supposed to lie on. The meander geometry allows exciting all-field components, making the tag detection almost independent of tag location and orientation when it lies on the antenna surface. Since TWAs are not resonating structures, the proposed antenna results are scalable, allowing for an easy integration in commercial readers with arbitrary sizes. In particular, a 275 × 135 × 10 mm3 antenna has been designed to fit a particular commercial desktop reader size. Measured tests on the antenna read range were carried out, showing a field distribution maximised in the broadside direction within 10 cm from the antenna surface.
- Author(s): A.M. Morishita ; C.K.Y. Kitamura ; A.T. Ohta ; W.A. Shiroma
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 19 –20
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2971
- Type: Article
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Liquid metal is used to tune the operational frequency of a monopole antenna by adjusting its length. The centre frequency can be continuously tuned over two octaves, 2.0–9.5 GHz, while maintaining a gain of ∼5.2 dBi.
Design of complementary reflectarray
Meandered TWAs array for near-field UHF RFID applications
Two-octave tunable liquid-metal monopole antenna
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- Author(s): K.A.S. Immink
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 20 –22
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3558
- Type: Article
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Coding schemes for storage channels, such as optical recording and non-volatile memory (Flash), with unknown gain and offset are presented. In its simplest case, the coding schemes guarantee that a symbol with a minimum value (floor) and a symbol with a maximum (ceiling) value are always present in a codeword so that the detection system can estimate the momentary gain and the offset. The results of the computer simulations show the performance of the new coding and detection methods in the presence of additive noise.
- Author(s): Liangbo Xie ; Guangjun Wen ; Jiaxin Liu ; Yao Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 22 –23
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2794
- Type: Article
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A novel low-energy hybrid capacitor switching scheme for a low-power successive approximation register (SAR) analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) is presented. The proposed switching scheme combines a new switch method and the monotonic technique. The new switch method can achieve no switching energy consumption in the first three comparison cycles. Furthermore, a low-energy monotonic procedure is performed for the rest of the comparisons. The average switching energy is reduced by 98.83% compared with the conventional architecture, resulting in the most energy-efficient switching scheme among the existing switching techniques. Besides the significant energy saving, the proposed switching scheme also achieves a 75% reduction of the capacitors over the conventional scheme.
- Author(s): N. Raj ; A.K. Singh ; A.K. Gupta
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 23 –25
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3600
- Type: Article
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A low-voltage, high-performance, self-biased, cascode bulk-driven current mirror is proposed. Using the bulk-driven technique together with quasi-floating gate metal-oxide semiconductor transistors improves the overall circuit performance. A small-signal analysis validates the advantage of such an approach over conventional bulk-driven circuits. The proposed circuit has four times smaller input resistance and extended bandwidth by about three times over the same configuration using the conventional bulk mechanism. The circuit is simulated on UMC 0.18 μm technology node with the help of HSpice.
Coding schemes for multi-level Flash memories that are intrinsically resistant against unknown gain and/or offset using reference symbols
Energy-efficient hybrid capacitor switching scheme for SAR ADC
Low-voltage bulk-driven self-biased cascode current mirror with bandwidth enhancement
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- Author(s): Miao Liu ; ShouGuang Wang ; Zhiwu Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 25 –27
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3095
- Type: Article
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As a structural object of Petri nets, the importance of strict minimal siphons (SMSs) is well recognised in the analysis and control of deadlocks for flexible manufacturing systems. For a class of Petri nets called systems of simple sequential processes with resources (S3PRs), the concepts of critical resource places and their related multi-way holder places are firstly proposed. Next, by analysing the structural properties of the critical resource places and their related loop resource subsets, sufficient conditions for loop resource subsets to derive SMSs are established. Finally, based on the proposed results, all SMSs can be obtained from their related loop resource subsets in an S3PR net.
Sufficient conditions for loop resource subsets to derive strict minimal siphons in class of Petri nets
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- Author(s): A. Hassan ; F. Riaz ; S. Rehman
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 27 –29
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2578
- Type: Article
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A novel rotation and scale invariant texture classification methodology is proposed based on distribution matching in higher dimensional space. Feature extraction is performed by using uniform local binary patterns (uLBPs) in which the rotation and scale changes in an image cause shifts in the underlying uLBP histograms. To compensate for these shifts at the classification layer, the distributions of training and testing data using kernel methods are estimated and means of the two distributions in the transformed domain using importance weights are matched. These calculated importance weights are used in the standard support vector machines to compensate for the shift in the distributions. The proposed method is used for classifying the images in the Brodatz texture database demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Rotation and scale invariant texture classification by compensating for distribution changes using covariate shift in uniform local binary patterns
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- Author(s): T. Temel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 29 –30
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3362
- Type: Article
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A single-step algorithm is presented to find the number of clusters in a dataset. An almost two-valued function called cluster-boundary indicator is introduced with the use of similarity-based information-theoretic sample entropy and probability descriptions. This function finds inter-cluster boundary samples for cluster availability in a single iteration. Experiments with synthetic and anonymous real datasets show that the new algorithm outperforms its major counterparts statistically in terms of time complexity and the number of clusters found successfully.
