Electronics Letters
Volume 50, Issue 17, 14 August 2014
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Volume 50, Issue 17
14 August 2014
- Features
- Antennas and propagation
- Bioinspired technology
- Biomedical technology
- Circuits and systems
- Control engineering
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communications
- Microwave technology
- Optical communication
- Organic and inorganic circuits and devices
- Photonics
- Power electronics, energy conversion and sustainability
- Radar, sonar and navigation
- Wireless communications
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, page: 1176 –1176
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2792
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, page: 1176 –1176
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2789
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, page: 1177 –1177
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2797
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, page: 1178 –1178
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2798
- Type: Article
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in brief
interview
a fine tooth comb
straight to the heart
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- Author(s): T.K. Roshna ; U. Deepak ; V.R. Sajitha ; P. Mohanan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1181 –1182
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1884
- Type: Article
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A novel compact coplanar stripline (CPS)-fed antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) application is investigated. The proposed antenna consists of a staircase-shaped radiator together with a shorted strip. The prototype is designed on a substrate of dielectric constant 4.4, with an overall size of 25 × 7 × 1.6 mm3. The antenna offers a 2:1 voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) bandwidth from 3.1 to 11.4 GHz, with an average gain of 3 dBi and average radiation efficiency of 75% throughout the band. The measured group delay and transmission characteristics show that the proposed antenna is a good candidate for UWB communication systems.
- Author(s): Jinguang Hao ; Wenjiang Pei ; Yili Xia ; Kai Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1182 –1184
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1677
- Type: Article
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An algorithm for adaptive pulse signal shaping is proposed for the tag response signal with large fluctuations of radio frequency identification (RFID) tag test systems, which has not been addressed in the literature for the scenario. To verify the proposed algorithm, an experimental platform implemented with a field programmable gate array (FPGA) is set up based on National Instruments. The experimental results show that the algorithm is sufficient for correcting the RFID tag response pulse signal even for the signal with severe signal distortion.
- Author(s): S. Karamzadeh ; V. Rafii ; M. Kartal ; O.N. Ucan ; Bal S. Virdee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1184 –1186
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1147
- Type: Article
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A new configuration of a circularly polarised square slot antenna (CPSSA) array operating in C-band is presented. The array consists of 2 × 2 CPSSA elements and is fed by a novel feeding network consisting of the circuit stripline couplers and delay lines. The proposed feeding technique is applied to the 2 × 2 antenna array to increase the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. The measured impedance bandwidth for a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) <2 is around 78.5% (3.4–7.8 GHz), the 3 dB AR bandwidth is about 35.7% (4.6–6.6 GHz) and the antenna has an average 14.2 dBic gain over the 3 dB AR bandwidth. The measured results corroborate well with the simulated results.
- Author(s): H.-W. Son and C.-H. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1186 –1188
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1676
- Type: Article
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A planar loop antenna producing uniform magnetic fields horizontal to its plane is presented. The antenna consists of a pair of two-turn spiral coils that are sequentially excited. To prevent undesirable magnetic coupling between the coils, a novel coil-switching circuit is proposed, which is automatically operated using the interrogating signal from the reader. The antenna is suitable for a high-frequency radio frequency identification reader antenna installed under a chip tray to monitor gaming chips in a casino.
- Author(s): Young Ju Park ; Hyoung Jun Ham ; Hong Kyun Ryu ; Kyu Song Lee ; Jong Myung Woo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1188 –1190
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1920
- Type: Article
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A low-profile inverted-L antenna with one folding at 20−90 MHz bands for aircraft applications is presented. The designed antenna is installed on the top of the vertical stabiliser of an aircraft to increase the gain at 20 MHz using the ground edge current and to reduce air drag. The gain of the designed antenna is increased by 3 dB at 20 MHz, and the antenna length is reduced by 41% compared with the reference antenna, which is a folded monopole antenna coupled with a parasitic element. The measured 3 dB return loss bandwidth is 342.9 MHz (51.5%) and the peak gain at 200 MHz is −11.5 dBi for the 1/10 scaled sub-model. In addition, the omnidirectional radiation pattern was observed in the operating frequency.
Coplanar stripline-fed compact UWB antenna
Adaptive pulse signal shaping of tag response signal for RFID tag test system
Circularly polarised array antenna with cascade feed network for broadband application in C-band
Loop antenna producing uniform horizontal magnetic fields over plane for HF RFID applications
Low-profile inverted-L aircraft antenna with one folding using ground edge current
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- Author(s): T. Hindo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1190 –1191
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2039
- Type: Article
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A novel floating-gate synapse circuit is designed to update the weight in spike time dependent plasticity (STDP) system. The update of the weight is implemented through tunnelling and injection mechanisms using floating-gate metal–oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors. The importance of this circuit is for obtaining a storage mechanism for synaptic strength to implement the learning signal processing application on silicon. A novel floating-gate synapse circuit and a new integrate-and-fire neuron model are described to implement weight updating in a STDP system.
Weight updating floating-gate synapse
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- Author(s): P.R. Walsh ; P.A. Rodrigues ; J.J. Velasquez ; N. Waterman ; O.J. Escalona
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1192 –1193
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1872
- Type: Article
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An impedance compensated passive implantable atrial defibrillator is reported. The two-part system consists of a handheld lithium-ion powered base unit (external power transmitter) and a passive (battery free) implantable coil (power receiver), with integrated rectifilter and power control unit, electrocardiogram (ECG) and bioimpedance measurement circuits, data communications circuitry and atrial connection leads. The system is designed to operate in two distinct modes: cardiac sense mode (wake-up, measure the impedance of the cardiac substrate and communicate data to the external base unit) and shock mode (delivery of an ECG synchronised impedance compensated monophasic very low tilt rectilinear shock waveform). A prototype was implemented and tested. In the sense mode, up to 5 W of sustained DC power was delivered across a 2.5 cm air–skin barrier with approximately 40% DC-to-DC power transfer efficiency at a transmission frequency of 185 kHz achieved, thereby providing 15.9 VDC (320 mA) to the implant side for measurement and communication at 433 MHz with the base unit. In the shock delivery mode, >186.9 W (rectilinear monophasic shock pulse: 100 V, 1.9 A, 12 ms duration) was repeatedly and reliably delivered transcutaneously to a 50 Ω cardiac load. Further testing in ten porcine models verified the in vivo operation, with inter-catheter impedance variations of ±20.1% measured between successive defibrillation attempts.
Impedance compensated passive implantable atrial defibrillator
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- Author(s): Y. Li and Y. Lian
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1194 –1195
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1752
- Type: Article
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An improved split-capacitive-array digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) with an optimised segmentation degree (i.e. the number of bits in the most significant bit (MSB) sub-array) is proposed to reduce the area, the switching power consumption and improve the linearity compared to a conventional binary-weighted (CBW) capacitive-array DAC and a conventional binary-weighted split-capacitive-array with an attenuation capacitor (BWA) DAC. The presented analysis considers the area and the power dissipation from the DAC as well as the analogue-to-digital converter's (ADC's) dynamic performance to determine the optimum segmentation degree for the proposed split-capacitive-array DAC and the BWA DAC. Using the minimum matching requirement for the unit capacitor in a 12-bit CBW DAC, the proposed split-capacitive-array DAC with an MSB:LSB = 8:4 segmentation reduces the input capacitance by 2× and reduces the switching power by 15× compared to the 12-bit CBW DAC. It also improves the ADC's dynamic performance and reduces the switching power by 3.75× compared to the conventional 12-bit BWA DAC with an MSB:LSB = 10:2 segmentation.
- Author(s): A. Hati ; C.W. Nelson ; D.A. Howe
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1195 –1197
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2210
- Type: Article
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A new scheme for reducing the phase-modulated (PM) noise of an oscillator from correlation between amplitude-modulated (AM) and PM noise is presented. Experimental results of this correlation effect are also presented. An improvement of almost 10 dB in the PM noise is reported for frequency offsets with strong correlation.
Improved binary-weighted split-capacitive-array DAC for high-resolution SAR ADCs
Reducing oscillator PM noise from AM–PM noise correlation
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- Author(s): J.L. Bonniwell ; S.C. Schneider ; E.E. Yaz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1197 –1198
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1388
- Type: Article
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The resilience of discrete-time systems subject to minimum-time control is analysed for both deterministic and stochastic control gain perturbations. Lyapunov analysis is used to determine a tight upper bound on the control gain perturbations to maintain asymptotic stability.