- Author(s): Lei Xu ; Yaping Li ; Zhen-min Tang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 30 –32
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2697
- Type: Article
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A resource allocation algorithm for the slow adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiple access system under channel uncertainty is considered. The optimisation objective maximises the long-term system throughput over subcarrier assignment and the constraint condition satisfies the short-term data rate requirements of individual users, except occasional outage. Such an objective has a natural chance-constrained programming formulation. To solve the chance-constrained optimisation, the neural network and the genetic algorithm (GA) are integrated to develop a hybrid GA (HGA) which could satisfy the user data rate requirement with the target outage probability. The simulation tests verify that the HGA yields a higher long-term system throughput than the Li algorithm with the Bernstein approximation.
- Author(s): M. Ambroze and M. Tomlinson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 32 –34
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3425
- Type: Article
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The performance is investigated of a combined error correction and detection decoder for BCH codes for which the generator polynomial g(x) has been augmented by a (1 + x) s term in order to make the informations bits an integral number of bytes. An ARQ retransmission scheme on an additive white Gaussian noise channel is assumed and a comparison with an FEC-only BCH code is given in terms of probability of error against E b/N 0. It is shown for a BCH (127, 106, 7) code that at high E b/N 0 the performance improvement is of three orders of magnitude at the cost of a small rate degradation. Goppa codes, whose length is an integral number of bytes, have also been investigated, producing similar results.
Finding number of clusters in single-step with similarity-based information-theoretic algorithm
Hybrid-genetic-algorithm-based resource allocation for slow adaptive OFDMA system under channel uncertainty
Performance of BCH codes with (1 + x) s error detection
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- Author(s): I. Flammia ; B. Khani ; S. Arafat ; A. Stöhr
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 34 –35
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3533
- Type: Article
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A novel transition from a grounded-coplanar waveguide to a substrate integrated-waveguide (SIW) is presented featuring a fully planar bias tee for the development of 60 GHz radio-over-fibre photonic transmitters for indoor applications. The transition is intended to serve as a connection between a 60 GHz photodiode chip and SIW antennas suitable for indoor data distribution. Simulations show that in the whole 57–64 GHz communication band, the return loss (RL) is at least 15 dB, whereas the insertion loss (IL), is < 0.9 dB. Measurements of a back-to-back configuration confirm the numerical results, with a IL of ∼2 dB and a RL > 12 dB.
- Author(s): Ziwen Tao ; Jianpeng Wang ; Yan Dou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 35 –37
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2899
- Type: Article
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A broadband microstrip-to-CPW transition is presented. In the proposed structure, the upper microstrip ring is vertically coupled to the central conductor of the lower circular CPW via electromagnetic coupling. To obtain a wide bandwidth of operation, a short-ended stub is introduced. The introduced short-ended stub combined with the open-ended microstrip ring constructs a quarter-wavelength resonator. A sample transition has been designed and measured. Experimental results indicate that over 129% bandwidth with better than 10 dB return loss and below 1.7 dB insertion loss can be obtained.
- Author(s): K. Dehghani ; G. Karimi ; A. Lalbakhsh ; S.V. Maki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 37 –39
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3144
- Type: Article
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A new type of lowpass filter with an ultra-wide stopband, sharp transition and compact size is proposed. To reduce the circuit size, a bended transmission line is adopted in the stepped impedance resonators. To achieve a sharp roll-off, a pendulum-shaped resonator is implemented in the filter. The transition band is from 1.30 to 1.45 GHz with −3 and −20 dB, respectively. The stopband with an attenuation level better than 20 dB is from 1.45 up to 23.4 GHz, hence an ultra-wide stopband with 18th-harmonic suppression is achieved. Furthermore, the proposed filter exhibits an extremely small size of 0.09λ g × 0.11λ g where λ g is the guided wavelength at the cutoff frequency.
- Author(s): W.-M. Chau ; K.-W. Hsu ; W.-H. Tu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 39 –40
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3264
- Type: Article
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A wide-stopband Wilkinson power divider with bandpass response and good isolation is presented. A 3-terminal, 2-pole bandpass filter and two 3-pole lowpass filters are used to replace the two quarter-wavelength transformer in a conventional Wilkinson power. The divider consists of two shorted-circuited half-wavelength stepped-impedance resonators and two 3-pole microstrip stepped-impedance lowpass filters. Thus, the divider achieves not only a bandpass response but also a very wide stopband. For the upper stopband performance, the rejection level is >10 dB up to 22.2 times the centre frequency.