Deterministic and stochastic resilience analysis of minimum-time-controlled discrete-time systems
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- Author(s): Qingxiang Feng ; Jeng-Shyang Pan ; Ivan Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1198 –1200
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2294
- Type: Article
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The sparse feature sphere centroid (SFSC) classifier for face recognition is proposed. SFSC is based on nearest feature plane (NFP), sparse representation classification (SRC) and nearest feature centres (NFC), and it contains two stages. In the first stage, the SFSC classifier computes the feature sphere centroid metric. Then, SFSC obtains the sparse coefficients by solving an L 1-norm minimisation problem and uses the sparse coefficients to calculate the weighted feature sphere centroid distance, which will be utilised for classification. Experiments on the Georgia Tech (GT) face database and AR face database were conducted to evaluate the proposed classifier. The experimental results show that the proposed classifier yields better recognition rate over competing classifiers such as NFC, NFP and SRC.
- Author(s): Tao Sun ; Hui Zhang ; Lizhi Cheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1200 –1202
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1335
- Type: Article
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Recovering sparse signals from a few linear measurements with sparse noise is attracting growing attention. Such a problem has appeared in a diverse set of fields such as super-resolution, image inpainting and face recognition. A new model for this problem on learning the sparsity of the signal is presented. A corresponding algorithm is also presented by combining the subgradient method and the hard thresholding pursuit strategy. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of the model and algorithm.
Face recognition using sparse feature sphere centroid classifier
Subgradient projection for sparse signal recovery with sparse noise
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- Author(s): J.S. Lemos-Neto and V.C. da Rocha Jr.
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1202 –1204
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.0296
- Type: Article
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A condition is proven on the roots of the generator polynomial of a q-ary cyclic code of block length n which guarantees full cyclic order for all nonzero codewords. For such cyclic codes having n = qm − 1, a theorem is proven which allows to partition the set of all nonzero codewords into cyclic equivalence classes of order n.
- Author(s): Hyun-Kyun Choi ; Jeong-Dan Choi ; Youn-Seon Jang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1204 –1205
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.0351
- Type: Article
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A model of the queue operation in a cyclic bandwidth allocation time division multiple access (TDMA) system is proposed and formulas to estimate the queuing delay from the model are derived. In the queue modelling, a cyclic bandwidth allocation algorithm is used, which allocates the bandwidth periodically for multiple access control. From the simplified numerical analysis, one can estimate intuitively the queuing delay in the cyclic bandwidth allocation TDMA system. It will be very useful in system design and implementation.
- Author(s): S.J. Herbert ; S.J. Murdoch ; E. Punskaya
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1205 –1207
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2136
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The expected cell latency for multi-hop M/D/1 queuing networks, where users choose nodes randomly according to some distribution, is derived. It is shown that the resulting optimisation surface is convex, and thus gradient-based methods can be used to find the optimal node assignment probabilities. This is applied to a typical snapshot of the Tor anonymity network at 50% usage, and leads to a reduction in expected cell latency from 11.7 ms using the original method of assigning node selection probabilities to 1.3 ms. It is also shown that even if the usage is not known exactly, the proposed method still leads to an improvement.
Cyclically permutable codes specified by roots of generator polynomial
Numerical analysis of queuing delay in cyclic bandwidth allocation TDMA system
Optimising node selection probabilities in multi-hop M/D/1 queuing networks to reduce latency of Tor
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- Author(s): Yang Lu ; Mengyi Cao ; Jiaxing Wei ; Bochao Zhao ; Xiaohua Ma ; Yue Hao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1207 –1209
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2092
- Type: Article
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A high-efficiency C-band internally matched power amplifier, developed with 12 mm AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors is described. The second-harmonic frequency (2f 0) tuning network is applied to confine the impedance at 2f 0 in safe efficiency regions. The packaged power amplifier achieves 71% power-added efficiency (PAE) and 102 W output power, associated with 17 dB power gain. The PAE is believed to be the highest of the C-band GaN power amplifiers reported to date.
- Author(s): Jin Shi and Kai Xu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1209 –1211
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1300
- Type: Article
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A differential power divider using coupled microstrip line is proposed. The differential-mode response can be controlled by the odd-mode of the coupled microstrip line and resistors. Compared with the reported differential power dividers, the proposed one shows the advantages of compact size, wide bandwidth and easy connection with radio frequency (RF) chips. Furthermore, both in-phase and out-of-phase output ports can be realised using different connection ways. Two prototypes have been fabricated with the same size of 0.185λ g × 0.245λ g, one with in-phase output ports and the other with out-of-phase output ports, showing the same minimum insertion loss of 0.2 dB and relative frequency bandwidths for |S dd11| <−15 dB of 75 and 78%, respectively.
- Author(s): Sen Wang and Chun-Tuan Chang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1211 –1212
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.0480
- Type: Article
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The design of a frequency doubler with current-reuse and fundamental rejection topology is presented. The frequency doubler is fabricated by a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process with a chip size of 0.57 mm2. The DC power consumption is 13.9 mW. In addition, the measured conversion gain is between –4.4 and –5.24 dB from 10 to 12 GHz input frequency. With the proposed active notch filter in the cascode stage of the doubler, a superior fundamental rejection is obtained. The measured fundamental rejection is between 32.4 and 53.8 dB.
- Author(s): Andres Li Shen ; Mi Zhou ; Bayaner Arigong ; Jin Shao ; Han Ren ; Jun Ding ; Rongguo Zhou ; Hualiang Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1213 –1214
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1110
- Type: Article
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A novel dual-band balun is presented. The designed 3-port balun is based on a 4-port structure with the fourth port terminated as an open end. Being a 4-port symmetrical network, even–odd-mode analysis is used to analyse the balun's performance. Based on the derived explicit design equations, a balun is designed to operate at 1.1 and 2 GHz. Numerical simulations show a low reflection coefficient S 11, equal magnitude of −3 dB as well as 180° phase difference at the output ports. To validate the theoretical and numerical simulations, the proposed balun is fabricated on the FR4 Isola printed circuit board and measurement results match well with the design theory.
- Author(s): T. Maekawa ; H. Kanaya ; S. Suzuki ; M. Asada
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1214 –1216
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2362
- Type: Article
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A report is presented on the dependence of oscillation frequency on antenna length in resonant-tunnelling-diode terahertz (THz) oscillators integrated with slot antennas. The upper limit of the oscillation frequency was maximised at an optimum antenna length. The highest oscillation frequency obtained in the experiment was 1.55 THz for a 16 μm-long antenna at room temperature.
- Author(s): Haidong Chen ; Wenquan Che ; Qian Li ; Chao Gu ; Ke Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1216 –1218
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1279
- Type: Article
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Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) matching terminations or loads are proposed for low-cost integration in SIW circuits and systems. The principles of narrowband and broadband SIW terminations are demonstrated and discussed. Both narrowband and broadband terminations are optimised, fabricated and measured over the frequency range of 6–15 GHz. Relative frequency bandwidths (|S11| < 20 dB) of the narrowband and broadband terminations are 7.6 and 42.6%, respectively. Good agreement between the measured and simulated results validates the feasibility of the proposed design strategies of SIW terminations.
- Author(s): Lei Lin ; Shuai Yang ; Shou-Jia Sun ; Bian Wu ; Chang-Hong Liang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1218 –1220
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1256
- Type: Article
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A compact ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) using a multi-stub-loaded ring resonator is presented. The resonant frequencies of the proposed resonator can be tuned freely by changing the lengths of the corresponding stubs. By utilising the proposed multimode resonator, four resonant frequencies are evenly allocated in the UWB range and two transmission zeros are introduced at the lower and upper stopbands. Parallel-coupled feedlines with defected ground structures were utilised to provide sufficient external coupling. To validate the design theory, an UWB BPF operating in the frequency range from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz was designed, analysed and fabricated. Measurements showed good agreement with simulations.
71% PAE C-band GaN power amplifier using harmonic tuning technology
Compact differential power divider with enhanced bandwidth and in-phase or out-of-phase output ports
K-band CMOS frequency doubler with high fundamental rejection
Dual-band balun with flexible frequency ratios
Frequency increase in terahertz oscillation of resonant tunnelling diode up to 1.55 THz by reduced slot-antenna length
Substrate-integrated waveguide matching terminations with microwave absorbing material
Ultra-wideband bandpass filter using multi-stub-loaded ring resonator
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- Author(s): A.C. Boucouvalas ; K. Yiannopoulos ; Z. Ghassemlooy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1220 –1222
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2069
- Type: Article
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Novel results on the link layer protocol performance of future infrared personal communication links at a line rate of 100 Gbit/s are presented. The discussion aims to demonstrate the shortcomings of the currently standardised half-duplex mode of communications in the physical layer and details its negative impact on the link layer efficiency. Results of a non-standardised full-duplex mode of operation that is however suitable for application in future high capacity infrared links are also presented. The results predict that the migration to this full-duplex mode can prove advantageous for the link layer performance, as it not only yields a higher efficiency, but also requires significantly smaller frame and window sizes.