60 GHz grounded-coplanar-waveguide-to-substrate-integrated-waveguide transition for RoF transmitters
Design of broadband microstrip-to-CPW transition
Design of lowpass filter using novel stepped impedance resonator
Wide-stopband Wilkinson power divider with bandpass response
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- Author(s): R. Safaisini ; E. Haglund ; P. Westbergh ; J.S. Gustavsson ; A. Larsson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 40 –42
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2774
- Type: Article
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Error-free data transmission over 1.3 and 2 km multimode fibre at 25 and 20 Gbit/s, respectively, is demonstrated using a high-speed, single-mode, 850 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with an integrated mode filter. This result represents a bitrate-distance product of 40 Gbit/s km, a new record for multimode fibre VCSEL-based interconnects.
20 Gbit/s data transmission over 2 km multimode fibre using 850 nm mode filter VCSEL
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- Author(s): Hang Li ; Yihua Tan ; YanSheng Li ; Jinwen Tian
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 42 –44
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3042
- Type: Article
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An image layering and confidence analysis based small target detection method in infrared image is proposed. First, a Huffman tree is used to refine the histogram curve, and the valleys of the refined curve are detected automatically. Then, the grey values of the detected valleys are recorded as the segmenting thresholds to stratify the original infrared image. After detecting small abnormal regions in each layer and defining them to be candidate targets, the candidate target set is composed of the candidate targets in all layers. Finally, the abnormality-based confidence of each candidate target is calculated and sorted. The candidate target with maximum confidence is considered as the real one. The experiments show that the proposed method performs robustly and efficiently.
- Author(s): R. Sethunadh and T. Thomas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 44 –45
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0971
- Type: Article
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A novel spatially adaptive despeckling algorithm is presented for a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image by taking into account the statistical interscale dependency of the directionlet transform (DT) coefficients. The DT is first computed along the dominant directions of the spatially segmented image. The signal and the noise coefficients are modelled using bivariate distributions which take into account the statistical dependence between the adjacent scale coefficients. The nonlinear threshold functions derived from the models employing a maximum a posteriori estimator are then used for estimating the noise-free coefficients. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms similar methods in terms of numerical and perceptual quality.
Image layering based small infrared target detection method
Spatially adaptive despeckling of SAR image using bivariate thresholding in directionlet domain
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- Author(s): M.J. Jahromi and M.H. Kahaei
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 45 –47
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2159
- Type: Article
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The two-dimensional iterative adaptive approach (2D IAA) algorithm which directly solves 2D sparse signal models is developed. Simulation results show that the 2D IAA achieves a much lower computational cost compared to its 1D version. Also, the 2D IAA has a better performance in sparse reconstruction compared to the spectral projected gradient for l 1-norm minimisation and smoothed L0 algorithms.
Two-dimensional iterative adaptive approach for sparse matrix solution
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- Author(s): V.A. Aalo ; K.P. Peppas ; G. Efthymoglou ; M. Alwakeel ; S. Alwakeel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 47 –49
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3231
- Type: Article
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The performance of a digital wireless network that operates in a Rayleigh fading environment in the presence of Gaussian noise and heavy-tailed impulsive interference that can be modelled by an α-stable process is investigated. Such wireless networks include ad hoc or cognitive radio networks that operate in an unbounded fading/shadowing environment with a Poisson interference field. For the system under consideration, a novel closed-form expression for the average bit error probability of digital modulation schemes, valid for any arbitrary real values of the characteristic exponent, α, is derived. The validity of the proposed formulation is attested through Monte Carlo simulation results.
- Author(s): S.H. Yang ; E.M. Jeong ; S.K. Han
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 49 –51
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2944
- Type: Article
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An indoor optical wireless positioning system using a differential of power received by tilted multiple optical receivers is proposed. The proposed system is based on gain difference by angle of arrival with a fixed single optical transmitter that is a white light-emitting diode. A demonstration shows that the proposed structure and algorithm estimates position successfully without requiring the characteristic information of the transmitter.
- Author(s): A. Politis ; C. S. Hilas ; A. D. Papatsoris
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, p. 51 –52
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3261
- Type: Article
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The efficiency of the no acknowledgment policy, as defined by the IEEE 802.11e amendment, is analysed and an improvement modification to this mechanism is proposed for WLANs supporting voice over internet protocol.
Evaluation of average bit error rate for wireless networks with alpha-stable interference
Indoor positioning based on received optical power difference by angle of arrival
Optimising no acknowledgment policy on WLANs supporting voice over internet protocol
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 1, page: 52 –52
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3976
- Type: Article
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Erratum: ‘Fusion of multi-aspect radar images via sparse non-negative matrix factorisation’
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