100 Gbit/s optical wireless communication system link throughput
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- Author(s): T. Tokuda ; N. Wakama ; K. Terao ; K. Masuda ; R. Mori ; T. Noda ; K. Sasagawa ; Y. Nishiyama ; K. Kakiuchi ; J. Ohta
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1222 –1224
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1572
- Type: Article
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A palm-sized optical measurement device capable of polarisation rotation and single-wavelength absorption measurements is presented. The device is equipped with a polarisation-analysing CMOS image sensor with an on-chip multi-angular polariser array. The volume of the device is as small as 51 cm3, which is smaller than both 1/1000 of a conventional desktop polarimeter and 1/10 of the previous device. The capability of the proposed device to perform simultaneous polarisation rotation/single-wavelength absorption measurements is experimentally verified through in situ monitoring of a photochemical reaction performed in a microflow reactor.
CMOS sensor-based palm-sized in-line optical analysis device for microchemistry systems
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- Author(s): J.H. Tutt ; D.J. Hall ; M.R. Soman ; A.D. Holland ; A. Warren ; T. Connolley ; A.M. Evagora
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1224 –1226
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.0889
- Type: Article
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A high speed, low noise camera system for crystallography and X-ray imaging applications is developed and successfully demonstrated. By coupling an electron-multiplying (EM)-CCD to a 3:1 fibre-optic taper and a CsI(Tl) scintillator, it was possible to detect hard X-rays. This novel approach to hard X-ray imaging takes advantage of sub-electron equivalent readout noise performance at high pixel readout frequencies of EM-CCD detectors with the increase in the imaging area that is offered through the use of a fibre-optic taper. Compared with the industry state of the art, based on CCD camera systems, a high frame rate for a full-frame readout (50 ms) and a lower readout noise (<1 electron root mean square) across a range of X-ray energies (6–18 keV) were achieved.
- Author(s): Xue Huang ; Yuncheng Song ; Taizo Masuda ; Daehwan Jung ; Minjoo Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1226 –1227
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2077
- Type: Article
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InGaAs/GaAs strained quantum well lasers on both GaP and exact Si (001) via an epitaxial GaP/Si template are developed. Ridge lasers of length 1.2 mm and width 80 µm on GaP and GaP/Si templates show threshold current densities of 1.6 and 5.6 kA/cm2, respectively, in pulsed mode at room temperature. The emission wavelength of 1043 nm for lasers on GaP/Si was red shifted from 1030 nm for lasers on GaP and GaAs, due to the thermal mismatch with the Si substrate.
- Author(s): Haoshuo Chen ; R.G.H. van Uden ; C.M. Okonkwo ; Yongmin Jung ; N.V. Wheeler ; E.N. Fokoua ; N. Baddela ; M.N. Petrovich ; F. Poletti ; D.J. Richardson ; O. Raz ; H. de Waardt ; A.M.J. Koonen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1227 –1229
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1588
- Type: Article
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A photonic integrated mode coupler based on silicon-on-insulator is employed for mode division multiplexing (MDM) over a 193 m 19-cell hollow-core photonic bandgap fibre (HC-PBGF) with a −3 dB bandwidth >120 nm. Robust MDM transmissions using LP01 and LP11 modes, and two degenerate LP11 modes (LP11a and LP11b) are both experimentally verified.
- Author(s): M. Davidovic ; T. Wimbauer ; H. Zimmermann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1229 –1231
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1840
- Type: Article
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A vertical pin photodiode with a thick intrinsic layer is integrated in a 0.15 µm CMOS process. A deep n-well (N-ISO) allows increase of the reverse voltage of the pin photodiode far above the circuit supply voltage enabling a high drift velocity. Therefore, the large thickness of the intrinsic layer and the high reverse voltage lead to a high dynamic quantum efficiency and to a high bandwidth. The maximum responsivity of 0.46 A/W was measured at 730 nm corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 78.3%. For 850 nm, the −3 dB bandwidth of 700 MHz and for 650 nm the −3 dB bandwidth of 1.2 GHz was obtained at −8 V.
- Author(s): S. Kundermann ; E. Portuondo-Campa ; S. Lecomte
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1231 –1232
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1496
- Type: Article
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A robust optical frequency comb is realised with an Origami-10 mode-locked femtosecond laser from Onefive GmbH generating a 100 MHz pulse train at a centre wavelength of 1047 nm. The carrier-envelope offset frequency has been stabilised to a record level contributing to relative fluctuations of the optical carrier frequency of 1.1 × 10−18 at 1 s and averaging down to the 10−22 level at 10 000 s. Cycle-slip free carrier-envelope offset frequency stabilisation has been routinely achieved over 10 h. Ultra-low relative intensity noise has been measured as well and makes such a system very attractive for demanding applications where low noise and high reliability are requested.
Development of EM-CCD-based X-ray detector for synchrotron applications
InGaAs/GaAs quantum well lasers grown on exact GaP/Si (001)
Mode division multiplexing over 19-cell hollow-core photonic bandgap fibre by employing integrated mode multiplexer
pin photodiode in 0.15 µm CMOS
Ultra-low-noise 1 µm optical frequency comb
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- Author(s): Oi-Ying Wong ; Hei Wong ; Wing-Shan Tam ; Chi-Wah Kok
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1233 –1234
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.0979
- Type: Article
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The loss estimation in a switched-capacitor DC–DC converter has caused much controversy because of the uncertainty of the contribution of device parasitics to the power efficiency of a converter. Beginning from a simple equivalent circuit model, a closed-form solution to the maximum achievable power efficiency of a converter in which both the effects of parasitic resistance and capacitance are taken into account is presented. It has been observed that the peak power efficiency of a Dickson charge pump depends mainly on the equivalent parasitic capacitance of a given technology and its operation mode, which is governed by the choices of the coupling capacitance, on-resistance of the switch, as well as the operation frequency of the circuit.
- Author(s): N. Stevens
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1234 –1236
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1970
- Type: Article
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Normalised expressions for magnetic field distributions generated by a circular current loop are presented. It is demonstrated that these distributions only depend on two normalised, dimensionless parameters, with the radius of the loop as the normalisation variable. Graphical analysis of these distributions leads to a simple set of guidelines, which significantly facilitates the design of systems containing circular current loops.
- Author(s): Hoseong Kim ; Dongkil Choi ; Sungmin Gong ; Kyungjin Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1236 –1238
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1264
- Type: Article
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p.
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A new energy harvesting technology that extracts energy from the stray electric field around a three-wire AC power line is presented. It is observed that when 20 cm of the insulated power line is surrounded with a conductive sheet, about 20 mJ of energy is harvested in 15 min with a 1 μF storage capacitor. An autonomous harvesting circuit was designed and built adopting an MEMS switch as a low leakage, low power consumption and hysteretic switch. It is demonstrated that the harvested energy is utilised to drive a commercial Zigbee-based wireless sensor module autonomously. Since it is easy and safe to install, the proposed stray electric field harvesting technology should greatly expand the field in which wireless sensors are required, such as home automation, smart grid, building energy management and structural health monitoring, as long as power lines are available nearby.
- Author(s): Qun-tao An ; M.H. Duan ; L. Sun ; G.L. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1238 –1240
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.0946
- Type: Article
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A space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) strategy of the post-fault reconfigured dual inverter in open-end winding motor drive systems is discussed. The reconfigured dual H-bridge inverter can produce the same distribution of space voltage vectors with the conventional two-level inverters, but different switches are used to obtain these voltage vectors. A new seven-segment SVPWM strategy suppressing the deadtime effect of insulated gate bipolar transistors in the same leg is presented, and its algorithm and implementation are discussed. The proposed method is validated by simulations and experiments.
Modelling of maximum power efficiency of charge pump circuits
Normalisation of magnetic field distribution generated by circular current loop
Stray electric field energy harvesting technology using MEMS switch from insulated AC power lines
SVPWM strategy of post-fault reconfigured dual inverter in open-end winding motor drive systems
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- Author(s): Dongchen Li and Penglang Shui
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1240 –1242
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1569
- Type: Article
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An improved fractal-based detector using the normalised Hurst exponent is proposed to detect floating small targets in sea clutter. Analysis of the IPIX radar datasets shows that the Hurst exponent of sea clutter varies with sea state and the viewing geometry of the radar. Referring to the exploitation of the reference range cells in adaptive detection, the mean and variance of the Hurst exponent of sea clutter are first computed from clutter-only time series at the reference range cells around the cell under test (CUT). Then the Hurst exponent at the CUT is normalised by the estimated mean and variance to attain the normalised Hurst exponent. The experimental results of the IPIX radar datasets show that the fractal-based detector using the normalised Hurst exponent achieves better detection performance.
- Author(s): Baoquan Dai ; Tong Wang ; Tao Bai ; Jianxin Wu ; Zheng Bao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1242 –1244
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2024
- Type: Article
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A method for adaptively selecting training data is proposed to improve the performance of adaptive beamforming. The method first measures the contribution of each snapshot to the covariance matrix required by the beamforming using the sparse iterative covariance-based estimation technique. Then, those snapshots making larger contributions are selected as the final training samples. The homogeneity of training samples can be improved significantly, and thus results in an evident performance improvement in adaptive beamforming. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Floating small target detection in sea clutter via normalised Hurst exponent
Training data selection method for adaptive beamforming
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- Author(s): A. Semnani and D. Peroulis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1244 –1246
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1790
- Type: Article
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RF gas breakdown in small gaps is a primary limiting factor in the power handling of heavily loaded cavity-based resonators. The effects of different RF micro-discharge regimes in the performance of these resonators are studied. Specifically, two resonators at 1 and 50 GHz with the same critical gap size of 19 μm which are, respectively, working in the RF boundary and diffusion-controlled regimes are considered. By combining plasma and electromagnetic simulations, the effects of high power gas breakdown in the performance of these resonators are compared. A sensitivity analysis on the effects of microscopic plasma parameters is also performed.
- Author(s): N.A.M. Maung and M. Kawai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1246 –1248
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1541
- Type: Article
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DV-HOP is a well-known connectivity-based range-free scheme which offers a cost-effective localisation solution for resource-constrained wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks. However, it generates a prominent amount of error with small-scale networks due to its multi-hop nature. To minimise the error and to make it applicable to both small- and large-scale networks, it is proposed to configure the connectivity of the network using available received signal strength (RSS) measurements and a predefined RSS threshold. An approximate formula for the optimal RSS threshold value that shows the minimum amount of error for a particular network to be localised is derived as a function of the total number of nodes and the network size. Experimental results confirm that utilising the proposed RSS threshold-based connectivity configuration significantly improves the localisation accuracy of DV-HOP in a practical environment without any extra hardware.
- Author(s): Guoping Chen and Li Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1248 –1250
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3236
- Type: Article
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Aiming to precisely locate a small mobile communication terminal in an indoor complex environment, a combination method, the time reversal-fast marching method (TR-FMM), is presented. The proposed method has been validated based on simulations in an indoor environment. The results demonstrate that it can build an excellent indoor channel model which is close to the actual environment. Localisation accuracy can be improved about 32.71 times than the regular TR method and the localisation error is 1.84 cm.
- Author(s): H. Landaluce ; A. Perallos ; L. Bengtsson ; I.J. Garcia Zuazola
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1250 –1252
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1552
- Type: Article
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A memoryless-based Collision window Tree plus (CwT+ ) protocol for simplified computation in anti-collision radio frequency identification (RFID) is proposed and presented. The CwT+ makes effective use of a threshold to accurately enhance bit-tracking and in turn lowers the identification time of the communication response. The threshold limits the bitstream of responding tags in an accurate fashion for simplified computation in the interrogation procedure. Simulation results show the outperformance of the CwT+ compared with earlier protocols.
- Author(s): M. Hervás ; J.L. Pijoan ; R.M. Alsina-Pagès ; M. Salvador ; D. Badia
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 17, p. 1252 –1254
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1184
- Type: Article
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A single carrier frequency domain equalisation (SC-FDE) modulation scheme which represents a step forward in the investigation since it obtains higher bit rates than previous proposals with spread spectrum techniques is presented. The focus of this reported work is the data transmission from remote sensors using very low-power HF ionospheric communications. In particular, the authors' research group has been studying the ionospheric channel parameters and data transmission techniques from Antarctica since 2003. Both, the spread spectrum and multicarrier modulations have been tested previously in order to obtain a good trade-off between bit error rate and bit rate. A proof of principle of the single carrier technique with promising results is presented.
Evaluation of RF micro-discharge regimes in performance of evanescent-mode cavity resonators
Experimental evaluations of RSS threshold-based optimised DV-HOP localisation for wireless ad-hoc networks
Precise indoor localisation technology based on TR-FMM
Simplified computation in memoryless anti-collision RFID identification protocols
Single-carrier frequency domain equalisation proposal for very long haul HF radio links
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